Diploma thesis deals with a Casino Galaxy´s project documentation. this casino is situated in Brno - Přízřenice. The object is designed as a cubic five-storey building without basement and with a flat roof. Whole construction is composed by Sendwix system.

All form of activity in a building is in need for a sound platform to be able to operate. The performance of concrete floor in industrial spaces is of importance because there are greater demands on industrial concrete floor.  By making sure that the necessary recommendation regarding casting an industrial concrete floor is followed, the risk for failure is reduced. The Swedish Concrete Association (2008) recommends a w/c ratio of approximately 0.55 for industrial floors. This would result in a concrete strength class of C30/37 with an abrasive resistance adequate for most industrial floors. From an economical perspective an approach for concrete rehabilitation is the bonded overlay, which has been used for many years and has the intension to extend the life of structural concrete slabs. For concrete overlay having a matching material to the substrate is the main recommendation, in addition in a fully bonded overlay to the substrate there is less risk for cracking and edge lifting. From a mechanical perspective a crack develops when the stresses in concrete exceeds the tensile strength. Shrinkage and creep of concrete in both overlays and industrial floors are important factors that contribute in development of cracks which have considerable effect on failure of the structure; therefore it is useful to find an accurate prediction model to predict shrinkage and creep. The literature study that has been carried out in this thesis is mainly about shrinkage, creep, industrial floor, overlays and tensile stress prediction. In addition the following calculation models for prediction of creep and shrinkage of concrete have been reviewed in this paper: Eurocode 2, fib Model Code 2010, ACI 209R-92, Swedish code BBK04 and Swedish concrete manual Material. In order to study the differences between the mentioned models two example cases for calculation of shrinkage and creep in industrial floor and  bonded overlay with the mentioned methods have been carried out, also the tensile stress development in bonded overlay has been calculated according to a method proposed by Prof. Silfwerbrand (1997). Since it was not possible to consider all types of concrete and conditions which will affect the outcome, only one type of concrete C30/37 with w/c ratio of 0.55 for industrial floor and w/c ratio of 0.40 for overlay is taken as an example in this thesis. Some of these methods take only a few factors into consideration; however the others are more detailed and treat numerous factors. The simple methods such as BBK04 or the graph in Eurocode 2 for calculating the creep coefficient can be used in the lack of existence of sufficient input parameters to be able to roughly estimate the final value. The predicted shrinkage did differ by using different models, however the final value of the creep coefficient was quiet similar regardless of the used model. There are some important parameters such as ambient relative humidity, age at loading, duration of drying and duration of loading which should be included in predicting models since these parameters affect shrinkage and creep considerably. Also aggregate type has an important role in both creep and shrinkage; however aggregate type (modulus of elasticity of aggregate) was not included in any of the studied models. Choosing a factor according to the type of aggregate might be helpful for better prediction.

I Sverige produceras varje år grovt uppskattat ca. 1,5–2,0 miljoner m2 industrigolv av betong [1]. Resultaten är varierande och det vanligaste felet hos dessa golv är sprickor [2]. I sprickorna letar sig vatten och i vissa fall klorider ned och förorsakar armeringskorrosion. Armeringen expanderar pga. korrosionen och spränger sönder betongen. Golvet blir inte längre estetiskt tilltalande samtidigt som livslängden förkortas avsevärt och golvytan blir ojämn vilket försvårar eventuell trucktrafik. Sprickor uppkommer främst pga. tvångskrafter som uppstår när betongen krymper. Storleken på sprickorna avgörs av betongens benägenhet att krympa, armerings-innehåll och graden av tvång. DynaMate som bygger och underhåller Scanias serviceverkstäder och industrilokaler upplever stora problem med sprickbildning hos industrigolven. Sprickorna medför stora kostnader i form av driftstopp, rivning, reparation och eventuell nyproduktion [3]. Föreliggande rapport baseras framförallt på litteraturstudier utifrån en rad rapporter, artiklar och handböcker men även normer. Intervjuer har genomförts med sakkunniga personer för att ta del av deras erfarenheter och åsikter. För att även få bättre insikt i utförandeskedet har författarna närvarat vid två olika gjutningar av industrigolv. För att minska sprickrisken i betonggolv, orsakad av betongens fria krympning, krävs en betongsammansättning som minimerar den fria krympningen, ett armeringsinnehåll som överstiger minimiarmering, fogar som tillåter rörelser i plattan och en långsam uttorkning. Det har upplevts att problem med sprickor i betonggolv beror på okunskap, olika viljor och slarv bland involverade aktörer. Därför är det även viktigt med tydliga mål och bra kommunikation mellan alla aktörer. På uppdrag av DynaMate har ett förslag till åtgärdsprogram för minskad sprick-bildning tagits fram. Detta kan ligga till grund för framtida golvprojekt och på sikt minska de stora kostnader som underhåll och reparationer medför. / Roughly estimated 1,5–2,0 million m2 of industrial concrete floors are produced in Sweden every year [1]. The results vary and the most common matter/failure among these floors is cracks [2]. Water finds its way down in the cracks and in some cases chlorides, which causes corrosion of the reinforcement. The reinforcement expands due to the corrosion and makes the concrete burst. The floor is no longer esthetically appealing. At the same time the lifetime is shortened substantially and the floor surface becomes uneven which complicates any truck traffic. Cracks arise due to restraint forces that develop because of concrete shrinkage. The width of the cracks is determined by the concretes tendency to shrink, reinforcement content and the extent of restraint forces. DynaMate builds and maintains Scania service centers and industrial facilities. They are experiencing major problems with cracking in industrial floors. The cracks bring large costs in terms of downtime, demolition, repair and any new production. The present report is based mainly on literature research from reports, articles and handbooks but also norms. Interviews were performed with qualified persons to share their experiences and opinions. To receive even more knowledge the authors attended two different castings of industrial floors. A reduction of cracking in concrete floors caused by the free shrinkage requires a concrete composition which minimizes the free shrinkage, reinforcement content in excess of minimum reinforcement, a slow drying and joints that allow movements. It was believed that the problem with cracks in concrete floors is due to ignorance, different wills and carelessness among the involved actors. Consequently it is also important to have clear objectives and good communication between all actors. On behalf of DynaMate a proposal for actions to reduce cracking was prepared. That proposal can form the basis for future flooring projects and ultimately reduce the significant costs due to maintenance and repairs.

A simulation study was done to investigate the effect of the coefficient of variation of the modulus of elasticity ((E) on the vibrational performance of joist floor systems. Eight floor cases were studied and two types of lumber were considered: MSR and VSR lumber where (E is 0.11 and 0.25, respectively. The expected floor vibrational performance of MSR versus VSR lumber floors was evaluated by: 1) the probability that the fundamental frequency is less than 10 Hz and 2) the ratio of the first percentile of predicted fundamental frequency of MSR to VSR lumber. / Master of Engineering

In digital communication, information is sent as bits, which is corrupted by the noise present in wired/wireless medium known as the channel. The Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are a family of error correction codes used in communication systems to detect and correct erroneous data at the receiver. Data is encoded with error correction coding at the transmitter and decoded at the receiver. The Noisy Gradient Descent BitFlip (NGDBF) decoding algorithm is a new algorithm with excellent decoding performance with relatively low implementation requirements. This dissertation aims to characterize the performance of the NGDBF algorithm. A simple improvement over NGDBF called the Re-decoded NGDBF (R-NGDBF) is proposed to enhance the performance of NGDBF decoding algorithm. A general method to estimate the decoding parameters of NGDBF is presented. The estimated parameters are then verified in a hardware implementation of the decoder to validate the accuracy of the estimation technique.

Arkitekter och byggnadskonstruktörer har alltid strävat mot egna lösningar. Även om byggmetoderna är lika för tidsperioden, skiljer sig byggnaderna åt. Utvecklingen inom byggindustrin går samtidigt mot bjälklag som byggs slankare och med längre spännvidder för att utnyttja materialets styrka och samtidigt skapa öppna planlösningar. Detta sänker bjälklagens egenfrekvenser, vilket gör att de riskerar att sammanfalla med lastfrekvenser från personer som vistas på bjälklaget, vilket i sin tur leder till kraftigt förstärkta vibrationer. Responsen i strukturen kan bli så stor att människor känner stort obehag när de befinner sig på bjälklaget. Dagens byggnadskonstruktörer ställs därför inför nya utmaningar där den dynamiska responsen för bjälklaget behöver analyseras utifrån kraven som ställs för att uppfylla människans komfort. Detta examensarbete sammanfattar kraven och normerna som gäller för byggnader med hänsyn till vibrationer i bjälklag. Både nationella och internationella normer och standarder studeras. Det fastställs att den internationella standarden ISO 10137 är det dokument som byggnadskonstruktörer i Sverige bör använda sig av eftersom eurokoderna hänvisar till denna standard. För att ge en bättre förståelse för de krav som ställs på bjälklag studeras hur det kommer sig att människan känner obehag av vibrationer. Undersökningen kompletteras med en sammanställning av de laster som förekommer i byggnader och dämpningen som kan förväntas i strukturen. En exakt analys av bjälklagets dynamiska egenskaper tar lång tid att genomföra. Därför har det tillverkats ett enkelt verktyg för verifikation av ett bjälklags dynamiska respons med hänsyn till människans komfort. Verktyget kan användas som en första kontroll av ett bjälklag och består av designkurvor som avser responsen som uppkommer till följd av de mest förekommande lasterna i bostads- och kontorsbyggnader: en person som går, springer eller hoppar från en viss höjd. Vidare bygger designkurvorna på ett antagande om att bjälklaget kan uppföra sig som ett system med en frihetsgrad, vilket möjliggjorde en stor parametrisk studie i programmet Matlab. I studien varierades egenfrekvensen, den modala massan, dämpningen och lastfrekvensen. Tack vare variationen av indata och den förenklade modellen kan designkurvorna, som är resultatet av över 200 000 000 simuleringar, användas för alla typer av bjälklag. För att lättare kunna använda designkurvorna har enkla ekvationer hittats som kan användas för att approximativt beräkna den första egenfrekvensen av bjälklaget. Ekvationerna som har sammanställts i en formelsamling gäller för bjälklag med olika storlek och upplagsförhållanden samt både isotropiska och ortotropiska materialegenskaper. Formelsamlingen har kompletterats med ytterliggare en parametrisk studie som beskriver andelen av den modala massan i jämförelse med bjälklagets totala massa. Studien har genomförts med hjälp av programmet Matlab och finita elementmetoden. För att använda designkurvorna beräknas bjälklagets första egenfrekvens och modalmassa med hjälp av formelsamlingen. När egenfrekvensen och modalmassan är kända kan designkurvorna användas för att läsa av ett frekvensviktat accelerationsvärde. Accelerationerna kan sedan jämföras mot komfortkraven beskrivna av ISO 10137. Metoden sparar tid och resurser när snabba beslut angående människans komfort ur vibrationssynpunkt behöver fattas.

The industrial concrete floor is a very important part of an industrial building, distribution center, storage or shopping mall, and it must have high quality surfaces for operation. To achieve the high quality we must know the problems and how to treat them. The most important problems on the concrete floors are: (i) cracks which are caused by shrinkage and creep, (ii) curling resulting in a loss of contact between concrete slab and sub-base, and (iii) unevenness In this thesis, it is aimed to investigate the effect of optimizing the concrete mix with and without additional shrinkage reducing agents (SRA) to reduce the crack risk in industrial concrete floors. Four types of concrete recipes are used (A-D) which include a recipe with optimized mix design for minimum shrinkage, a reference recipe (standard mix), an optimized mix with SRA and a fourth recipe with the reference plus SRA. The testing program extended to 224 days of age and comprised e.g. free-shrinkage, restrained shrinkage, weight change, modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and creep of concrete. At early ages, a 28 days, there are large differences in shrinkage-time relations for different mixes. Later than 28 days, the relations are closer. A comparison among shrinkage and creep test results of four recipes shows that recipes A and C have greater crack risk than recipes B and D. The recipe D has also the best result in restrained shrinkage test. These results are because of the aggrega-te graduation, type of cement and shrinkage reducing agents which all have a direct influence on the concrete properties. These tests were done by CBI (The Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute) during 2009.

This report investigates the possibilities and difficulties with a courtyard floor in CLT-wood, an alternative to today’s concrete floor. The environmental issue and how to construct a sustainability construction are the main focuses. This report contains data and information from people with competence within this topic that has been collected through literatures and interviews. The main areas that will be looked up is the construction with CLT-wood and moisture damage. Since concrete can tolerate much more load, is an investigation required to find out what factors that need to be modified. A courtyard needs to be kept dry regardless of the material. However, wood doesn´t tolerate that much moisture compared to concrete and the consequences will be much more.Through researches and interviews some solutions with CLT-wood has been made. Several alternatives have been made that has a great potential to match the requirements for this kind of construction. CLT-wood and glulam will be the main focuses.Also, research about CLT-wood through a logistics perspective have been made. All those tasks from transport the material from the manufactures to assemble it on the construction site will be portrayed and then compared with the material concrete. Those tasks that are similar will then be compared through time and cost.

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no / Precast concrete floors are widely used in building construction, but there is little detailed design guidance on their application in steel-framed buildings. Traditionally the steel beams have been designed to support the precast slabs on their top flange. However, there are an increasing number of composite frames and slim floor constructions where the precast slabs are designed to interact structurally with the steel frame. Composite action can be developed by welded shear connectors attached to the steel beams and by transverse reinforcement; however, this form of construction is currently outside the provisions of the current codes of practice. This paper discusses some of the particular issues that affect this form of construction, and presents design guidance using the Eurocode methodology.