In recent years, studies have linked various structural and environmental factors to disproportionately increased rates of morbidity, mortality, and adverse health outcomes in low-income racial and ethnic minority neighborhoods. Among the adverse health outcomes, is the constraint on the ability to access and afford a healthy diet. While local food systems play a significant role in influencing urban health and well-being outcomes, they also present an opportunity to develop community-based assets and resilience. By identifying limitations and successes in current food system literature and practice, this report examines how a more comprehensive approach to equitable community health and wellness can be achieved and sustained. Effective disparity reduction relies on cross-sectoral partnerships that not only promote food equity, but also provide participatory social, economic, and educational opportunities to marginalized communities. / text

Media and consumer attention has propelled local food to prominence, and a significant price premium has signaled its potential as a value-added option for family farms looking to transition from commodity production. Many of these farms –entering an unfamiliar market– have been selling local food in groups, to share risks and investments. This strategy has introduced a scale of production and operations to the marketplace that could challenge some of the basic premises of the local food contract. This research project was premised on the notion that the local food movement –dominated by small-scale production and direct marketing– appears to be governed by a set of principles that would be tested by the introduction of farms and farm groups of increasing scale. To understand the implications –for these farm families, local food marketing groups, and growing local food systems– this research sought to address whether these groups would adopt a more conventional approach to meet their needs, and fit their scale, or change their approach and practices to conform to the requirements and expectations established by the principles of governance that characterize local food systems. ‘Local beef’ chains from across Ontario were selected to capture a range of operational and geographic scale. Interviews with farmers and coordinators investigated the extent to which scale –at farm and group level– affected motivations, as well as group governance decisions. The research found that increased group scale limits the range of options available, and magnifies pressures towards conventionalization. Transition to larger scale favours governance based on surveillance and discipline, and suffers from lack of infrastructure that would facilitate mid-scale aggregation, distribution, and the development of bridging capital. Farmers who had direct input into decisions invested more time and effort, but also identified more strongly with their group. Farmers who marketed through larger-scale intermediary-led groups faced fewer costs, but were treated as commodity input suppliers, and were less engaged in the group’s success. Most farmers did not see these intermediary-led groups as a long-term solution, and looked instead to policy solutions, or other alternative marketing models – including smaller-scale regional intermediaries.

En 2009, le Grenelle de l’environnement a ouvert en France la possibilité d’intégrer des clauses environnementales au sein des cahiers des charges d’Indications Géographiques (IG). Cette opportunité nouvelle intéresse fortement les Agences de l’eau qui cherchent de plus en plus à agir en amont à la source des pollutions agricoles. Dans ce contexte, cette étude interroge la manière dont certaines démarches de qualité alimentaire intègrent dans leur dynamique des objectifs de préservation de l’eau. Pour y répondre, nous avons développé une approche globale permettant de resituer les enjeux de qualité de l’eau dans ceux plus larges d’environnement. Nous avons également dépassé la seule analyse des cahiers des charges des IG pour considérer l’ensemble des actions en faveur de l’environnement dans lesquelles elles s’impliquent. Le cadre d’analyse développé, celui de la résilience des Systèmes Alimentaires (SA) de qualité différenciée répond à ce besoin d’élargissement. Il nous permet d’étudier les dynamiques environnementales engagées pour faire face à des perturbations liées à la dégradation des ressources naturelles dont l’eau. Il s’agit autant de perturbations factuelles, mesurées, que de perturbations représentées lorsque les acteurs envisagent un risque potentiel. Ce cadre d’analyse a été appliqué à la viticulture et à l’arboriculture dans le Sud-Est de la France. Les résultats montrent la complexité des dynamiques environnementales engagées : elles reposent toutes sur plusieurs actions complémentaires et supposent la présence d’acteurs clés ayant la capacité à engager une dynamique collective et à envisager les SA à la fois dans leur dimension verticale les liant au marché et dans leur dimension horizontale les insérant dans le territoire. / In 2009, The Grenelle de l'Environnement (French environmental pact) introduced environmental clauses within Geographical Indications (GI) specifications. French Water agencies (agences de l’eau) perceive it as a good opportunity to address the issue of agricultural pollution, by takings actions at the upstream level. In this context, this study examines how certainfood quality processes are proactively setting targets for conserving water. This question led to develop a global approach in order to look at the issues of water quality from the wider angle of environmental preservation. It requires not only to focus on regulation tools of food quality products but also to take into account a larger set of environmental actions. Along the same lines, the theoretical framework of the resilience of food system of differentiated quality has also been developed. It allows to study proactive environmental dynamics set up by stakeholders to deal with perturbations linked to natural resources degradation, such as water. Those perturbations can be factual (measured) or represented, when stakeholders consider a potential risk. This analytical framework has been applied on case studies in viticulture and fruit production in the South-East of France. The results underscore the complexity of environmental dynamics: they are based on a set of complementary actions and require the mobilization of key players, able to engage in a collective dynamics but also to have a wider vision of food systems, both by looking at the vertical dimension (market oriented) and horizontal dimension (link with the local territory).

Utilizando extensa revisão bibliográfica, esta dissertação aborda a problemática da relação entre consumo, produção e políticas públicas alimentares analisando o papel e as potencialidade dos Programas de Alimentação Escolar. O objetivo principal consiste em estudar o potencial das compras públicas como mecanismo de enfrentamento de problemas relacionados ao consumo e produção de alimentos, que pode se dar tanto através da integração de políticas à saúde dos escolares, como mediante a criação de mercados para os produtores locais. O estudo foi realizado com base em uma revisão da literatura sobre países e contextos em que a alimentação escolar foi acionada como uma política de abastecimento e segurança alimentar. Constatou-se que as compras locais, através do Programa de Alimentação Escolar, são consideradas como multiplicadoras de forças beneficiando, simultaneamente, as crianças e a economia local. No Brasil, ainda são poucos os estudos abordando os programas públicos alimentares como políticas públicas capazes de construir uma reconexão entre produção e consumo. Desta forma, a dissertação descreve as experiências dos municípios de Rolante (RS), Belo Horizonte (MG), e Fernandes Pinheiro (PR), que inovaram na forma de adquirir produtos da agricultura familiar, sem infringir a legislação vigente. Já na esfera internacional, estudou-se as reformas da alimentação escolar em Nova Iorque e Roma, que através da compra de gêneros alimentícios de pequenos produtores locais puderam oferecer aos escolares uma alimentação de qualidade, além de proporcionar novas oportunidades aos produtores locais. Nos países em desenvolvimento, estudos mostram a importância de se formular programas de longo prazo, tais como os Programas de Alimentação Escolar do Quênia e Índia. As experiências descritas nesta dissertação pretendem trazer uma contribuição para que se possa pensar em estratégias de mudança do setor público assim como dos comportamentos dos cidadãos, de tal forma que possam desenvolver hábitos alimentares mais saudáveis e que tenham consciência que seus atos afetam o ambiente. O estudo conclui que as políticas públicas, tais como o Programa de Alimentação Escolar podem produzir mudanças positivas tanto na produção quanto no consumo de alimentos na sociedade contemporânea, contribuindo desta forma para o desenvolvimento com sustentabilidade. / Using vast bibliographic research, this dissertation approaches the problematic relationship between consumption, production and public feeding policies, analysing the role and the potential for School Feeding Programs. The main goal is to study the potential of public purchasing programs as a mechanism for confronting problems related to consumption and food production, that can be performed not only by the integration of policies to school children’s health, but also through the creation of a market for local producers. The study was based on a literature review of the countries and contexts where school feeding programs were used as supply and food security policy. It was found that buying local, through the School Feeding Program, is considered a power multiplier, benefiting both children and the local economy. In Brazil, there are not many studies that approach the public feeding programs as public policies capable of creating a reconnection between production and consumption. In this way, the dissertation describes the experiences of three cities: Rolante (RS), Belo Horizonte (MG) and Fernandes Pinheiro (PR), which have used innovative ways of acquiring products from familiar agriculture, without breaking the existing laws. In an international sphere, the school feeding improvements in New York and Rome were studied. It was found that they could offer school children quality food by purchasing from small local producers, while also providing these producers new opportunities. In developing countries, studies show the importance of creating long-term programs, such as the School Feeding Programs in Kenya and India. The experiences described in this dissertation are intended to encourage people to think about changing strategies in the public sector, as well as changing citizens’ behavior, in order to create healthier eating habits and awareness that their acts affect the environment. The study concludes that public policies, such as the School Feeding Program, can create positive changes not only in the production, but also in the consumption of food in a contemporary society, contributing then to sustainable development.

abstract: City governments are increasingly incorporating urban and peri-urban agriculture into their policies and programs, a trend seen as advancing sustainability, development, and food security. Urban governance can provide new opportunities for farmers, but it also creates structures to control their activities, lands, and purposes. This study focused on Mexico City, which is celebrated for its agricultural traditions and policies. The study examined: 1) the functions of urban and peri-urban agriculture that the Government of Mexico City (GMC) manages and prioritizes; 2) how the GMC’s policies have framed farmers, and how that framing affects farmers’ identity and purpose; and 3) how the inclusion of agrarian activities and lands in the city’s climate-change adaptation plan has created opportunities and obstacles for farmers. Data was collected through participant observation of agricultural and conservation events, informal and semi-structured interviews with government and agrarian actors, and analysis of government documents and budgets. Analysis of policy documents revealed that the GMC manages agriculture as an instrument for achieving urban objectives largely unrelated to food: to conserve the city’s watershed and provide environmental services. Current policies negatively frame peri-urban agriculture as unproductive and a source of environmental contamination, but associate urban agriculture with positive outcomes for development and sustainability. Peri-urban farmers have resisted this framing, asserting that the GMC inadequately supports farmers’ watershed conservation efforts, and lacks understanding of and concern for farmers’ needs and interests. The city’s climate plan implicitly considers farmers to be private providers of public adaptation benefits, but the plan’s programs do not sufficiently address the socioeconomic changes responsible for agriculture’s decline, and therefore may undermine the government’s climate adaptation objectives. The findings illuminate the challenges for urban governance of agriculture. Farms do not become instruments for urban sustainability, development, and food security simply because the government creates policies for them. Urban governments will be more likely to achieve their goals for agriculture by being transparent about their objectives, honestly evaluating how well those objectives fit with farmers’ needs and interests, cultivating genuine partnerships with farmers, and appropriately compensating farmers for the public benefits they provide. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2017

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4081.pdf: 5895746 bytes, checksum: 6254f6c3da21df993ab3ff0471163861 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-13 / The technological capabilities play a crucial role in determining the production processes efficiency and effectiveness and increase the degree of enterprises innovativeness. Its measurement can help enterprises evaluate their strengths and weaknesses in terms of their ability to generate, use and adapt technologies and products, that is, it can assist them understanding the enterprise technological behavior and potential and serving as a diagnosis and decision making system. This project aimed to develop a technological capability measurement model (index) directed at agri-food systems. The developing of index model is applied on farms and agro-industrial enterprises of production chains of a plant segment (wheat grain, wheat flour/ premixture and pastry) and of an animal segment (fluid milk and cheese). The methodology adopted for this purpose has a deductive and theoreticalinstrumental character. The study made use bibliographical review and exploratory research for building indexes architectures and observational research to collect data to validate the proposed index model. The model proposes the measure of the entreprise technological capability stage based on five macroelements: (i) physical resources, (ii) technological upgrading, (iii) processes and routines, (iv) learning mechanisms and (v) coordination and accessibility. This macroelements are decomposed into meso and microelements. The descriptors include numerical, binary and categorical variables. The AHP method was used to assign indicators weights. To evaluate the proposed índex, interviews with farms and agro-industrial were conducted, totaling 200 farms and 19 enterprises. In general, the proposed index capture inter-firm differences in terms of technological capacity performance and serve as an analytical tool to generate useful information for identifying improvement opportunities for the company. It also captures the technological dynamic differences between companies and between regions. / A capacidade tecnológica é um importante fator na determinação da eficiência e da eficácia dos processos produtivos e no aumento do grau de inovatividade das empresas. Sua mensuração pode auxiliar as empresas a avaliarem seus pontos fortes e fracos em termos da capacidade de gerar, de usar e de adequar tecnologias e produtos, ou seja, pode colaborar na compreensão do comportamento e do potencial tecnológico da empresa e servir como um sistema de diagnose e de tomada de decisão. Este projeto teve por objetivo desenvolver um modelo de mensuração de capacidade tecnológica (sistema de índices) voltado aos sistemas agroindustriais. O desenvolvimento do modelo de índice foi direcionado a empresas dos elos agropecuários e de processamento industrial de cadeias de produção de origem vegetal (farinha de trigo/pré-mistura e massas) e de origem animal (leite fluído e queijo). A metodologia adotada para tal objetivo tem caráter dedutivo e teórico-instrumental. O presente estudo fez uso de pesquisa bibliográfica, de pesquisa exploratória para a construção da arquitetura do índice e de pesquisa observacional para a coleta de dados para validação das arquiteturas de índice elaboradas. O modelo de índice desenvolvido contempla cinco macroelementos para identificar o estágio de capacidade tecnológica de uma empresa. Os macroelementos, decompostos em mesoelementos e microelemento, são: (i) recursos, (ii) atualização tecnológica, (iii) processos e rotinas; (iv) mecanismos de aprendizagem e (v) articulação e acessibilidade. O índice contempla indicadores de variáveis numéricas, binárias e categóricas. Para a ponderação dos elementos que compõe o Indice, foi utilizado o método de análise multicritério AHP. Para a análise de aplicabilidade do modelo de índice proposto, foram realizadas entrevistas em unidades agrícolas e agroindustriais dos segmentos estudados, totalizando 200 propriedades rurais e 19 empresas. De maneira geral, a arquitetura elaborada captou diferenças interempresariais em termos de desempenho de capacidade tecnológica e pôde servir como ferramenta analítica para gerar informações úteis para identificação de oportunidades de melhoria para as empresas e captar diferenças de comportamentos tecnológicos entre empresas e regiões.

Utilizando extensa revisão bibliográfica, esta dissertação aborda a problemática da relação entre consumo, produção e políticas públicas alimentares analisando o papel e as potencialidade dos Programas de Alimentação Escolar. O objetivo principal consiste em estudar o potencial das compras públicas como mecanismo de enfrentamento de problemas relacionados ao consumo e produção de alimentos, que pode se dar tanto através da integração de políticas à saúde dos escolares, como mediante a criação de mercados para os produtores locais. O estudo foi realizado com base em uma revisão da literatura sobre países e contextos em que a alimentação escolar foi acionada como uma política de abastecimento e segurança alimentar. Constatou-se que as compras locais, através do Programa de Alimentação Escolar, são consideradas como multiplicadoras de forças beneficiando, simultaneamente, as crianças e a economia local. No Brasil, ainda são poucos os estudos abordando os programas públicos alimentares como políticas públicas capazes de construir uma reconexão entre produção e consumo. Desta forma, a dissertação descreve as experiências dos municípios de Rolante (RS), Belo Horizonte (MG), e Fernandes Pinheiro (PR), que inovaram na forma de adquirir produtos da agricultura familiar, sem infringir a legislação vigente. Já na esfera internacional, estudou-se as reformas da alimentação escolar em Nova Iorque e Roma, que através da compra de gêneros alimentícios de pequenos produtores locais puderam oferecer aos escolares uma alimentação de qualidade, além de proporcionar novas oportunidades aos produtores locais. Nos países em desenvolvimento, estudos mostram a importância de se formular programas de longo prazo, tais como os Programas de Alimentação Escolar do Quênia e Índia. As experiências descritas nesta dissertação pretendem trazer uma contribuição para que se possa pensar em estratégias de mudança do setor público assim como dos comportamentos dos cidadãos, de tal forma que possam desenvolver hábitos alimentares mais saudáveis e que tenham consciência que seus atos afetam o ambiente. O estudo conclui que as políticas públicas, tais como o Programa de Alimentação Escolar podem produzir mudanças positivas tanto na produção quanto no consumo de alimentos na sociedade contemporânea, contribuindo desta forma para o desenvolvimento com sustentabilidade. / Using vast bibliographic research, this dissertation approaches the problematic relationship between consumption, production and public feeding policies, analysing the role and the potential for School Feeding Programs. The main goal is to study the potential of public purchasing programs as a mechanism for confronting problems related to consumption and food production, that can be performed not only by the integration of policies to school children’s health, but also through the creation of a market for local producers. The study was based on a literature review of the countries and contexts where school feeding programs were used as supply and food security policy. It was found that buying local, through the School Feeding Program, is considered a power multiplier, benefiting both children and the local economy. In Brazil, there are not many studies that approach the public feeding programs as public policies capable of creating a reconnection between production and consumption. In this way, the dissertation describes the experiences of three cities: Rolante (RS), Belo Horizonte (MG) and Fernandes Pinheiro (PR), which have used innovative ways of acquiring products from familiar agriculture, without breaking the existing laws. In an international sphere, the school feeding improvements in New York and Rome were studied. It was found that they could offer school children quality food by purchasing from small local producers, while also providing these producers new opportunities. In developing countries, studies show the importance of creating long-term programs, such as the School Feeding Programs in Kenya and India. The experiences described in this dissertation are intended to encourage people to think about changing strategies in the public sector, as well as changing citizens’ behavior, in order to create healthier eating habits and awareness that their acts affect the environment. The study concludes that public policies, such as the School Feeding Program, can create positive changes not only in the production, but also in the consumption of food in a contemporary society, contributing then to sustainable development.

Utilizando extensa revisão bibliográfica, esta dissertação aborda a problemática da relação entre consumo, produção e políticas públicas alimentares analisando o papel e as potencialidade dos Programas de Alimentação Escolar. O objetivo principal consiste em estudar o potencial das compras públicas como mecanismo de enfrentamento de problemas relacionados ao consumo e produção de alimentos, que pode se dar tanto através da integração de políticas à saúde dos escolares, como mediante a criação de mercados para os produtores locais. O estudo foi realizado com base em uma revisão da literatura sobre países e contextos em que a alimentação escolar foi acionada como uma política de abastecimento e segurança alimentar. Constatou-se que as compras locais, através do Programa de Alimentação Escolar, são consideradas como multiplicadoras de forças beneficiando, simultaneamente, as crianças e a economia local. No Brasil, ainda são poucos os estudos abordando os programas públicos alimentares como políticas públicas capazes de construir uma reconexão entre produção e consumo. Desta forma, a dissertação descreve as experiências dos municípios de Rolante (RS), Belo Horizonte (MG), e Fernandes Pinheiro (PR), que inovaram na forma de adquirir produtos da agricultura familiar, sem infringir a legislação vigente. Já na esfera internacional, estudou-se as reformas da alimentação escolar em Nova Iorque e Roma, que através da compra de gêneros alimentícios de pequenos produtores locais puderam oferecer aos escolares uma alimentação de qualidade, além de proporcionar novas oportunidades aos produtores locais. Nos países em desenvolvimento, estudos mostram a importância de se formular programas de longo prazo, tais como os Programas de Alimentação Escolar do Quênia e Índia. As experiências descritas nesta dissertação pretendem trazer uma contribuição para que se possa pensar em estratégias de mudança do setor público assim como dos comportamentos dos cidadãos, de tal forma que possam desenvolver hábitos alimentares mais saudáveis e que tenham consciência que seus atos afetam o ambiente. O estudo conclui que as políticas públicas, tais como o Programa de Alimentação Escolar podem produzir mudanças positivas tanto na produção quanto no consumo de alimentos na sociedade contemporânea, contribuindo desta forma para o desenvolvimento com sustentabilidade. / Using vast bibliographic research, this dissertation approaches the problematic relationship between consumption, production and public feeding policies, analysing the role and the potential for School Feeding Programs. The main goal is to study the potential of public purchasing programs as a mechanism for confronting problems related to consumption and food production, that can be performed not only by the integration of policies to school children’s health, but also through the creation of a market for local producers. The study was based on a literature review of the countries and contexts where school feeding programs were used as supply and food security policy. It was found that buying local, through the School Feeding Program, is considered a power multiplier, benefiting both children and the local economy. In Brazil, there are not many studies that approach the public feeding programs as public policies capable of creating a reconnection between production and consumption. In this way, the dissertation describes the experiences of three cities: Rolante (RS), Belo Horizonte (MG) and Fernandes Pinheiro (PR), which have used innovative ways of acquiring products from familiar agriculture, without breaking the existing laws. In an international sphere, the school feeding improvements in New York and Rome were studied. It was found that they could offer school children quality food by purchasing from small local producers, while also providing these producers new opportunities. In developing countries, studies show the importance of creating long-term programs, such as the School Feeding Programs in Kenya and India. The experiences described in this dissertation are intended to encourage people to think about changing strategies in the public sector, as well as changing citizens’ behavior, in order to create healthier eating habits and awareness that their acts affect the environment. The study concludes that public policies, such as the School Feeding Program, can create positive changes not only in the production, but also in the consumption of food in a contemporary society, contributing then to sustainable development.

Abstract: A community food system (CFS) can assist a community in satisfying human needs while also working toward a principle-based understanding of sustainability. Utilizing a whole-systems perspective and the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development, we identify generic satisfiers of human needs (as defined by Max-Neef: Subsistence, Participation, Identity, Idleness, Creation, Freedom, Affection, Understanding and Protection) that are affected by a CFS. Then we identify specific leverage points within the community food system that most enhance those generic satisfiers. By implementing strategies developed around those leverage points, a community food system will provide opportunities to meet Human Needs and help a community move toward sustainability. In doing so, the CFS can have a significant ―ripple effect‖ within the community, and on into society, that serves to support movement towards a sustainable future. / <p>Monique Monteverde-greenmountain@gmail.com Katie Pease-tierradiversity@yahoo.com Anthony W. (Tony) Thompson-411.tony@gmail.com</p>

Today, most of us live without a physical understanding of what agriculture does in and for modern societies and what its implications are. This makes it hard to see all the complex facets surrounding the farming practice and its connection to our past, present and future. This study explores how peri-urban farmers experience what they find to be a weak practice of the for them purely theoretical phenomenon of sustainable development. Five in-depth interviews were conducted with unconventional farmers in fertile Swedish agricultural area around Mälardalen. Nearby cities include Stockholm, Enköping and Uppsala. The qualitative empirical study deals with issues of peri-urban agriculture and sustainable intensification of agriculture. But above all describes clusters of how the farmers experience the concept of sustainable development. The methodology of phenomenology is used as a way of experiencing what the farmers express both explicitly and implicitly. By adding the term sustainable farming, a triangulation is done for a sustainable development. Two peer-reviewed studies that launch the terms ecological understanding (Carlsson 1999) and distance moral (Almers 2009), together with the sustainability terms, make a more robust theoretical framework for interpreting a sustainable development. The third peer-reviewed study by Larsson (2016) uses scenario analysis of what an up-scaled agriculture in Polish and three Baltic states could mean for the Baltic sea region.  The scenarios point out the effects of either converting into Ecological Recycling Agriculture (ERA) or to the conventional agriculturarl policy (CAP) as promoted in Sweden and the European Union. The empirical study as well as the peer-reviewed studies mutually find a dissonance between theory and practice between governance, organizations, farmers and consumer behavior when it comes to sustainable farming as well as a sustainable development as defined by the UN (WCED 1987). The study raises how a sustainable intensified farming, SIA, (Rockström 2016) and the theoretical framework of sustainable development could benefit from a higher level of ecological understanding and distance moral. The study also suggests a new term: ecemony, from a semantic merger of the terms economy and hegemony. By ecemony I argue that the economy has been given such prominance by and for us, that it pours through our minds and collective thoughts and governance so that it now constitutes our common senses. / I dagens samhällen lever merparten av befolkningen utan egen djup kunskap om eller praktisk erfarenhet av jordbruk. Det påverkar våra uppfattningar om oss själva och vår plats och roll i samhället. Dagens jordbruk och samhällsutveckling att tätt sammanflätade på gott och ont. De både samverkar och motverkas av respektives effekter i form av dolda kostnader. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på hur hållbarhetsbegrepp uppfattas av de periurbana jordbrukarna mätt som kvalitativt skilda beskrivningskategorier med fenomenografisk metod. Studien baserar sig på fem semistrukturerade djupintervjuer med periurbana jordbrukare och identifierar deras uppfattningar om hållbarhetsbegreppet som studiens resultat. Studien omfattar förutom egen empiri också begreppen avståndsmoral (Almers 2009) och ekologisk förståelse (Carlsson 1999) genom tidigare forskning. Ytterligare en studie (Larsson 2016) som använts utgår från tre scenarier för hur jordbruk i Östersjöregionen kan bli mer hållbart. Frågeställningarna som valts är: Vad är jordbrukarnas uppfattningar om begreppet en hållbar utveckling? Vilka uppfattningar har de av begreppet ett hållbart jordbruk? Vad har jordbrukarna för tilltro till om hållbarhetsdefinitionen kan förverkligas?  I den empirin och med stöd av dessa studier, framläggs att och hur ekonomin dominerar över de sociala och ekologiska aspekterna inom hållbarhetsbegreppet och hur stora skillnader mellan ord och handling råder inom praxis i hållbarhetsfrågan. Låg förståelse för ekologi och moralfrågor inom hållbarhetsområdet minskar enligt studien sannolikheten för att vi ska kunna uppnå en hållbar utveckling. I diskussionen återknyts till frågeställning och syftet. Där diskuteras även det som framkommer i uppsatsens bakgrund och problembeskrivning exempelvis att samhällets utmaningar i hög grad sammanfaller med jordbrukets. Aktuell forskning liksom den egna empirin pekar på att pedagogiska, etiska och moraliska utmaning väntar våra samhällen. Slutsatsen blir att moral och etikfrågor kan stärka det teoretiska begreppet hållbar utveckling.