The human foot has been accepted over the years as an important source of afferent input, used not only in the recognition of the surrounding environment (e.g. hard and soft surfaces), but also in the fine regulation of common daily-live movements (e.g. gait and balance control). The performance of these movements is usually accompanied by fluctuations in foot skin temperature as well as reciprocal blood flow changes at the foot area. Moreover, both variables are likely to be affected by footwear usage. Although these three factors are constantly present during the performance of daily live movements, only little and partially controversial information regarding the effects of foot skin temperature, blood flow at the foot area and footwear on foot sensitivity can be found in the literature. Therefore, the goal of the thesis was to investigate the effects of foot skin temperature, blood flow at the foot area and footwear on plantar foot vibration sensitivity of healthy young subjects. Three single studies were performed in order to investigate each variable separately. The first study investigated the influence of foot sole skin temperature on plantar foot sensitivity of 40 healthy subjects. Vibration thresholds were measured at 200Hz at a initial baseline temperature and after cooling/warming the foot skin 5-6 °C. The second study investigated the influence of short-time lower leg ischemia on plantar foot vibration sensitivity of 39 young adults. Lower leg ischemia was evoked with a pneumatic tourniquet, placed about 10cm above the popliteus cavity. Vibration thresholds were measured at 200 Hz in three different cuff pressure conditions: baseline (0 mmHg), low (50 mmHg) and high (150 mmHg). Finally, the influence of footwear on foot sensitivity was investigated in the third study, using specific Formula 1 shoes. Twenty-five male subjects participated in the study. Plantar foot vibration thresholds were measured at 30 and 200 Hz in five different foot/shoe conditions (barefoot and four shoe conditions). In all studies, vibration thresholds were measured at three anatomical locations of the plantar foot: heel, first metatarsal head (MET I) and hallux. The main results of the three studies show that the analysed variables significantly influence plantar foot vibration sensitivity. Data from the first study show that 5-6 °C alterations in foot skin temperature significantly influence the foot sensitivity of healthy young adults, whereby skin cooling results in reduced foot sensitivity, whereas skin warming improves plantar foot vibration sensitivity. The results of the second study indicate that short-time lower leg ischemia; especially regarding the high cuff pressure condition (150 mmhg), significantly reduces plantar foot sensitivity. Data from the third study show that the footwear effects on foot sensitivity are frequency-dependent. While barefoot sensitivity is better than shod sensitivity at 30Hz, shod sensitivity is better than barefoot sensitivity when measured at 200Hz. In conclusion, foot sole skin temperature, blood flow at the foot area and footwear significantly influence the plantar foot vibration sensitivity of healthy young adults. The alterations in foot sensitivity caused by these variables have important consequences for future clinical as well as movement-related research. Future clinical applications of quantitative sensory testing should consider the influence of these three factors during the assessment of sensory data, in order to standardize the measurement procedures as well as to enhance the quality of the collected data. Regarding the movement-related research, further studies should try to identify the importance of foot sensitivity for the performance of different types of movements (including sport-related activities). Additionally, the combined effects of movement-related changes in foot skin temperature and blood flow should be analysed and integrated in the development process of functional footwear, which is able to fulffill the foot sensitivity requirements of different movements. / Die Rolle des menschlichen Fußes als wichtiger „Mediator“ sensorischer Reize wird zunehmen in der Literatur akzeptiert. Die vom Fuß aufgenommenen afferenten Informationen werden im Zentralen Nervensystem integriert und weitergeleitet, um die Regulation typischer Bewegungsmuster (z.B. Gang und Gleichgewichtskontrolle) mitzusteuern. Während der Durchführung derartiger Bewegungen werden oftmals Änderungen der Hauttemperatur oder auch des Blutflusses im Fußbereich provoziert. Diese werden wiederum durch das Tragen von Schuhen beeinflusst. Obwohl Hauttemperatur, Blutfluss im Fußbereich und Schuhwerk wichtige Faktoren bei der Bewegungsdurchführung darstellen, können nur wenige und teilweise konträre Informationen über den Einfluss dieser Faktoren auf die Fußsensibilität in der Literatur gefunden werden. Somit hat diese Dissertation zum Ziel, den Einfluss der Temperatur der Fußsohle, des Blutflusses am Fußbereich sowie des Schuhwerkes auf die Vibrationssensibilität des plantaren Fußes gesunder Probanden zu untersuchen. Um den Einfluss der einzelnen Parameter auf die Fußsensibilität untersuchen zu können, wurden drei Studien durchgeführt. Die erste Studie hatte zum Ziel, den Einfluss der Temperatur der Fußsohle auf die Vibrationssensibilität von 40 Probanden zu untersuchen. Dabei wurden die Vibrationsschwellen, - mit einer Frequenz von 200 Hz -, bei einer Ausgangsmessung sowie nach einer 5-6 °C Abkühlung/Erwärmung der Haut der Fußsohle gemessen. In der zweiten Studie wurde der Einfluss einer Kurzzeitischämie des Unterschenkels auf die plantare Fußsensibilität von 39 Probanden getestet. Die Ischämie im Unterschenkel wurde mit Hilfe eines im Bereich der fossa popliteal platzierten pneumatischen Tourniquets hervorgerufen. Die plantaren Vibrationsschwellen wurden mit einer Frequenz von 200Hz in drei verschiedenen Druckbedingungen ermittelt: Ausgang (0 mmHg), niedrig (50 mmHg) und hoch (150 mmHg). Schließlich beschäftigt sich die dritte Studie mit dem Einfluss vom Schuhwerk auf die Fußsensibilität. Fünfundzwanzig Probanden haben an der Studie teilgenommen. Die Vibrationsschwellen wurden mit Frequenzen von 30 und 200 Hz bei fünf verschiedenen Bedingungen gemessen (eine Barfuss- und vier Schuhbedingungen). In allen Studien wurden die Vibrationsschwellen im plantaren Fußbereich unter der Ferse, dem Metatarsalkopf I sowie unter dem Hallux ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse der drei Studien zeigen, dass die analysierten Parameter einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die plantare Vibrationssensibilität der Probanden haben. Die erste Studie zeigt, dass eine 5-6° C - Schwankung der Hauttemperatur der Fußsohle die Fußsensibilität signifikant beeinflusst, wobei die Erwärmung der Haut eine Zunahme der Fußsensibilität verursacht und die Abkühlung eine Abnahme der Fußsensibilität hervorruft. Die Ergebnisse der zweiten Studie demonstrieren, dass die im Unterschenkel hervorgerufene Ischämie eine Verschlechterung der Fußsensibilität verursacht, insbesondere bei den Messungen der Hochdruckbedingung (150 mmHG). Die Daten der dritten Studie weisen darauf hin, dass der Einfluss vom Schuhwerk auf die Vibrationssensibilität des plantaren Fußes frequenzabhängig ist. Bei einer Vibrationsfrequenz von 30Hz ist die Sensibilität barfuss besser als die mit Schuhen gemessene Vibrationssensibilität. Hingegen ist bei einer Frequenz von 200 Hz die mit Schuhen gemessenen Sensibilität besser als die Sensibilität barfuss. Anhand der Ergebnisse der drei Studien konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Temperatur der Fußsohle, Blutfluss im Fußbereich und Schuhwerk einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die plantare Vibrationssensibilität gesunder Probanden haben. Daraus folgen wichtige Hinweise für zukünftige klinische- sowie bewegungsorientierte Forschung. Der Einfluss der drei analysierten Parameter sollte künftig bei der Beurteilung sensorischer Daten mit einbezogen werden. Dies würde zum einem eine Standardisierung der Messverfahren gewährleisten, zum anderen die Qualität der im klinischen Bereich gemessenen Daten erhöhen. Im Rahmen bewegungsorientierter Forschung soll die Wichtigkeit der Fußsensibilität bei der Durchführung unterschiedlicher Bewegungsformen, auch sportlicher Bewegung, näher untersucht werden. Weiterhin sollte eine gemeinsame Analyse der bewegungsbezogenen Änderungen der Hauttemperatur bzw. des Blutflusses im Fußbereich in künftiger Forschung angestrebt werden. Folglich können diese Änderungen in die Entwicklung funktionellen Schuhwerkes eingesetzt werden, um den Anforderungen der Fußsensibilität bei unterschiedlichen Bewegungsformen möglichst gerecht zu werden.

El presente trabajo de investigación desarrolla un proyecto empresarial enfocado en el diseño y comercialización de calzado para niñas, niños y adolescentes, cuyas edades oscilan entre 0 y 14 años de edad. Un aspecto relevante de este emprendimiento social es que operará bajo el modelo de negocios “Buy one, give one”, lo que implica que al efectuarse la venta de determinados modelos la empresa entregará a niños y adolescentes en situación de vulnerabilidad un par de zapatos. Además, se tiene previsto canalizar un porcentaje de las utilidades hacia entidades que realizan ayuda social. El trabajo está estructurado en siete partes: (i) Aspectos Generales, (ii) Planeamiento Estratégico, (iii) Investigación y Validación del Mercado, (vi) Plan de Marketing, (v) Plan de Operaciones, (vi) Estructura Organizacional y de Recursos Humanos y (vii) Planeamiento Económico Financiero. Se trata de un proyecto rentable. Se ha calculado una Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) FCNI de 64.32 %. Se observa que este proyecto genera un VPN FCNI de S/268,455.84 lo cual demuestra la viabilidad del mismo. / This research work develops a business project focused on the design and marketing of footwear for girls, boys and teenagers, whose ages range from 0 to 14 years old. A relevant aspect of this social enterprise is that it will operate under the “Buy one, give one” business model, which implies that when certain models are sold, the company will give children and adolescents in vulnerable situations a pair of shoes. In addition, it is planned to channel a percentage of the profits to entities that provide social assistance. The work is structured in seven parts: (i) General Aspects, (ii) Strategic Planning, (iii) Market Research and Validation, (vi) Marketing Plan, (v) Operations Plan, (vi) Organizational Structure and Human Resources and (vii) Financial Economic Planning. It is a highly profitable project. An Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 64.32 % has been calculated. It is observed that this project generates a NPV of S/268,455.84, which demonstrates its viability. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo de investigación se realiza con el objetivo de sustentar la viabilidad de un proyecto de negocio, el cual consiste en brindar el servicio de limpieza y compostura de todo tipo de calzados. Esta propuesta de negocio se realiza pensando en la necesidad de una gran parte de la población, que tiene calzados guardados, como también en mal estado y que no cuenta con el tiempo disponible para darle una limpieza adecuada. En este sentido, optamos por el servicio de limpieza y compostura de calzados, servicio que se brindará de manera delivery, brindándole comodidad, seguridad y accesibilidad a los clientes. Para ello, se realizó un análisis completo del entorno externo, interno y de la industria, con la finalidad de determinar algunas dificultades del negocio e identificar aquellas oportunidades que nos permitan elaborar estrategias y desarrollar los objetivos planteados. Posteriormente, se procederá a realizar una investigación de mercado con la finalidad de recopilar información, utilizando la metodología cualitativa, como también cuantitativa para concluir y obtener datos que nos servirán en la validación de la hipótesis planteada. Además, se elaborará un plan de marketing para el diseño de estrategias, así como también un plan de operaciones y estructura organizacional de recursos humanos. Finalmente, se desarrollará un plan económico financiero en el cual se analizará toda la información económica, proyecciones económicas y financiación de nuestro plan de negocio, que nos ayudará a determinar la viabilidad del proyecto. / The present research work is carried out with the objective of sustaining the viability of a business project, which consists of providing the cleaning and repair service of all types of footwear. This business proposal is carried out thinking about the need of a large part of the population, who have stored shoes, as well as in poor condition and who do not have the time available to give them an adequate cleaning. In this sense, we opted for the shoe cleaning and repair service, a service that will be provided in a delivery manner, providing comfort, security and accessibility to customers. For this, a complete analysis of the external, internal and industry environment was carried out, in order to determine some business difficulties and identify those opportunities that allow us to develop strategies and develop the objectives set. Subsequently, a market research will be carried out in order to collect information, using qualitative as well as quantitative methodology to conclude and obtain data that will serve us in the validation of the hypothesis raised. In addition, a marketing plan will be prepared for the design of strategies, as well as an operations plan and organizational structure of human resources. Finally, a financial economic plan will be developed in which all the economic information, economic projections and financing of our business plan will be analyzed, which will help us determine the viability of the project. / Trabajo de investigación

Bakgrund: Löpning är en populär motionsform i Sverige idag, dock är det vanligt med överbelastningsskador bland löpare och nästan 80% skadar sig på något vis varje år. Diskussion har uppstått bland löpare och forskare kring om barfotalöpning kan förändra biomekaniken och därmed ändra belastningen och minska risken för skador, samt om barfotalöpning kan leda till en förbättrad löpekonomi och påverka löparens prestationer. Syfte: Att undersöka vilken effekt barfotalöpning (inkl. minimalistskor) har på biomekanik mätt med ground reaction force (GRF) och löpekonomi mätt med syreupptagning jämfört med löpning med konventionella skor.  Metod: Systematisk narrativ litteraturöversikt. Litteratursökningen genomfördes i databaserna Pubmed och Cochrane. Studier som var randomiserade kontrollerade studier (RCT) alternativt cross-over studier inkluderades. Kvalitetsgranskning av studierna genomfördes med PEDro och tillförlitligheten av resultatet bedömdes med GRADEstud. Resultat: Åtta artiklar inkluderades, tre om biomekanik och fem om löpekonomi. Inga samstämmiga resultat sågs gällande barfotalöpningens effekter på GRF, en studie påvisade en signifikant minskning medan två studier visade på en signifikant ökning av GRF. Positiva tendenser sågs i studierna om löpekonomi, varav två påvisade signifikanta förbättringar. Kvaliteten på artiklarna bedömdes som måttlig och tillförlitligheten till resultaten bedömdes vara mycket låg.  Konklusion: Barfotalöpning påvisar vissa positiva effekter på löpekonomi medan effekterna på GRF är motstridiga. Tillförlitligheten av evidensen bedömdes vara mycket låg. Det behövs fler högkvalitativa studier som undersöker de långvariga och akuta effekterna av barfotalöpning på löpekonomi och biomekanik för att kunna dra slutsatser och implementera kunskapen bland fysioterapeuter som arbetar med löparskador. / Background: Running is a popular activity in Sweden today. However, injuries are common and almost 80% of runners get injured each year. Discussions about whether barefoot running could alter the biomechanics and decrease the risk of injury, and improve the running economy and increase a runner's performance, has risen amongst runners and researchers. Purpose: To examine the effects of barefoot running (minimalist footwear) on biomechanics measured with ground reaction force (GRF) and running economy measured with oxygen consumption compared to shod running.  Method: A systematic review. Articles were found using the Pubmed and Chochrane database. Randomised controlled trials (RCT) or Cross-over studies were included. Assessment of study quality was measured with the PEDro-scale and the reliability of the result assessed with GRADEstud. Result: Eight articles were included, three about biomechanics and five about running economy. Inconclusive results were found on the effects of barefoot running on GRF, one study showed a significant reduction in GRF and the other two showed increase in GRF. Positive tendencies were found concerning running economy, two studies showed a significant increase. The quality of the studies were moderate and the reliability of the result were very low. Conclusion: Barefoot running showed positive findings on running economy, while the effects on GRF were inconclusive. The evidence was considered very low. There is a need for more high-quality studies examining the long-lasting and acute effects of barefoot running on running economy and biomechanics to be able to draw conclusions and implement the knowledge in clinical physiotherapy.

Actualmente, según estudios, se identifican pequeñas empresas fabricadoras de calzado que suelen tener problemas en el cumplimiento de la entrega de sus pedidos, lo que conlleva a pérdidas para las empresas y genera, en diversas ocasiones, pagar multas y costes adicionales significativos. Generalmente, el problema mencionado se produce por deficiencias en el proceso de producción. Por lo que, el propósito de este trabajo es proporcionar un modelo de Lean Manufacturing y la gestión de cambios para las pymes de la industria del calzado con el objetivo de mejorar los procesos productivos para incrementar el cumplimiento de los tiempos de entrega de los pedidos. De la misma forma, con esto se espera lograr la reducción de tiempos y disminuir los errores durante el proceso productivo. Para ello, se desarrolló un este modelo que integra los componentes de Lean Manufacturing que serán parte del logro del objetivo planteado. La validación del modelo se realizó mediante la simulación con los tiempos de producción tomados previamente. El resultado que se obtuvo fue que la producción aumentó en un 20%, además, el número de prendas defectuosas también se redujo en un 50%. / Currently, according to studies, small footwear manufacturing companies are identified that often have problems in fulfilling the delivery of their orders, which leads to losses for companies and generates, on various occasions, paying fines and significant additional costs. Generally, the mentioned problem is caused by deficiencies in the production process. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to provide a Lean Manufacturing model and change management for SMEs in the footwear industry with the aim of improving production processes to increase compliance with order delivery times. In the same way, this is expected to reduce times and reduce errors during the production process. For this, a model was developed that integrates the Lean Manufacturing components that will be part of the achievement of the proposed objective. The validation of the model was carried out by simulation with the production times previously taken. The result that was obtained was that production increased by 20%, in addition, the number of defective garments also decreased by 50%. / Trabajo de investigación

A la fecha, la contaminación medioambiental ha repercutido negativamente en la sociedad y en el planeta. Debido a esto, en la industria textil surgió el concepto de moda sostenible y el interés por su aplicación con el fin de contrarrestar la contaminación al utilizar materiales de origen natural e incorporar prácticas laborales de comercio justo. Este contexto motivó el interés por el conocimiento de marcas de moda sostenible a nivel mundial, cuyas prácticas de sostenibilidad ofrecen un vínculo amigable con el medioambiente. Actualmente, en el Perú existen diversas marcas de moda que responden a esta línea, como Evea EcoFashion, empresa social de moda sostenible que ofrece calzado atemporal para hombres y mujeres a partir del uso del látex proveniente del árbol de Shiringa. Por consiguiente, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo conocer de qué manera Evea EcoFashion desarrolla la moda sostenible a través de su producción de calzado, desde el año 2015 hasta la actualidad. La investigación parte de un enfoque cualitativo y por ello se eligió el estudio de caso. Se empleará como técnica de recolección de información la entrevista semiestructurada a profundidad mediante la guía de entrevista, y se analizará mediante el análisis de discurso. Asimismo, se usará la técnica de observación y revisión documentaria, revisión de literatura y fundamentación teórica mediante una guía de observación. / To date, environmental pollution has had a negative impact on society and the planet. Due to this, the concept of sustainable fashion emerged in the textile industry and the interest in its application in order to counteract pollution by using materials of natural origin and incorporating fair trade labor practices. This context motivated attention to the presence of sustainable fashion brands worldwide, whose sustainability practices offer a friendly link with the environment. Currently, in Peru there are various fashion brands that respond to this line, such as Evea EcoFashion, a social sustainable fashion social enterprise that offers timeless footwear for men and women based on the use of latex from the Shiringa tree. Therefore, the present research has the objective to get to know how Evea EcoFashion develops sustainable fashion through its footwear production, from 2015 to the present. The research starts from a qualitative approach and therefore the case study was chosen. The in-depth semi-structured interview using the interview guide will be used as an information gathering technique, and it will be analyzed using discourse analysis; Likewise, the technique of observation and documentary review, and literature review and theoretical foundation, will be used through the observation guide. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo de investigación se concentrará en la industria del cuero y calzado peruana. En el Perú solo el 1.4% de la producción nacional es dedicada a la exportación, así mismo el mantiene estrechas relaciones con potenciales mercados internacionales, los cuales reconocen la buena calidad del producto nacional. En la actualidad, Lima cuenta con varios conglomerados comerciales dedicados al sector, de los cuales resalta el mercado de cueros de Caquetá en el distrito del Rímac, donde se encuentra El Centro de Intercambio Tecnológico para el cuero y calzado o “Citeccal”. Pese a los esfuerzos de El Instituto Tecnológico de la Producción del Perú para elevar el potencial exportador de la industria nacional aún no ha tenido el alcance deseado con las empresas del sector, debido a las carencias de la infraestructura del Citeccal frente a los objetivos trazados. Esta investigación plantea un nuevo Citeccal que mantenga su ubicación estratégica en el mercado de Caquetá, debido su importancia comercial, el valor histórico de la comunidad del lugar y la necesidad urbana de modernizar la zona. Así mismo, que cumpla con los requisitos de la tipología Centro de investigación complementado con el énfasis de arquitectura permeable con el fin de fortalecer los vínculos entre la institución, las empresas y la comunidad del mercado. Se espera alcanzar dicho objetivo mediante los conceptos de accesibilidad, continuidad del contexto urbano, fluidez entre el espacio público y el interior del cite, además busca fortalecer los espacios permeables bajos los conceptos de adaptabilidad, variedad de usos. / The present investigation work is focused on the Peruvian leather and footwear industry. In Peru only 1.4% of the national production is dedicated to export, nevertheless, local industry permanently maintains close relationships with all the potential international markets, which recognize the good quality of Peruvian national products. Nowadays, Lima has several commercial conglomerates dedicated to the sector. One of them is Caquetá leather market in the Rímac district, where Footwear and leather development center called “Citeccal” is located. Despite the efforts of the Technological Institute of Production of Peru to increase the export potential of this national industry, the desired effect for the sector is not achieve due to Citeccal deficient infrastructure. This investigation proposes a new Citeccal maintaining its strategic location in the Caquetá market, owing to the commercial importance, its historical value to the local community and the urban necessity to modernize the area. The new building for Citeccal must need to emphasize the Investigation Center architectural requirements supplemented with the permeability emphasis, in the order to strengthen links between the institution itself, the companies and the market community. It is expected to achieve this through concepts of accessibility, continuity the urban context, fluidity between public and private spaces, also to strengthening permeable spaces will include the concepts of adaptability and a variety of uses. / Tesis

The fashion industry is going through a radical change with new technologies. Footwear designers are taking advantage of CAD-software to create groundbreaking models. However, it is not only from a design point of view that the field is changing, 3D-printing technology is becoming an alternative for manufacturing footwear against the contaminating mass-producing system adopted by the fashion industry, challenging the traditional trading system of the products. Starting with a market analysis and user’s research and incorporating later CAD modeling, 3D-scanning and 3D-printing, the following project develops a design workflow for 3D-printing footwear and presents the readers with fresh designs to compete in the market.

Title: An influence of barefoot walking on postural stabilization Objectives of the thesis: The subject of my diploma thesis is to assess an immediate effect of outside walking on a postural stabilization in two groups throught an experiment. First group of tested subjects (probands) walked barefoot and the other group walked in the conventional shoes. An ambulation took place in outside conditions. The objective of this work is to judge if barefoot walking can have a positive influence on stabilization capabilities of individuals. Farther objective is to judge, if there is a correlation between motor reactions on the tactile stimulation of the soles of the feet and and two walking's manners (shod/unshod). Methods: In this thesis were used a method of anlalysis and a method of comparison in this thesis. The experiment was made in form of pretest (3 measurements) and posttest (3 measurements) on 30 probands. Required data for analysis were obtained by measurements of postural somatooscilography (pSOG). There was evaluated the postural provocation test on the platform of Posturomed. During test was measured a stopping and persistance of one leg stand for the period of 8 seconds. Oscillation curves of platform recorded by an accelerometer and programme Microswing 5.0 were evaluated in programme...

The topic of this diploma thesis is "Influence of footwear on foot deformities in women - the role of nurses in prevention". The theoretical part is devoted to the foot anatomy, it describes the issue of heels on the foot and represents the Giraffe certification. The practical part of the qualitative research shows the role of nurses in preventing foot deformities for patients. This thesis has two goals. To find out what footwear affects the deformities of the legs in women and to find out what role the nurse plays in preventing this issue. The research questions are 1. What is the importance of wearing high-heeled shoes for women and how will this be reflected later? 2. What role do nurses attribute to the prevention in this issue? Data collection was collected by semi-structured interviews with nurses in the orthopaedic ward and orthopaedic clinics. The research sample consists of 20 respondents, the choice was deliberate and formed by snowball sampling. In February 2019, data was collected, which was subsequently terminated at the moment of theoretical saturation. The interview covered themes: wearing high-heeled shoes, leg deformities caused by high-heeled shoes, nurse-led prevention and education. The results show that only a fraction of nurses adhere to the role of a nurse who helps patients prevent leg deformities. The rest of the nurses leave prevention and education to doctors. This diploma thesis presents as a work output a poster, which can be an information material for nurses from the orthopaedic clinics and beds. The output of the thesis is an educational poster that will reflect the entire nursing issue in prevention (the role of a nurse, the deformity of the feet caused by high-heeled shoes, etc.).