This study aims to identify the cost behavior related to debt and liquidity ratios of companies in the consumer staples sector and footwear subsector which are listed on the BM & FBovespa. The survey collected and analyzed multiple linear regression models for debt and liquidity ratios, and dependent variables such as: cost of production, selling expenses, administrative expenses, financial expenses and net income. Data was collected from Economática (March, 2009-December, 2013). Before regressions, statistical tests were performed to guarantee the validity of the models. Results showed that cost of production is explained by 75% of variations in debt and liquidity ratios. Selling expenses reached an explanatory power of 56%, administrative expenses got 58% compared to the model; and financial expensesshowed 69%. The net income analysis showed an explanatory power of 81% of variations. / El estudio muestra el comportamiento de los costos en relación a los índices de endeudamiento y liquidez en empresas de consumo masivo y del subsector de calzados, listadas en la BM&FBovespa, La investigación fue realizada por medio de recolección de datos y análisis de modelos de regresión lineal múltiple sobre indicadores de endeudamiento y liquidez, y variables dependientes: costo de producción, gastos de ventas, gastos administrativos, gastos financieros e ingresos netos. Los datos fueron tomados del Economática, entre marzo 2009 y diciembre 2013. Antes de realizar las regresiones, se realizaron pruebas estadísticas para garantizar la validez de los modelos. Los resultados evidencian que los costos deproducción pueden ser explicados por 75% de las variaciones ocurridas en los indicadores de endeudamiento y liquidez. Los gastos por ventas alcanzan un poder explicativo del 56%, los gastos administrativos presentaron el 58% en comparación con el modelo, y los gastos financieros presentaron el 69%. El análisis del ingreso neto mostró un poder explicativo del 81% de las variaciones. / O estudo identifica o comportamento dos custos em relação aos índices de endividamento e liquidez das empresas listadas na BM&FBovespa, setor de consumo cíclico, subsetor de calçados. A pesquisa é realizada por meio de levantamento e análise de regressão linear múltipla entre indicadores de endividamento e liquidez e as variáveis dependentes: custo de produção, despesas com vendas, despesas administrativas, despesas financeiras e lucro líquido. Os dados são coletados no Economática, entre 03/2009 e 12/2013. Antes de efetuar as regressões realizaram-se testes estatísticos que asseguraram a validade dos modelos. Os resultados evidenciam que os custos de produção podem ser explicados por 75% das variações ocorridas nos indicadores de endividamento e liquidez. As despesas com vendas atingem um poder de explicação de 56%, as despesas administrativas apresentaram 58% de relação com o modelo, e as despesas financeiras apresentaram 69%. A análise do lucro líquido demonstra poder explicativo de 81% das variações ocorridas.

A indústria calçadista faz intenso uso de recursos naturais e gera grande volume e diversidade de resíduos ao longo da produção; muitos deles são perigosos, oferecendo riscos ao ambiente e à saúde humana. Nos produtos, é utilizada ampla variedade de materiais, o que dificulta o seu tratamento ao fim da vida útil, tornando o resíduos pós-consumo um agravante para a questão dos resíduos nessa indústria. A abordagem da prevenção de resíduos busca, de maneira proativa, diminuir ou evitar o ingresso de materiais ou substâncias no fluxo dos resíduos, prevenindo assim os impactos causados por eles no ambiente. A adoção de práticas preventivas na indústria de calçados pode contribuir para mitigar impactos oriundos de todo o ciclo de vida desse produto. Assim, esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de estudar o fenômeno da prevenção de resíduos na indústria calçadista brasileira, buscando sistematizar iniciativas e práticas já existentes e discuti-las à luz da literatura, de modo a encontrar desafios e oportunidades para expansão dessas atividades. Para a análise dos achados, adotou-se o viés conceitual da Ecologia Industrial. Foi realizado um estudo de caso descritivo-exploratório de caso único a indústria calçadista brasileira com múltiplas unidades de análise, buscando responder às seguintes perguntas: i) Como vem ocorrendo a prevenção de resíduos na produção de calçados?; ii) Quais são os desafios e oportunidades para avanços da prevenção nesse setor? A pesquisa revelou que a adoção de atividades de prevenção na indústria calçadista ainda ocorre de maneira tímida, e foca principalmente a escolha por materiais com menor toxicidade ou reciclados, e a eficiência no uso de matérias-primas. Esta última está muito ligada à redução de custos; no setor de componentes ocorre principalmente na indústria química, com o reaproveitamento interno dos subprodutos, e na manufatura, ocorre na otimização do corte das partes do calçado. De modo geral, a produção calçadista brasileira se caracteriza por intensa competitividade, com a busca por redução de custos e maximização de ganhos. Isso apresenta desafios para a implementação das atividades de prevenção de resíduos por colocar como prioridade a busca por preços baixos, geralmente obtidos pela externalização de custos socioambientais; além disso, prejudica o interesse em colaborações entre empresas. As cadeias de produção são extensas e pouco articuladas, o que dificulta a circulação de informações e materiais entre empresas. Com relação aos materiais, a pesquisa revelou possibilidades de ciclagem dentro do ambiente produtivo para diversos deles, embora não sejam colocadas em prática. O caso da indústria calçadista brasileira se apresentou como emblemático para a crise do sistema econômico nos moldes do paradigma técnico-científico, (segundo o qual o desenvolvimento significa crescimento econômico), evidenciando a necessidade de uma mudança de paradigma e uma nova racionalidade material. / The footwear industry is characterized by intense natural resources input and large and diverse waste generation, many of which are hazardous, offering risks to the environment as well as human health. A wide variety of materials are used in the products, which hampers the treatment of post-consumption waste, worsening the scenario for the issue of waste in the footwear industry. Waste prevention aims at preventing or reducing both quantitative and qualitatively the waste flows, and thus, the environmental impacts caused by them. The adoption of prevention activities in the footwear industry contributes to the mitigation of several impacts associated with this products life cycle. This research had the objective of studying waste prevention in the Brazilian footwear industry, as to unveil and systematize existing initiatives and practices, discussing them in light of the literature on the subject and identifying the challenges and opportunities for their progress. The conceptual basis of Industrial Ecology was used to analyze the findings. A descriptive-exploratory single case study with multiple analysis units was conducted aiming at answering the research questions: i) How have waste prevention activities been occurring in the footwear production?; ii) What are the challenges and opportunities for the progress of waste prevention in this area? The research found that waste prevention activities in the footwear industry are still timid, focusing mainly the selection of less toxic or recycled materials, as well as efficiency in the use of raw materials. The last is connected to cost reduction, taking place in the component sector mainly in the chemical industry through the internal reutilization of byproducts and in the manufacture sector, through efficient cutting of the parts. In general, the Brazilian footwear production is characterized by high competitiveness, pursuing cost reduction and gain maximization. That presents challenges for the implementation of waste prevention activities for setting low prices as priority, usually obtained by the externalization of social and environmental costs. It also harms the interest in collaboration between organizations. The supply chains are wide and lack articulation, which hinders information and materials circulation between organizations. Regarding the materials, the research found cycling possibilities within the productive environment for several of them, although these are not put into practice. The case of the Brazilian footwear industry is emblematic for the crisis in the economic system based in the technical-scientific paradigm (according to which, development is equal to economic growth). It underlines the need for a paradigm shift, as well as a new material rationality.

Esta Tesis propone el uso de técnicas multidisciplinares como una alternativa viable a los procedimientos actuales de evaluación del calzado los cuales, normalmente, consumen muchos recursos humanos y técnicos. Estas técnicas son Realidad Virtual, Biomecánica Computacional y Redes Neuronales Artificiales. El marco de esta tesis es el análisis virtual del confort mecánico en el calzado, es decir, el análisis de las presiones de confort en el calzado y su principal objetivo es predecir las presiones ejercidas por el zapato sobre la superficie del pie al caminar mediante la simulación del contacto en esta interfaz. En particular, en esta tesis se ha desarrollado una aplicación software que usa el Método de los Elementos Finitos para simular la deformación del calzado. Se ha desarrollado un modelo preliminar que describe el comportamiento del corte del calzado, se ha implementado un proceso automático para el ajuste pie-zapato y se ha presentado una metodología para obtener una animación genérica del paso de cada individuo. Además, y con el fin de mejorar la aplicación desarrollada, se han propuesto nuevos modelos para simular el comportamiento del corte del calzado al caminar. Por otro lado, las Redes Neuronales Artificiales han sido aplicadas en esta tesis a la predicción de la fuerza ejercida por una esfera, que simulando un hueso, empuja a una muestra de material. Además, también han sido utilizadas para predecir las presiones ejercidas por el corte del calzado sobre la superficie del pie (presiones dorsales) en un paso completo. Las principales contribuciones de esta tesis son: el desarrollo de un innovador simulador que permitirá a los fabricantes de calzado realizar evaluaciones virtuales de las características de sus diseños sin tener que construir el prototipo real, y el desarrollo de una también innovadora herramienta que les permitirá predecir las presiones dorsales ejercidas por el calzado sobre la superficie del pie al caminar. / Rupérez Moreno, MJ. (2011). MULTIDISCIPLINARY TECHNIQUES FOR THE SIMULATION OF THE CONTACT BETWEEN THE FOOT AND THE SHOE UPPER IN GAIT: VIRTUAL REALITY, COMPUTATIONAL BIOMECHANICS, AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/11235 / Palancia

[pt] Segundo os números do Ministério do Desenvolvimento e Indústria e Comércio Exterior, a China liderou nos últimos 5 anos o mercado brasileiro de importações de calçados, representando 70 por cento do total importado. O Brasil vem registrando quedas nas exportações de calçados; em 2011 houve uma redução média de 21,5 por cento comparado ao ano de 2010. Desta forma, o Brasil passou a ocupar a oitava posição no mercado exportador. Além disso, os asiáticos vêm melhorando a qualidade e nível tecnológico de seus calçados para alguns nichos de mercado. Sabe-se que a introdução de novas tecnologias, novos processos e indicadores de controle de qualidade possibilita agregar valor nos arranjos produtivos locais brasileiros, tornando-os mais competitivos. Na dissertação é apresentado um estudo sobre o emprego da Radioscopia para a melhoria do controle de qualidade dos calçados brasileiros. Esta técnica traz uma inovação ao mercado calçadista brasileiro por ser um ensaio não destrutivo, fazendo uso de Raios X. A técnica já é utilizada por algumas indústrias internacionais, visando à identificação de corpos estranhos, controle de saltos, além de outros itens dos calçados. Esse estudo apresenta resultados imagens radiográficas encontradas em calçados, que culminou na proposta de uma metodologia para a aplicação da Radioscopia na melhoria do controle da qualidade na produção de calçados, empregando conceitos da Análise dos Modos e Efeitos de Falha (FMEA), respondendo, assim, a questão principal deste estudo: como melhorar o controle de qualidade industrial aplicando a técnica da radioscopia na produção de calçados brasileiros? / [en] According to the Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade, China led in the last five years the footwear Brazilian market for imports, representing 70percent of total imports. Brazil has been recording declines in footwear exports; in 2011 there was an average reduction of 21.5 percent compared to 2010. Thus, Brazil has moved to the eighth position in the export market. Moreover, Asians have been improving the quality and technological level of their footwear for some niche markets. Its known that the introduction of new technologies, quality controls and indicators allow adding value to local production arrangements in Brazil, making them more competitive. In this dissertation, a study on the use of Radioscopy to improve the quality control of Brazilian footwear is presented. This technique brings innovation to the footwear Brazilian market, since it is a non-destructive making use of X-ray. This technique is already used by some international industries, aiming at the identification of foreign bodies, control jumps, and other items of the footwear. This study culminated in the proposal of a methodology for the application of Radioscopy in the improvement of quality control of footwear production, employing concepts of Technical Analysis of the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), answering the main question of this study: how to improve the industrial quality control by applying the technique of Radioscopy in the production of Brazilian footwear?

The broad aim of this essay is to examine the different variations of the wooden clog throughout the ages, beginning in the 13th century and moving onward to the present. Geographically speaking,the paper focuses on wooden clogs from western Europe and Sweden especially. The different versions of the wooden clog are presented chronologically and compared accordingly. As the analysis inches closer to the present-day clog, aspects of branding, commerce and advertising grow more relevant. Visual semiotics is used to analyse how certain messages are communicated through the design of the clogs in question. It is evident that not only the style of the wooden clog has changed throughout the years, but the shoes inherent meaning too. The present-day clog possesses (unlike its predecessors) a capacity to express the wearer’s identity, be it one’s gender or ancestry, by means of design.

This thesis reports research in the Country-of-Origin (COO) area of international business, into the postulated phenomenon of Negative Image. Image has been regarded as a potential purchase decision influencing factor but to date not investigated in-depth. Research was carried out in the business to business area, across cultures and between developed and developing countries, using an example from Zimbabwe. The primary research methodology comprised semi-structured elite interviews with Zimbabwean footwear exporters and UK footwear importers. A questionnaire incorporating sections on topics related to the international image of manufactured goods exporters based in Third World countries was also administered to the UK footwear importers. This dealt with political, commercial and image aspects of importer-exporter relationships and also addressed directly the issue of Third World businessmen's image. Results from the field work demonstrate that the Negative Image of Third World manufactured goods exporters directly affects importer decision making and that Negative Image has an exclusively negative impact. Data from inductive analysis of interviews and supporting correlations arising from the questionnaire were used to construct a model of the relationships and formalise the concepts and constructs of Negative Image. These included disparities in exporter and importer expectations of quality, price, delivery and performance. In addition unreliability, inefficiency, professionalism, lack of both marketing skills and social conversation contribute to the phenomenon. A potential conflict was identified at the individual level between personal and professional perspectives and a reciprocal Negative Image of importers was identified from the Zimbabwean exporters' perspective. Suggestions are made regarding the key factors in exporter-importer relationship development and conclusions are then drawn suggesting that improvement to levels of importer-exporter contacts and information flows can be useful in ameliorating the Negative Image effect. Scenarios for image improvement are offered at government, firm and individual levels. Finally, limitations of the research are discussed and recommendations for further research are given

Limited knowledge of the neuromechanical response to use of an ankle foot orthosis-footwear combination (AFO-FC) has created a lack of consensus in understanding orthotic motion control as a therapeutic treatment. Lack of consensus may hinder the clinician’s ability to target the motion control needs of persons with movement impairment (e.g., peripheral nerve injury, stroke, etc.). Some evidence suggests a proportional relationship between joint motion and neuromuscular activity based on the notion that use of lower limb orthoses that constrain joint motion may invoke motor slacking and decreasing levels of muscle activity. Use of AFO-FCs likely alters the biomechanical and neuromuscular output as the central control system gradually forms new movement patterns. If there is proportional relationship between muscle activation and joint motion, then it could be examined by quantifying joint motion and subsequent neuromuscular output. Considering principles of neuromechanical adjustment, my general hypothesis examines whether orthotic control of lower limb motion alters neuromuscular output in proportion to the biomechanical output as a representation of the limb’s dynamics are updated by the neural control system. The rationale for this approach is that reference knowledge of the neuromechanical response is needed to inform clinicians about how a person responds to walking with motion controlling devices such as ankle foot orthoses combined with footwear. In the first line of research, I hypothesize that a newly developed AFO which maximizes leverage and stiffness will constrain the talocrural joint and alter joint kinematics and ground reaction force patterns. To answer the hypothesis, I sampled kinematics and kinetics of healthy subjects’ treadmill walking using an AFO-FC in a STOP condition and confirmed that the AFO substantially limited the range of talocrural plantarflexion and dorsiflexion motion to 3.7° and in a FREE condition maintained talocrural motion to 24.2° compared to 27.7° in a CONTROL (no AFO) condition. A follow up controlled static loading study sampled kinematics of matched healthy subjects limbs and cadaveric limbs in the AFO STOP and FREE conditions. Findings revealed healthy and cadaveric limbs in the AFO STOP condition substantially limited their limb segment motion similar to matched healthy subjects walking in the STOP condition and in the AFO FREE condition healthy and cadaveric limbs maintained similar limb segment motion to matched healthy subjects walking in the FREE condition. In a second line of research, I hypothesize that flexibility of a newly developed footwear system will allow normal walking kinetics due to the shape and flexibility of the footwear. To answer the hypothesis, I utilized a curved-flexible footwear system integrated with an AFO in a STOP condition and sampled kinematics and kinetics of healthy subjects during treadmill walking. Results revealed subjects elicited similar cadence, stance and swing duration and effective leg-ankle-foot roll over radius compared to walking in the curved-flexible footwear integrated with the AFO in a FREE condition and a CONTROL (no AFO) condition. To validate rollover dynamics of the curved-flexible footwear system, a follow up study of healthy subjects’ treadmill walking in newly developed flat-rigid footwear system integrated with the AFO in a STOP condition revealed interrupted leg-ankle-foot rollover compared to walking in curved-flexible footwear in STOP, FREE and CONTROL conditions. In a third line of research, I hypothesize that use of an AFO that limits talocrural motion in a STOP condition will proportionally reduce activation of Tibialis Anterior, Soleus, Medial and Lateral Gastrocnemii muscles compared to a FREE and CONTROL condition due to alterations in length dependent representation of the limb’s dynamics undergoing updates to the central control system that modify the pattern of motor output. To answer the question, the same subjects and AFO-footwear presented in the first two lines of research were used in a treadmill walking protocol in STOP, FREE, and CONTROL conditions. Findings revealed the same subjects and ipsilateral AFO-footwear system presented in Aim 1 exhibited an immediate yet moderate 30% decline in EMG activity of ipsilateral Soleus (SOL), Medial Gastrocnemius (MG) and Lateral Gastrocnemius (LG) muscles in the STOP condition compared to the CONTROL condition. The reduction in EMG activity in ipsilateral SOL, MG and LG muscles continued to gradually decline during 15 minutes of treadmill walking. On the contralateral leg, there was an immediate yet small increase of 1% to 14% in EMG activity in SOL, MG, LG muscles above baseline. After 10 minutes of walking, the EMG activity in contralateral SOL, MG and LG declined to a baseline level similar to the EMG activity in the contralateral CONTROL condition. These collective findings provide compelling evidence that the moderate 30% reduction in muscle activation exhibited by subjects as they experience substantial (85%) constraint of total talocrural motion in the AFO STOP condition is not proportionally equivalent. Further, the immediate decrease in muscle activation may be due to a reactive feedback mechanism whereas the continued decline may in part be explained by a feedforward mechanism. The clinical relevance of these findings suggests that short term use of orthotic constraint of talocrural motion in healthy subjects does not substantially reduce muscle activation. These preliminary findings could be used to inform the development of orthoses and footwear as therapeutic motion control treatments in the development of motor rehabilitation protocols.

A indústria calçadista brasileira é formada majoritariamente por pequenas e micro empresas que ainda preservam o modo tradicional e autêntico de produção de calçados e têm as mãos do artesão como a mais importante das ferramentas. Dessa maneira, sob a adoção das definições de design propostas pelo ICSID (2014) e por Bonsiepe (2011), o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral registrar o modo de produção de calçados dessas pequenas e micro unidades produtoras e como objetivo específico propor um modelo híbrido de criação e desenvolvimento, com a implantação de ferramentas digitais que preservasse o modo tradicional de fabricação, e, ao mesmo tempo, impulsionasse essa dinâmica de produção. O trabalho foi fundamentado nas obras E Triunfo?, de Aloísio Magalhães (1985), Tempos de Grossura: o design no impasse, de Lina Bo Bardi (1994) e Design, Cultura e Sociedade, de Gui Bonsiepe (2011). Também foram realizadas pesquisas de campo em dois grandes polos calçadistas brasileiros: região do Vale dos Sinos, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, e na cidade de Franca, no interior do estado de São Paulo, além de entrevistas com entidades do setor e visitas técnicas a centros de manufatura, centros de ensino e empresas fabricantes de pequeno e micro porte. Como ilustração da importância do artesão e do modo de produção artesanal, o trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso sobre a confecção de um calçado para uma pessoa com necessidades especiais. A proposta do modelo híbrido foi elaborada em fluxograma e comparada ao modelo do sistema atual de fabricação de calçados praticado pelas pequenas e micro empresas. Como resultado verificou-se que elas encontram-se estagnadas em sua dinâmica de produção, com falta de renovação de mão de obra, sem projetos de sua própria autoria e sem departamento de criação, o que implica, a cada dia, o enfraquecimento dessas empresas e, possivelmente, na perda e no esquecimento de um rico modo de produção. Logo, o modelo proposto vem ao encontro das necessidades dessas empresas, mostrando que o design é o fator crucial para o fortalecimento dessas unidades produtoras e para o reconhecimento desse modo de fazer como corpo formador do patrimônio imaterial do país. / The brazilian footwear industry consists mainly of small and micro companies, which still preserve the traditional way and authentic shoe production, where the hand of the craftsman is the most important tool. Thus, under the adoption of definitions of design proposed by ICSID (2014) and Bonsiepe (2011), the present study general goal is to register the footwear production mode of these small and micro units, and propose as specific goal a hybrid model for creation and development, with the implementation of digital tools, which would preserve the traditional way of manufacturing, while this boosts production dynamics. The work was based on the works E Triunfo?, by Aloisio Magalhães (1985), Tempos de grossura: o design no impasse, by Lina Bo Bardi (1994 ) and Design, Cultura and Sociedade, by Gui Bonsiepe (2011). Field research in two large footwear brazilian centers were also performed: Vale dos Sinos in Rio Grande do Sul State and the city of Franca in Sao Paulo State, as well as interviews with footwear institutions and technical visits at manufacturing centers, teaching centers and small and micro manufacturers companies. As an illustration of the importance of artisan and craft production mode a case study about making a shoe for a person with special needs was presented. The hybrid model proposed was drawn in a diagram and compared to the model of the current system shoemaking practiced by small and micro companies. As a result it was found that these are stagnant in their production dynamics with non-renewal of hand labor, no projects of their own, and without the creative department, which means every day as a weakening of these companies and possibly the loss and oblivion of a rich mode of production. Therefore, the proposed model meets the needs of these companies, showing that design is crucial to the strengthening of these mills, and for recognition thus as part of the intangible heritage of the country.

O mundo do trabalho vive um extraordinário avanço tecnológico caracterizado pela introdução de modernas tecnologias, automação acelerada, que resultam em novas formas de racionalização e organização do trabalho e no aumento da exploração intensiva da força de trabalho. Esse processo foi marcado pela reestruturação produtiva, que resultou em maior intensificação e precarização do trabalho, fatos que refletiram nas relações e nas condições laborais. O setor calçadista, conhecido pela grande capacidade de geração de empregos, também foi atingido por essas mudanças, com consequentes agravos à saúde de seus trabalhadores. Tendo como pano de fundo este quadro de transformações, foi objetivo da pesquisa investigar como se acidentam e adoecem no trabalho os trabalhadores envolvidos na produção de calçados em Franca (SP) e como isto repercute em suas vidas, dentro e fora do espaço produtivo. A pesquisa, de cunho qualitativo, teve como principal técnica de coleta de dados a entrevista. Foram entrevistados 20 trabalhadores, 15 mulheres e cinco homens; um profissional da área da saúde e dois representantes do Sindicato dos Trabalhadores nas Indústrias de Calçados de Franca. Os trabalhadores entrevistados foram contatados através do sindicato da categoria, que também forneceu as Comunicações de Acidentes de Trabalho (CATs) utilizadas como fonte de informações. Os resultados demonstraram que o trabalho na produção de calçados tem sido fonte de agravos à saúde dos trabalhadores. Os dados obtidos pela pesquisa permitiram relacionar os acidentes e doenças apresentados pelos trabalhadores à organização e às condições do trabalho às quais estão submetidos. As principais queixas foram: LER lesões por esforços repetitivos, ferimentos corto-contusos, amputações de membros superiores (mãos, dedos, antebraços e braços), dores lombares, estresse, depressão, ansiedade, tristeza, angústia, além de terem se referido a sentimentos de insatisfação e desvalorização no trabalho. Os dados revelaram também como os episódios de acidentes e doenças ocupacionais repercutiram na vida dos trabalhadores. A violência sofrida pelos trabalhadores não se resumiu apenas ao acidente em si e às circunstâncias em que ocorreu, mas se estendeu pelo longo processo de tratamento e pela trajetória institucional percorrida para estabelecer o nexo entre o acidente e/ou doença e o seu trabalho. / The labor world is currently experiencing a remarkable technological advance characterized by the introduction of modern technologies, accelerated automation, which results in new ways of work rationalization and organization and the increase of workforce exploration. This process was marked by a productive restructuring which resulted in the work being more intensive and precarious, thus affecting work relations and conditions. The footwear sector, known for its huge capacity of generating new work positions, was also affected by these changes, resulting in a consequential damage of the workers health. Having these aforementioned transformations as backdrop, this research has as its purpose investigate how the footwear workers of Franca (SP) get injured and ill and analyze the consequences these injuries and illnesses bring into their lives both in the workplace and their private lives. The research has a qualitative approach and gathers data through personal interviews. A total of 20 workers, including 15 women and five men, were interviewed. A health professional and two Footwear Industry Union representatives were also interviewed. The workers were contacted through their Union. The Union has also provided the Work Accident Reports (CATs) which were used as source of information. The results showed that working in the footwear production has been a source of hazards to the workers health. The data allowed the research to relate accidents and illnesses suffered by workers to the working conditions and organizations to which they are submitted. The main complaints were: RSI repetitive strain injuries, wounds, amputation of members (hands, fingers, forearms and arms), backaches, stress, depression, anxiety, sadness and grief. They have also demonstrated being dissatisfied with their jobs and feeling undervalued. The data also revealed how occupational accidents and illnesses episodes affected the workers lives. The violence experienced by workers is not enclosed in the accident itself and the circumstances in which it happened, it is extended through a long treatment/healing process and also by the institutional path which must be followed in order to establish a connection between the accident and/or illness to the work.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:33:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco_de_Assis_Oliveira.pdf: 466999 bytes, checksum: 7ee5c2aeb06ab684b567e72f798f59e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-04-15 / This thesis is intended to address the standards for Credit Granting and all the constraints involved and also to assess associated policies, contracts and lines of credit. An assessment of the risks to which a lender is exposed in his relationship with clients is called Credit Analysis. Lines of credit are mostly based on asset translation. It is then required to develop a case-study for a company's businesses focusing on a thorough analysis of its modus operandi. In a certain way, Credit Granting is a means to leverage sales mainly from the acquisition of non-durable goods in the retail market. Consumption increases are a drive to heat up Economy and bring about new job positions with benefits to the Society as a whole coming from more taxes collected that are converted into promoting more social welfare. It should be pointed out that the financial sector is one that mostly benefits from Credit Granting because of the high interest rates applied in credit operations to individual persons and bank individual clients based on their wages and to corporations based on their sales volume. For corporations, lines of credit help them increase their capacity to pay up their debts and are an integral part of their business guidelines. Credit granting shall then be the focus of this work and all associated market details shall also be addressed in this paper. This thesis aimed to identify the Credit Analysis process and how important it is for companies' negotiations. A case-study methodology was used in the survey to achieve the results shown herein. / Esta disserta????o tem como objetivo abordar as normas de concess??o de cr??dito, bem como, suas dificuldades em conced??-los, analisa ainda suas pol??ticas, contratos e linhas de cr??dito. An??lise de Cr??dito ?? uma avalia????o de risco em que o emprestador deseja assumir no relacionamento com seu cliente. Os cr??ditos s??o em grande parte baseados na convers??o de ativos. Avaliar criticamente o modus operandi da empresa pesquisada atrav??s do estudo de caso. A concess??o de cr??dito, de certa forma, ?? um meio de se alavancar as vendas; principalmente na aquisi????o de bens dur??veis no mercado varejista, com um maior n??mero de pessoas haver?? conseq??entemente um elevado consumo, fazendo com que haja um aquecimento da economia como a aquisi????o de novos empregos, beneficiando a sociedade e ao governo que arrecadar?? mais impostos para revert??-los em bem estar social para a popula????o. H?? de ressaltar-se tamb??m que o grande beneficiado na concess??o de cr??dito ?? o setor financeiro, no qual os juros s??o muito altos e suas opera????es diferenciadas por faixas salariais; no caso das pessoas f??sicas, de seus correntistas e do faturamento das empresas, para as pessoas jur??dicas. Para as empresas, cr??dito significa ter capacidade de pagamento de seus deveres, e a capta????o desse cr??dito, faz parte de algumas diretrizes empresariais internas. Desta forma, a concess??o do cr??dito para empresas de com??rcio de cal??ados ser?? o foco deste trabalho, que analisar?? como se d?? a concess??o do cr??dito e seus detalhes dentro do enfoque de mercado. Este estudo objetivou identificar o processo de an??lise de cr??dito e a sua import??ncia na negocia????o da organiza????o. A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada para alcan??ar este objetivo foi o estudo de caso.