D.Ing. (Civil Engineering) / This thesis describes an Investigation Into the nature of the fracture and deformation mechanism which occur at the edges of tabular gold mining excavation. Published Information on these phenomena Is reviewed, and the necessary underground Investigation required to consolidate the previous work Is described. It Is concluded that the rock near the reef plane at the edges of these mining excavations Is subject to stresses sufficiently high to cause It to fracture through the formation of regular patterns of shear planes. These fractures can form In the solid rock some distance ahead of the mining excavation. Nearer the mining face, extension fractures form which result In slabbing or splitting of the exposed rock. An Idealization of the observed rock behavior Is proposed, which Is then incorporated with conventional boundary element techniques Into a numerical model (SEAMS) which Is capable of analyzing two Dimensional tabular mining excavations where the rock near the reef plane at the edge of the mining excavation fractures, deforms and sheds load. A Sensitivity analysis of the numerical model Is described which Identifies those mining parameters capable of being used to advantage In controlling the size of the fracture zone.

Orientador: Alexandre Elias Trivellato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T13:54:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cavalieri-Pereira_Lucas_M.pdf: 2145596 bytes, checksum: 3e8bd390800cac6c62907f984daa8941 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A fratura do côndilo mandibular usualmente requer tratamento cirúrgico com emprego de fixação interna estável. O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar comparativamente a resistência de quatro técnicas de fixação utilizadas no tratamento de fraturas subcondilares. Foram empregadas 84 mandíbulas sintéticas, 147 placas retas e 546 parafusos. As mandíbulas foram submetidas a um seccionamento simulando uma fratura subcondilar esquerda e fixadas com quatro técnicas utilizando-se das placas de 2,0 e 1,5 mm, que deram origem a doze grupos experimentais, cada um com 7 mandíbulas. Chamou-se de grupos G1, G5 e G9, aqueles fixados com uma placa reta de 4 furos do sistema 2,0 mm. Os grupos G2, G6 e G10, foram fixados com uma placa de 4 furos dos sistema 2,0 mm e uma placa de 3 furos do sistema 1,5 mm. Grupos G3, G7 e G11, aqueles fixados com duas placas 2,0 mm, sendo a anterior de 3 furos; Grupos G4, G8 e G12, aqueles fixados com duas placas 2,0 mm de 4 furos. Cada sistema foi submetido ao teste de resistência com aplicação de carga no sentido súpero-inferior em máquina de ensaio EMIC, modelo DL2000. Em G1, G2, G3 e G4 a aplicação de carga foi no primeiro molar do lado da fratura simulada (MF). Em G5, G6, G7 e G8, no primeiro molar contralateral à fratura simulada (MC). Em G9, G10, G11 e G12, entre os incisivos centrais (I). Foram mensurados valores de carga para os deslocamentos de 1 mm, 2 mm e 5 mm. Os resultados obtidos no teste de resistência foram comparados utilizando análise de variância (ANOVA), seguido do teste de Tukey com nível de significância de 5%. Verificou-se valores de carga menores no grupo tratado com uma placa de 4 furos do sistema 2,0 mm, nos deslocamentos de 1 e 2 mm, com aplicação de carga em MF. Pode-se concluir que a utilização do sistema de fixação com duas placas proporciona maior resistência / Abstract: Fractures of mandibular condyles usually require surgical treatment with steady employment internal fixation. The aim in this study was to evaluate the resistance of four fixation technique used in the treatment of subcondylar fractures. Were employed 84 synthetic jaws, 147 straight plates and 546 screws. The jaws underwent a sectioning simulating a left subcondylar fracture and fixed with four techniques using 2.0 mm and 1.5 mm plates, which gave rise to twelve experimental groups, each with 7 mandibles. Drew G1, G5 and G9, those set with single straight plate 4-holes. Groups G2, G6 and G10, were fixed with one 2.0 mm system plate 4-holes and one 1.5 mm system plate 3-hole. Groups G3, G7 and G11, were fixed with two plates 2.0 mm, which more anterior had 3-hole. Groups G4, G8 and G12, those fixed with two plates 2.0 mm with 4-hole. Each system was subjected to the test of resistance with load application superior-inferior on testing machine EMIC model DL2000. In G1, G2, G3 and G4 the implementation of load was the first molar side fracture simulated (MF). In G5, G6, G7 and G8 were in the first molar contralateral to the simulated fracture (MC). In G9, G10, G11 and G12 was between the central incisors (I). Load values were measured for displacement from 1 mm, 2 mm and 5 mm. Results obtained in the test of resistance were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey test with a significance level off 5%. There was minor loads value in the group treated with a plate of 4-hole system 2.0 mm, in displacements of 1 and 2 mm, with application in MF. Can conclude that the use of the fixation system with two plates provide greater resistance / Mestrado / Cirurgia e Traumatologia Buco-Maxilo-Faciais / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

Orientador: Adriana de Jesus Soares / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T14:40:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lins_FernandaFreitas_M.pdf: 2426957 bytes, checksum: ff06c275f24b04dd8e054840e6559579 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O propósito do presente estudo restrospectivo foi avaliar os diversos aspectos relacionados às injúrias dentárias traumáticas em relação a sua etiologia, prevalência e classificação, nos pacientes atendidos no Serviço de Trauma Dental da Área de Endodontia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba-UNICAMP, no período de Julho de 2000 a Julho de 2010. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados e a análise dos resultados incluiu distribuição de freqüência, teste Qui-quadrado e teste de Mann-Whitney, com nível de significância de 5%. O número total de pacientes foi de 450 (300 do gênero masculino e 150 do gênero feminino) com 1284 dentes traumatizados, representando aproximadamente 2,8 dentes por paciente. Os resultados mostraram que a faixa etária mais prevalente foi de 11 a 15 anos de idade (31,5%) e os fatores etiológicos mais encontrados foram as quedas (35,6%) e os acidentes ciclísticos (26,2%). Os incisivos centrais superiores foram os dentes com maior percentual de trauma (53,7%). O tipo de injúria aos tecidos dentários mais prevalente foi a fratura de esmalte e dentina, enquanto as avulsões e as subluxações foram os tipos de injúrias aos tecidos de suporte mais frequentes. O mês e o dia em que mais ocorreram os traumas foi o mês de Maio e aos Sábados. O gênero exerceu influência em relação a etiologia do trauma (p < 0,05/ Teste Qui-quadrado) e não obteve diferença significativa com as diferentes faixas etárias (p > 0,05 / Teste Mann Whitney). Concluiu-se que o gênero masculino, a faixa etária de 11 a 15 anos, as quedas, os incisivos centrais superiores, as fraturas de esmalte e dentina e as avulsões foram os achados mais freqüentes / Abstract: The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate several aspects related to traumatic dental injuries regarding its etiology, prevalence and classification in the patients of Service of Dental Trauma of the Endodontics Area, Faculty of Dentistry of Piracicaba-UNICAMP, from July 2000 to July 2010. The statistical treatment analysed data from frequency distribution, Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney test. The level of significance was set at 5% for all analyses. A total of 450 patients (150 females and 300 males) with 1284 injured teeth, approximately 2,8 per patient. The results showed that the prevalent age group was 11 to 15 years (31.5%) and the most frequent etiological factors of tooth injuries were falls (35.6%) and bicycle accidents (26.2%). The upper central incisors were the teeth with higher percentage of trauma (53.7%). The most prevalent type of injury to dental tissue was fracture of enamel and dentin, while avulsions and subluxations were the most frequently types of injuries to the supporting tissues. The month and day that most occurred dental injuries was May and Saturday respectively. Gender exerted influence over the etiology of trauma (p <0.05 / Chi?square) and had no significant difference with the different age groups (p> 0.05 / Mann Whitney). It was concluded that male gender, age range 11 to 15 years, falls, upper central incisors, the enamel and dentin fractures and avulsions were the most frequently findings / Mestrado / Endodontia / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

Orientadores: Deborah Queiroz de Freitas França, Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T13:33:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bezerra_IlanaSanamaikaQueiroga_D.pdf: 1698292 bytes, checksum: 997da55ad95075c898e9eae4519d6525 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O objetivo neste trabalho foi verificar a influência da ferramenta para redução de artefato (FRA) na qualidade da imagem e no diagnóstico de FRVs, em dentes com pino metálico intracanal. A amostra foi composta por trinta dentes unirradiculares, que tiveram suas coroas removidas e seus canais instrumentados. Do total, foram induzidas fraturas completas e incompletas em vinte raízes e ao final, todas as raízes foram divididas em três grupos: controle (n=10), fratura radicular completa (n=10) e fratura radicular incompleta (n=10). Cada raiz recebeu um pino metálico intracanal e foi escaneada duas vezes no tomógrafo Picasso Trio 3D® (Vatech, Hwaseong, Coreia do Sul): uma sem e uma com o emprego da FRA. As imagens foram avaliadas objetiva e subjetivamente. A avaliação objetiva foi feita no ImageJ (NIH, Bethesda, MD, EUA), em uma região de interesse circular padronizada, na qual foram mensuradas os valores médios e a variação dos tons de cinza e a taxa contraste-ruído (TCR) nas imagens com e sema FRA. A avaliação subjetiva foi realizada de duas formas: inicialmente, cinco avaliadores (cirurgiões-dentistas, especialistas em Radiologia Odontológica) treinados analisaram as imagens no software EZ3D quanto à presença de FRV, utilizando uma escala de cinco pontos: Posteriormente, um avaliador quantificou os artefatos formados. Foram avaliados o cupping, as bandas hipodensas e as estrias hiperdensas. A imagem obtida com FRA foi comparada à sua respectiva sem FRA para atribuição de um dos três escores: (0) não houve mudança na quantidade de artefato formado; (1) houve diminuição e (2) houve aumento. As concordâncias intra e interexaminador foram avaliadas pelo teste Kappa ponderado. A comparação dos resultados do diagnóstico de FRV com o padrão-ouro foi realizada pela curva ROC (Receive Operating Characteristic). Além disso, também foram calculados os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia. A comparação dos resultados da análise objetiva, dos valores das áreas sob a curva ROC e dos testes de diagnóstico nas aquisições com e sem a FRA foi realizada por meio do Teste t. A presença de artefatos foi avaliada por análise descritiva. Os resultados mostraram diminuição significativa dos valores médios dos tons de cinza (p=0,002) e da TCR (p=0,000) com utilização da FRA. Quanto à avaliação subjetiva, os valores das áreas sob a curva ROC, sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia também foram inferiores com a utilização da FRA, sendo os dois últimos estatisticamente significativos, para os casos de fratura incompleta (p=0,028 e p=0,037, respectivamente) e fratura completa (p=0,021 e p=0,031, respectivamente). Em relação aos artefatos avaliados, de uma maneira geral houve diminuição dos mesmos nas imagens com FRA. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que a utilização da FRA causou uma diminuição nos artefatos formados, porém não houve não houve melhora na qualidade da imagem avaliada de maneira objetiva nem repercussão no diagnóstico de FRVs em raízes com pino metálico intracanal, uma vez que o mesmo foi prejudicado / Abstract: This study aimed to verify the influence of the artifact reduction algorithm in the image quality and the diagnosis of VFR. The sample was composed of thirty single-rooted teeth, which the crown was removed and the root canal was prepared. In twenty roots, fractures were induced. The roots were divided into three groups: control (n=10), complete (n=10) and incomplete (n=10) VRF. In each root canal it was inserted a well-fitted metal post and it was scanned in the Picasso Trio 3D® CBCT device (Vatech, Hwaseong, South Korea) with and without the artifact reduction algorithm. The images were evaluated objective- and subjectively. The objective evaluation was performed in the ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA), by a standard round region of interest, on which it was measured the mean value of the grey level and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Five observers (oral radiologists) performed blindly the subjective evaluation in EZ3D software to diagnosis VRF, which was classified according to a 5-point scale. Posteriorly, one observer quantified the presence of the beam hardening artifacts. It was evaluated the cupping artifacts, hypodense halos and streak artifacts. The images with and without the artifact reduction algorithm was compared according three scores: no change, increase or decrease of the beam hardening artifact. The intra- and interobserver agreement were calculated by the weighted-Kappa test. The ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve was used to compare the diagnosis of VRF and the gold standard. Also, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were obtained. The comparison of the grey levels and the CNR were performed by the t-Test. The production of beam hardening artifacts was descriptive analyzed. The results showed a significant decrease of the grey level (p=0,002) and CNR (p=0,000) with the artifact reduction algorithm. The ROC curve values, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were lower with the artifact reduction algorithm for the diagnosis of VRF. It was observed a statistically significant difference in the specificity and accuracy. Regarding to the quantity of the beam hardening artifacts, it was observed an overall reduction in images with the artifact reduction algorithm. In conclusion, the use of the artifact reduction algorithm produced a decrease of the beam hardening artifacts; however, it was observed negative influence in image quality and in the diagnosis of VRF in the presence of metal post / Doutorado / Radiologia Odontologica / Doutora em Radiologia Odontológica

Orientador: Guilherme Monteiro Tosoni / Resumo: As fraturas e reabsorções radiculares dentárias são ocorrências de diagnóstico por vezes complicado, exigindo do Cirurgião-Dentista a realização de exames complementares mais específicos, como a tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico. Devido à existência de uma gama variável de aparelhos disponíveis no mercado, realizou-se um estudo no qual foi avaliada a capacidade de diagnóstico de cinco modelos (EAGLE 3D® - Dabi Atlante; SCANORA 3D® - Soredex; Orthophos XG 3D® - Sirona Dental; PREXION 3D® - Prexion Dental Inc. e I-CAT® - Imaging Sciences - Kavo) na identificação de fraturas e reabsorções radiculares. Para tanto, foram reproduzidas fraturas e reabsorções radiculares em 60 dentes humanos, obtidos por meio do banco de dentes, que posteriormente foram montados em 12 mandíbulas artificiais e submetidos à aquisição de imagens pelos equipamentos de tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico. As imagens DICOM dos exames foram exportadas dos softwares originais dos equipamentos e importadas para dentro do software OnDemand® (Cybermed Inc. USA), onde foram analisadas por 2 radiologistas com experiência na interpretação desse tipo de exame. Foi permitido aos examinadores observarem as imagens nos planos axial, coronal e sagital na busca das fraturas e reabsorções radiculares. Após avaliação das imagens, os resultados obtidos foram agrupados e submetidos à análise estatística para sua validação, utilizando o software GraphPadPrism 6® (San Diego, CA, USA). Os resultados mostraram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Dental root fractures and resorptions are complicated diagnostic events sometimes, requiring the Dentist to perform more specific complementary exams such as cone beam computed tomography. Due to the existence of a variable range of devices available on the market, a study was carried out analysing the diagnostic capacity of five models (EAGLE 3D® - Dabi Atlante; SCANORA 3D® - Soredex; Orthophos XG 3D® - Sirona Dental; PREXION 3D® - Prexion Dental Inc. and I-CAT® - Imaging Sciences - Kavo) to identify fractures and root resorptions. For this purpose, fractures and root resorption were reproduced in 60 human teeth, obtained through the human tooth bank, which were assembled later in 12 artificial mandibles and submitted to image acquisition by a cone beam computed tomography equipment. The DICOM images of the exams were exported from the original equipment software and imported into OnDemand® software (Cybermed Inc. USA), where they were analyzed by two radiologists with experience in the interpretation of these scans. The examiners were allowed to observe the images in the axial, coronal and sagittal planes in the search for fractures and root resorptions. After evaluation of the images, the results were grouped and submitted to statistical analysis for validation using GraphPadPrism 6® software (San Diego, CA, USA). The results showed that there was a high index of correct answers in the evaluations of both examiners, and also that there were no differences in the diagnostic... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Plauto Christopher Aranha Watanabe / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T03:31:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alonso_MariaBeatrizCarrazzoneCal_D.pdf: 1019899 bytes, checksum: 6b933c1c5e72bab8ab8d15a411f3eb5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a Densidade Mineral Óssea (DMO), Conteúdo Mineral Ósseo (CMO) e níveis séricos do cálcio, fósforo e magnésio em ratos submetidos à dieta diária de café e refrigerantes à base de cola e guaraná. Para isto foram utilizados 80 ratos (Rattus norvegiau albinus, Wistar), sendo 40 machos e 40 fêmeas, com 60 dias de vida distribuídos em oito grupos de acordo com a dieta. Após 48 dias de administração das substâncias, todos os animais foram sacrificados, coletado o sangue para as análises bioquímicas e dissecados os fêmures esquerdo de cada animal para avaliação da DMO e CMO por meio da densitometria óssea por dupla-absorção de raios X (DXA). Os resultados obtidos foram apresentados como média e erro-padrão da média, submetidos à análise de variância ¿ ANOVA e teste de Tukey com p < 0,05. Os resultados demonstraram que os maiores valores de DMO e CMO foram encontrados nos ratos machos. Redução significativa da DMO e CMO foi observada apenas para o consumo do café nas fêmeas, enquanto que nos machos, nenhuma diferença foi encontrada. Em relação às análises bioquímicas, os ratos machos apresentaram os maiores valores séricos de cálcio, porém sem diferença estatística entre os grupos de dieta. Com referência ao fósforo as fêmeas apresentaram as maiores concentrações séricas do mineral. Para os ratos machos as maiores concentrações de fósforo foram observadas no grupo da cola em relação aos grupos do guaraná e café, porém o mesmo não diferiu do grupo controle. A avaliação do magnésio demonstrou que em ambos os sexos e apenas para o grupo do café houve aumento significativo da concentração plasmática do mineral. Todos os animais apresentaram aumento de peso durante o experimento. Os refrigerantes de cola e guaraná foram as substâncias mais consumidas quando comparadas ao café. Pôde-se concluir que alterações minerais plasmáticas relacionadas ao metabolismo ósseo do cálcio, fósforo e magnésio ocorrem e devem ser avaliadas com cautela na presença de café e refrigerantes à base de cola e guaraná. O café reduziu a DMO e CMO nas fêmeas representando desta maneira um fator de risco à fratura óssea / Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the daily intake of coffee, cola and guaraná soft drinks on bone mineral density and blood levels of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (Pi) and magnesium (Mg) in male and female rats. Sixty-days-old Wistar rats were divided into four groups according to the test drink, namely control (water), cola, guaraná and coffee. After 48 days, all animals were sacrificed, had their blood collected for biochemical analyzes and their femora evaluated for bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC). All animals gained weight during the experiment. Consumption was highest for cola and lowest for coffee. Changes in BMD appeared only in females of the coffee group. As for BMC, males showed higher values across groups, while coffee intake provoked significant BMC reduction in females. Regarding blood biochemistry, males showed higher serum Ca levels across groups. While Pi levels were similar across groups for females, males in the guaraná group showed significantly lower Pi levels. Coffee intake produced a significant increase in Mg levels regardless of gender. Taken together, our data suggest that daily coffee intake can lead to decreased BMD and BMC in female rats, and that habitual consumption of coffee, cola and guaraná soft drinks may induce changes in the levels of blood minerals essentially related to bone metabolism / Doutorado / Radiologia Odontologica / Doutora em Radiologia Odontológica

Includes bibliographical references / Background: Dislocation is one of the most common orthopaedic complications after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). The reported dislocation rate in elective THR is 5 - 8%. This number increases up to 22% for THA done for neck of femur fractures. Larger femoral head sizes increase the head-neck ratio and range of motion before impingement, therefore reducing the dislocation rate. Due to the reported increase in dislocation for trauma, some surgeons prefer to do a hemi-arthroplasty or open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Methods: A retrospective review of all THA done for neck of femur fractures during 2006 - 2012 was undertaken at a large referral hospital. Records were reviewed for patient related and surgical risk factors. We excluded all pathological fractures, extra-capsular fractures and failed ORIF. Results: A total of 96 cases were identified as suitable for analysis. Average age at surgery was 73.2 years (range 30 - 81). Delay to surgery was 5.3 days (range 1 - 63). Average follow up period was 18.3 months (range 3 months - 4.3years). Four patients (4.3%) had a confirmed dislocation. The four patients who had confirmed dislocation had the following characteristics, 28 mm femoral head size, age over 60 years, 2 posterior approaches and 3 females, although not statistically significant. Conclusion: The outcomes of THR in patients with neck of femur fractures can be favourable and provide good long-term prosthesis survival. We report on low dislocation rate post total hip replacement for intra-capsular neck of femur fractures.

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There are many examples worldwide were fossil magmatic intrusions influence the local water and energy supply. Due to that intrusions can act as a conductor and a reservoir, but also as a barrier for fluids and gases in the ground. The decisive feature between conductor or barrier in an intrusion is its fracture network. Hence it is of paramount importance to characterize an intrusion’s fracture network and thus its permeability. However, other than through boreholes magmatic intrusions are rather inaccessible and very little is known about their influence on aquifers and reservoir rocks in the underground. It is therefore important to increase the knowledge of magmatic intrusion by investigate the intrusions that are accessible for us at ground surface. In this study, photos from a case study about the Sosa dyke have been used to map and characterizes the fractures of the Sosa dyke, which is an accessible vertical magmatic intrusion and a part of the Chachahuén volcano complex in the southwestern parts of Argentina. The photos that were used are taken with an UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle), and to analyze the photos, map the fractures and produce the results, software as Agisoft Metashape, MOVE™ and MATLAB with the toolbox FracPaQ was used. The intrusion has two distinct fracture sets, one that is perpendicular to the intrusion margins and one that stretches parallel with the intrusion. The connectivity of the fractures is low, and since the permeability of the fractures largely depends on the connectivity, it is also low. The fracture set that is perpendicular to the intrusion margin is what’s called cooling fractures, which is created as the magma in the intrusion cools. This causes the magma to contract and break, forming fractures perpendicular to the inward migrating solidification front. The fracture set that is parallel with the intrusion is caused by minerals in the magma flow being affected by friction from the intrusion margins. This causes the minerals in the magma to elongate in the direction of flow along the sides of the dyke, creating foliation, enabling fractures to propagate along. These fracture sets are poorly connected which concludes that the mapped area of the Sosa-dyke has a low permeability. / I hela världen finns det många exempel där stelnade magmatiska intrusioner påverka ett områdes vatten och energiförsörjning, på grund av att intrusioner kan agera som ledare och reservoarer men också som barriärer för vätskor och gaser in marken. Den avgörande faktorn mellan ledare och barriärer i en intrusion är dess spricknätverk. Därför är det viktigt att kartlägga och karakterisera en intrusions spricknätverk och därmed också få en uppfattning om dess permeabilitet. Magmatiska intrusioner är förutom genom borrhål ofta svåråtkomliga, det finns därför väldigt lite information om hur de påverkar akviferer och reservoarer i marken. Det är därför viktigt att öka kunskapen om magmatiska intrusioner genom att undersöka intrusionerna som är tillgängliga vid markytan. I denna studie har bilder från en fallstudie om Sosa Intrusionen använts för att kartera och karakterisera sprickor i Sosa intrusionen. Det är en vertikal magmatisk intrusion som är synlig på markytan, och en del av Chachahuén vulkan komplexet i sydvästra Argentina. Bilderna som användes är tagna med en UAV( unmanned aerial vehicle), och för att analysera bilderna, kartera sprickorna och producera resultaten, användes programmen Agisoft Metashape, MOVE™ och MATLAB med FracPaQ verktyget. Intrusionen har två distinkta sprickgrupper, en som är vinkelrät mot intrusionens kanter och en som går parallellt med kanterna. Konnektivitet mellan sprickorna är låg och eftersom permeabiliteten påverkas av konnektiviteten är den också låg. Sprickgruppen som är vinkelrätt mot intrusionskanten är så kallade kylningssprickor och bildas nät magman i intrusionen svalnar. Det leder till att magman kontraherar och spricker, och bildar sprickor som går inåt mot stelningsgränsen och därmed vinkelrätt mot intrusionskanten. Sprickgruppen som går parallellt med intrusionen bildas av att mineral i magmaströmmen påverkas av friktion från intrusionskanterna. Det gör att mineralen lägger sig och sträcks ut i samma riktning som magmaflödet, vilket när magman stelnar bildar svaghetszoner som sprickor kan fortplanta sig i. Dessa sprickgrupper har låg konnektivitet vilket gör att slutsatsen blir att det karterade området av Sosa intrusionen har låg permeabilitet.

Bakgrund   Höftfrakturer är ett globalt problem och mängden personer som drabbas har ökat sedan 90-talet och antalet drabbade kommer fortsätta öka med en ökande äldre population. Mellan 12–17 procent dör inom det första året efter en höftfraktur varav att alla lider av en högre risk att dö i förtid samt att mängden som återgår till samma funktionsförmåga sedan innan höftfrakturen är inte hög. Något som kan bedöma hur en person upplever sin hälsa är livskvalité. Författarna finner därför att det skulle vara intressant att belysa vad som händer med livskvalitén för den som drabbas av en höftfraktur.  Syfte Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva personers upplevda livskvalité vid höftfraktur. Metod En icke systematisk litteraturstudie har utförts på 17 artiklar, tre med kvalitativ design och 13 med kvantitativ design och en med mixed method. Artiklarna är inhämtade från CINAHL och Pubmed med hjälp av olika sökordskombinationer. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades utifrån Sophiahemmet högskolas bedömningsinstrument. En integrerad analys utfördes därefter och artiklarna delades in i tre steg för att identifiera huvudkategorier och underkategorier. Resultat Utifrån resultatartiklarna som bedömde livskvalité utifrån mätinstrument försämrades den upplevda livskvalitén som följd av höftfrakturen. Många upplevde en förbättring av livskvaliteten inom ett år men att den inte blev lika bra som före höftfrakturen. De kvalitativa artiklarna tar upp andra aspekter av att leva efter höftfraktur som “rädslor &amp; oro efter höftfraktur”, “Självständighet och ensamhet efter höftfraktur” och “Förväntningar efter höftfraktur”. Slutsats Majoriteten av de som drabbas av en höftfraktur upplever fortsatt försämrad livskvalité och hälsa en tid efter höftfrakturen inträffat. Det finns ett klart utvecklingsområde för att förbättra omvårdnaden vid en höftfraktur. Fortsatta studier inom ämnet livskvalité, hälsa och höftfraktur bör fokuseras på kvalitativa studier för att utveckla förståelsen för vad patienterna upplevelser och erfarenheter vid höftfraktur. / Background Hip fractures are a global problem and the amount of people suffering from this has increased since the 1990s and the number of people suffering from this condition will continue to increase with an increasing older population. Between 12-17 percent dies within the first year after hip fracture of which everyone affected has a higher risk for premature death. Something that assesses how a person experiences their health was quality of life. The authors of this study therefore find it interesting to see what happens with quality of life during and after hip fracture.  Aim The aim of this study was to describe patients' experienced quality of life during and after study.  Method A non-systematic literature study has been performed on 17 articles, three with a qualitative design, 13 with a quantitative design and one with mixed method. The articles have been obtained from CINAHL and Pubmed with the help of different keyword combinations. The articles have been quality reviewed with the Sophiahemmet högskolas assessment instrument. An integrated analysis has been done in three steps to identify main- and sub-themes.  Results From the result in the articles that assessed quality of life through assessment instruments the perceived quality of life deteriorated due to the hip fracture. Many of the patients perceived an improvement in quality of life within a year but that it did not turn out as well as before the hip fracture. The qualitative studies brought up other aspects of living with hip fracture such as “fears and worries after hip fracture”, “independence and loneliness after hip fracture” and “Expectations after hip fracture”. Conclusions The majority of those who suffer from a hip fracture experience a continued deterioration in quality of life and health some time after the hip fracture has occurred. There was a clear area for ​​development to improve nursing care for patients with a hip fracture. Continued studies in the subject of quality of life, health and hip fracture should focus on qualitative studies to develop an understanding of what patients experience with a hip fracture.