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Language, Enforcement, and Consequences: An Analysis of California’s Zero Tolerance Policy and the 1994 Gun Free Schools ActManay, Renzo Fidel January 2009 (has links)
No description available.
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Free schools : the role of Conservative and Liberal political thought in shaping the policyHilton, Adrian January 2015 (has links)
'The landscape of schooling in England has been transformed over the last five years' (House of Commons Education Committee, 2015:3). More than half of secondary schools in England have become academies, independent of local authorities and funded directly by central government. The programme was begun by New Labour in 2002, and by the time they left office at the 2010 General Election 203 academies had been established. The policy was considerably extended between 2010-2015 by the Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition, and 'Free Schools' were introduced by Education Secretary Michael Gove: that is, schools 'set up in response to what local people say they want and need in order to improve education for children in their community' (DfE, 2013/2015). By the time of the 2015 general election, there were 4,674 newly-sponsored or converter academies and 252 'Free Schools', representing 64% of secondary school students (47% of all state school students), and 51% of secondary schools (32% of all state schools). This research argues the hypothesis that there is a high degree of philosophical continuity on this policy across the main political parties in England. It also analyses the extent to which the policy-makers invoke historical expressions of conservatism and/or liberalism in their articulation of that convergence. Drawing on past associations with politicians, the principal expositors and key architects of the 'Free Schools' policy were interviewed, and these transcripts have given insight into how the themes of policy are conceptualised and understood. The data suggests that there are convergent philosophical views across the main political parties, and agreement on the course of history of the policy. There are, however, ethical concerns about the pace of reform, the primacy of the 'market', and the extent to which democratic public goods are consistent with schools that are 'free'.
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Processos de formação de intérpretes em consigna livre: práxis e metodologias experimentadas pela Escola Livre de Teatro de Santo André (ELT), Núcleo de Artes Cênicas (NAC) e SP Escola de Teatro / Processes for the training of actors and actresses in free model: praxis and methodologies experienced by the Escola Livre de Teatro de Santo André (ELT), Núcleo de Artes Cênicas (NAC) and SP Escola de TeatroCarleto, Simone [UNESP] 19 December 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-12-19 / Apresento na pesquisa reflexão a respeito da formação de atores e atrizes em consigna livre, imbricando antecedentes histórico-conceituais à observação das práxis estético-político-pedagógicos de três instituições que oferecem cursos de atuação: Escola Livre de Teatro de Santo André (ELT), Núcleo de Artes Cênicas (NAC) e SP Escola de Teatro. Com base em pressupostos característicos da forma de produção coletivo-colaborativa do teatro de grupo e da atoralidade, no concernente à atitude criativa composicional da obra (configurando-se em experimento estético histórico-social), defendo a tese segundo a qual as metodologias experienciadas no processo formativo concernem ao modo como se considera a função social do teatro. Assim, ao estabelecer um campo de disputa simbólica, a arte contra-hegemônica intenta uma busca de alternativas e resistência, que cria novas formas de organização e relações sociais. Nesse sentido, evidenciam-se, na reflexão, as influências do teatro livre, político, agitpropista e do teatro épico para a criação dos estúdios e do sujeito histórico teatro de grupo, coligindo produção artística e formação cultural. Parte da produção teatral europeia, desde o final do século XIX e início do século XX instigou a reação de opositores, que instaurou o processo de retomada do movimento hegemônico realista. No Brasil, a ascendência do livre verificou-se na produção teatral do chamado teatro da militância, principalmente, no Teatro de Arena, Teatro Paulista do Estudante e Teatro do Oprimido, entre outros. Já o esteticismo francês, impulsionou, entre outros, o Teatro Brasileiro de Comédia (TBC), do qual decorre o grupo Macunaíma e Centro de Pesquisas Teatrais (CPT), coordenados por Antunes Filho. Do CPT provém parte significativa da experiência artística do NAC. Do teatro e estúdios criados na transição da Rússia para a URSS por Meierhold, em contraponto ao sistema Stanislávski, veio o projeto modelar configurado por Maria Thaís da ELT. Maria Thais inspira outras iniciativas, nas quais insere-se a SP Escola de Teatro, porém com projeto e metodologia diametralmente opostas. Referente à estruturação, as diferenças percebidas relacionam-se às formas de organização: as instituições oferecem cursos gratuitos, divididos em módulos, com base em consigna livre; NAC constitui-se de modo análogo às organizações pré-capitalistas, em que o trabalho realizado não produz lucro, tendo em vista a atuação profissional voluntária em espaços cedidos, sem aporte de verbas; SP Escola de Teatro postula inserção técnica no mercado teatral, com duas exuberantes sedes e profissionais contratados pelo governo do estado de São Paulo, via Associação Amigos da Praça; ELT ocupa o Teatro Municipal Conchita de Moraes, em condições precaríssimas, e os profissionais são contratados pelo governo municipal da cidade. Mesmo com as idiossincrasias presentes nas instituições, a produção e formação artísticas abarcadas pelo livre podem ser alternativas para se pensar modelos pedagógicos criativos, que propiciem descortinar outros cenários e um outro mundo possível, no qual seja garantida a igualdade de acesso às condições materiais de produção e de apropriação simbólica. / I present in the research reflection about the formation of actors and actresses in free model, imbricating historical-conceptual antecedents to the observation of the aesthetic- political-pedagogical praxis of three institutions that offer courses of action: Escola Livre de Teatro de Santo André (ELT), Núcleo de Artes Cênicas (NAC) e SP Escola de Teatro. Based on typical assumptions of form of collective-collaborative production of the theater group and interpreter as an author, with regard to compositional creative attitude of the work (setting in socio-historical aesthetic experiment), I defend the thesis that the experienced methodologies in formative process concern the way in which the social function of theater is considered. Thus, in establishing a field of symbolic dispute, anti- hegemonic art seeks a search for alternatives and resistance, which create new forms of organization and social relations. In this sense, becomes evident in the reflexion the influence of the free, political, agitprop and epic theater to the creation of the studios and the group theater as a historical subject, gathering artistic production and cultural formation. Part of the European theater production, from the late nineteenth and early twentieth century instigated the reaction of opponents, which set the process of reviving the hegemonic realist movement. In Brazil, the ancestry of the free was verified in the theatrical production of the so-called theater of militancy, mainly in the Teatro de Arena, Teatro Paulista do Estudante and Teatro do Oprimido, among others. On the other hand, the French aestheticism, impelled, among others, Teatro Brasileiro de Comédia (TBC), from which was originated the group Macunaíma and Centro de Pesquisas Teatrais (CPT), coordinated by Antunes Filho. CPT is a significant part of the NAC’s artistic experience. From the theater and studios created in the transition from Russia to the USSR by Meierhold, in counterpoint to the Stanislavsky system, came the modeling project set up by Maria Thaís of ELT. Maria Thais inspires other initiatives, in which the SP Escola de Teatro is inserted, but with diametrically opposed design and methodology. Regarding structuring, the perceived differences are related to the forms of organization: the institutions offer free courses, divided in modules, based on free model; NAC is formed in a similar way to the pre-capitalist organizations, in which the work done does not produce a profit, in view of the voluntary professional action in spaces ceded, without contribution of funds; SP Escola de Teatro postulates technical insertion in the theatrical market, with two exuberant venues and professionals hired by the government of the state of São Paulo, via Associação Amigos da Praça; ELT occupies the Teatro Municipal Conchita de Moraes, in precarious conditions, and the professionals are hired by the municipal government of the city of Santo André. Even with the idiosyncrasies present in the institutions, the artistic production and formation characterized by the free can be alternatives to think creative pedagogical models, which can reveal other scenarios and another possible world, in which is guaranteed equal access to the material conditions of production and symbolic appropriation.
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Escolas democráticas = um olhar construtivista / Democratic schools : a constructivist viewWrege, Mariana Guimarães, 1981- 20 August 2018 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Divergindo-se das escolas tradicionais ao longo dos últimos cento e cinquenta anos, a literatura nos aponta outras propostas educacionais que buscam romper com esse paradigma tradicional de educação. Atualmente, um desses movimentos é denominado de "educação democrática". Mesmo que existam diferenças, tais escolas possuem três características comuns: a gestão participativa pelos estudantes e educadores; relações não hierárquicas; e a organização pedagógica com centro de estudos, sem currículos compulsórios, em que os alunos definem suas trajetórias de aprendizagem. Foi somente a partir de 1996, com a nova Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação no Brasil que foi possível este novo modelo de escola, já que permitiu maior autonomia das instituições educativas com relação ao currículo. No entanto, as escolas democráticas no país (educação formal) são poucas e recentes. Não obstante a importância de tais experiências, ainda são escassos os estudos científicos que as abordem. Tratando-se de um estudo descritivo exploratório, esta pesquisa objetivou caracterizar o ambiente sociomoral e o trabalho com o conhecimento em uma escola que busca implementar uma proposta de educação democrática e que faça parte da Rede Internacional de Educação Democrática (IDEN), assim como investigar as dificuldades que encontra nesta implementação. Os participantes foram os alunos do 4º e do 5º anos do Ensino Fundamental, seus professores e a equipe de especialistas. Os procedimentos empregados na coleta de dados foram: sessões de observação sistemáticas, entrevistas individuais e o recolhimento de documentos tais como: registro das ocorrências, agendas, atividades pedagógicas realizadas pelos alunos, planejamento dos professores, Projeto Político Pedagógico e Regimento Escolar, dentre outros. A análise dos dados foi qualitativa e pautada no construtivismo piagetiano. Os resultados mostraram que o ambiente sociomoral é mais cooperativo e harmonioso, a interação social é continuamente valorizada e os alunos participam de algumas decisões com relação ao uso dos espaços comuns, aos materiais que podem ou não trazer à escola, dentre outras, nas assembleias da escola. Evidencia-se o diálogo e o vínculo de afeto na relação entre professores e alunos que, contudo, permanecem assimétricas. As relações entre pares são harmoniosas e recíprocas. Os conflitos são, em geral, resolvidos pelos próprios alunos e algumas vezes há intervenção direta dos adultos, que acabam resolvendo tais problemas por eles ou valendo-se de censuras. O trabalho com o conhecimento é mais prazeroso e significativo. As artes articulam-se com projetos realizados ao longo do ano e que culminam em uma peça teatral. São os professores quem decidem sobre o que, quais e como serão realizadas as atividades, havendo pouca participação dos educandos neste processo. Muitas atividades ainda são baseadas na memorização e cópia e há, implicitamente, a obrigatoriedade de realização das propostas pelos alunos. Encontrou-se ainda que tanto os educadores quanto as crianças gostam de estar na escola e a veem como diferente das demais, no sentido de proporcionar atividades mais prazerosas, divertidas, de não haver provas nem lição de casa, além de dar uma certa margem de liberdade para que todos coloquem suas opiniões. / Abstract: Diverting from traditional schools over the last hundred and fifty years, the literature points to other educational proposals that seek to break the traditional paradigm of education. Currently, this movement is called "democratic education". Even if there are differences in each experience, these schools have three common characteristics: participatory management by students and educators, non-hierarchical relationships and educational organization as "research centers" in which students define their learning trajectories without having a compulsory curriculum. It was only after 1996, with the new Brazilian Law of Directives and Bases of Education, that it was possible to have this new model of school, as this law allowed greater autonomy of educational institutions in relation to the curriculum. However, democratic schools in Brazil (formal education) are few and recent. Despite the importance of such experiences, there are still scarce scientific studies that addresses them. This is an exploratory descriptive study that aimed to characterize the sociomoral environment and the work with knowledge in a school that seeks to implement a democratic education proposal. The selected school had to take part of the International Democratic Education Network (IDEN). We also aimed to investigate the difficulties they found in this implementation process. The participants were: students in the 4th and the 5th years of elementary school, their teachers and staff experts. The procedures used in data collecting sessions were: systematic observation, individual interviews and gathering of documents, such as: registration of events, calendars, educational activities carried out by students, teacher planning, among others. Data analysis was qualitative and based on Piaget's constructivism. The results showed that the sociomoral atmosphere in the school is more cooperative and harmonious. Social interaction is continuously valued and students participate in some decisions regarding the use of common spaces, materials that may or may not bring to school, among others, in the school meetings. It highlights the dialogue and the bond of affection in the relationships between teachers and students, however, it remains asymmetrical. Peers relationships are harmonious and reciprocal. Conflicts are usually resolved by the students and sometimes there are direct interventions from adults, who end up solving such problems for the children. The work with knowledge is more pleasurable and meaningful. The arts are linked to projects carried out throughout the year and that culminate in a play. The teachers decide what, where and how the activities will be carried out, with little participation of students in this process. Many activities are still based on memorization and copying, and there is, implicitly, the obligation to carry out the proposals by the students. It was also found that both, educators and children, enjoy being at school and see it as different from the others, providing pleasurable activities, no tests or homework, and that it gives a certain margin of freedom for everybody. / Mestrado / Psicologia Educacional / Mestre em Educação
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Den svenska friskolan : Framtidens skolform eller ett politiskt misstag? / The Swedish free-school-system : Our future or a political mistake?Andersson, Oskar, Berg, Ronya January 2018 (has links)
Vi har i detta examensarbete undersökt vad det finns för teoretiska respektive reella för- och nackdelar med friskolor samt hur de förhåller sig till propositionen Valfrihet i skolan som ligger till grund för reformen. Utifrån sex olika källor har vi kommit fram till att det finns både reella och teoretiska för- och nackdelar. Tydliga fördelar är att lärarlönerna har ökat sedan friskolereformen trädde i kraft, att vinst kan vara en positiv drivkraft samt att det har blivit lättare att matcha elev och skola då utbudet av mer specifika inriktningar har ökat. Tydliga nackdelar är att lärarnas arbetsbörda tycks ha ökat, att betygsinflationen har ökat i och med konkurrensen samt att det tycks vara svårt att utkräva ansvar om utbildningen håller låg kvalitet då det föreligger sociala och monetära hinder vid ett skolbyte. Det visar sig även att propositionens syfte till viss del har infriats i form av ett bredare skolutbud med olika inriktningar och en mer produktiv skola i och med den effektivisering som konkurrensen har inneburit. Det fastslås även att det finns en problematik gällande informationsflödet mellan producent (friskolan) och konsument (behörig elev) som gör att det blir svårt för elever och dess familjer att ta det ansvar över elevens utbildningssituation som propositionen föreslår.
Frågeställningarna som besvaras är: Vad finns det för teoretiska respektive reella fördelar med friskolor?, Vad finns det för teoretiska respektive reella nackdelar med friskolor? samt Hur förhåller sig för- respektive nackdelar till propositionen som ligger till grund för friskolereformen?
Viss vidare forskning krävs inom området. Framförallt behövs nya studier som statistiskt belyser skillnader mellan kommunala skolor och friskolor. / In this paper we aim to investigate the advantages and disadvantages with the Swedish free-school system and how reality aligns with the political prequel that paved way for the Swedish free-school reform. Based on six sources we have found that there are both practical and theoretical advantages together with practical and theoretical disadvantages. Some clear advantages are that the pay rate of Swedish teachers has increased since the free-school reform, that the possibility of profit could be a positive driving force for an organization and that the free-school system has led to a increased selection of educational possibilities and has thereby simplified the match between student and school. Clear disadvantages is that the teachers workload has increased, the grade inflation has increased in connection with the competition on the Swedish school market and that it is difficult to assume responsibility if education is of low quality as there are social and monetary barriers if a student wants to switch school. It also turns out that the purpose of the bill has in part been infused in the form of a broader school offering with different orientations and a more productive school with the efficiency enhancement that competition has meant. It is also established that there is a problem regarding the flow of information between the producer (independent school) and the consumer (competent student) which makes it difficult for students and their families to take responsibility for the student's educational situation as proposed by the bill.
The questions that are answered are: What are the theoretical and practical advantages of the Swedish free-school system?, What are the theoretical and practical disadvantages of the Swedish free- school system? as well as How are the advantages and disadvantages aligning with the political ideas that paved way for the Swedish free-school reform?
Some further research is required in the field. Above all, new studies are required that statistically highlight differences between municipal schools and independent schools.
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A campanha nacional de educandários gratuitos (CNEG) e a nova organização escolar : histórias e memórias da educação no município de Ibicaraí /BAAssis, Daisy Laraine Moraes de 30 November 2005 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Education in the 50 s presented itself as a possibility as a solution for national problems, as well as a means to build up a democratic society. In those times, the National Campaign of
Free Schools (CNEG) had reached a great level of development with the creation of Junior High schools that were spread all over the country, through the support of the public budget. Thus, this dissertation aims at studying the initial process of development of the educational system in Ibicarí (BA) based on the presence of CNEG there and on its relationship with the institutionalization of a new school organization in the municipality that had just achieved the status of being emancipated, dealing with facts and happenings considered relevant, with the objective of preserving the local memory and building new knowledge about the past, taking into account a broader understanding of the history of education in that region. In order to
achieve such goals, the following procedures were conducted: analysis of studies related to History , memory , and education , besides the use of various kinds of sources such as pictures, personal reports, notes, articles, newspapers and magazines in an attempt to reach a
level of understanding in regards to the political and educational actions performed by CNEG in the municipality of Ibicaraí in the 50 s. That was the moment of the establishment of the first nucleus of the Campaign in Bahia, in the municipality of Itabuna, in which the 14 de Agosto High School belonged. / A educação na década de 50 apresentava-se como possibilidade de resolução dos problemas nacionais e de construção de uma sociedade democrática. Nessa época, a Campanha Nacional de Educandários Gratuitos (CNEG) alcançava um grande desenvolvimento com a criação de
ginásios que se espalhavam por todo o país, através do incentivo de verbas públicas. Assim, a dissertação tem por finalidade o estudo do processo inicial de desenvolvimento da educação em Ibicaraí (BA) tomando como base a presença da CNEG e sua relação com a institucionalização de uma nova organização escolar no município recém-emancipado,
visando abordar fatos e acontecimentos considerados significativos, com o intuito de preservar a memória local e construir novos conhecimentos sobre o passado, tendo em vista uma maior compreensão da história da educação na região. Nessa perspectiva, utilizou-se de reflexões e estudos de história , memória e educação , além de fontes variadas, como: fotos, depoimentos, anotações, artigos, jornais e revistas, buscando-se uma interpretação em
torno da ação política e educacional empreendida pela CNEG no município de Ibicaraí, na década de 50. Foi dessa época a criação do primeiro núcleo da Campanha na Bahia no
município de Itabuna, do qual fazia parte o Ginásio 14 de Agosto de Ibicaraí.
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A formação do professor para a escola livre de músicaGoss, Luciana 10 November 2009 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2009-11-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work was aimed at researching the kind of preparation offered in the music teachers' graduation courses at the Universities located in the State of Santa Catarina regarding the acting in free schools of music. Other objectives of this study were investigating the conceptions the undergraduate music students, Music Department coordinators and professors have about the free schools of music and the preparation actually available at the University in relation to the work to be developed in those schools. The literature review was based on the conceptions of Perrenoud (1999; 2000) and Tardif (2002) about the competences and knowledge of teachers, and in the influence of these authors in researches that look for the delimitation of musical educators' knowledge and specific competences. The research was divided in two parts: the first one was a exploratory research, followed by a case study with qualitative approach methodology in the second part. Data collection was primarily made through interviews with focal groups, and then individually in the stage of the case study. The results indicate that those who graduated (Licensed) and the undergraduate students feel they have been prepared and are ready to work at Free (independent) Music Schools. The collected data also indicates that this kind of school is seen by the Licensed teachers as important professional opportunities that demand the kind of knowledge and competence they have acquired in their undergraduate courses. Both professors and coordinators of the Faculty surveyed believe that these degree courses can prepare the graduates to work in different contexts, including the free school of music. Further research is suggested in order to deepen investigations concerning the free school of music and teacher training in Music Education / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo pesquisar a preparação oferecida nos cursos de formação de professores de música do Estado de Santa Catarina em relação à atuação em escolas livres de música. Os objetivos específicos desta pesquisa foram investigar as concepções de licenciandos, coordenadores de cursos e professores de Licenciatura em Música a respeito das escolas livres de música e da preparação oferecida pela Licenciatura para atuação nestes espaços. A revisão de literatura baseou-se nas concepções de Perrenoud (1999; 2000) e Tardif (2002) acerca das competências e saberes docentes, e na influência destes autores em pesquisas que buscam a delimitação dos saberes e competências específicas dos educadores musicais. A metodologia utilizada foi pesquisa exploratória (primeira etapa) seguida de estudo de caso (segunda etapa) com abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados foi feita através de entrevistas com grupos focais, em uma primeira etapa do trabalho e entrevistas individuais na etapa do estudo de caso. Os resultados indicam que os licenciados sentem-se preparados pela Licenciatura para atuar em escolas livres de música. Os dados também demonstram que os licenciados reconhecem estas escolas como importante espaço de atuação profissional, e que demandam saberes e competências específicos dos professores de música. Coordenadores de curso e professores das Licenciaturas pesquisadas entendem que estes cursos superiores conseguem preparar os egressos para atuar em diversos contextos, inclusive as escolas livres de música. Outras pesquisas são sugeridas de forma que sejam aprofundadas as investigações a respeito das escolas livres de música e da formação docente em Educação Musical
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