abstract: This is a genealogical study of the taken-for-granted ‘free’ or ‘self-governed’ play practice at the free schools. The study places play practice within a historical trajectory. The study compares and analyzes the current (1960s to present) discursive formations of play practice as they emerge in various archival texts such as on free schools, and juvenile delinquency and youth crime, to the discursive formations of the 1890s to 1929s as they emerge in various archival texts such as on physical education, public bath, city problems, playground, outdoor recreation legislation, and recreation areas and juvenile delinquency. The study demonstrates how various “subjugated knowledges” appeared during these time periods around play practice. Foucauldian genealogy is crafted for the study through Foucault’s lectures, interviews, essays, and how other scholars wrote about Foucauldian genealogy and conducted genealogical work themselves. The study is to challenge what it seems to be the grand narrative of this play practice in free schools. Instead of being the form of learning that allows students to seek their truest capacity and interest, learning, and eventually growth and happiness, this practice does so at a great cost, and therefore it is a dangerous practice, opens up various power/knowledge such as play is used as a systematic and accurate technology to shape, mold, and organize the schooled children body, a means to interrupt and intervene with the children growth, as the technology of school hygiene, and as a governing tool to help the state, nation, family, and school, produce ‘good’ citizens, who will not commit to idleness, delinquency, gang-spirit, and similar others. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Curriculum and Instruction 2017

This thesis determines the extent to which internal migration affects the socioeconomic composition of neighbourhoods in England and how its impact compares with that of other components of area change. It is hypothesised that the selective character of internal migration contributes to increased concentration of poverty in the most deprived neighbourhoods. The focus of the analysis at this small spatial scale will interest policy makers who have sought to reverse the spiral of socioeconomic decline in selected neighbourhoods through area-based regeneration initiatives. It will also add to neighbourhood change theory that assumes internal migration is widening spatial inequalities, which has rarely been empirically tested. The analysis is conducted using an administrative dataset called the School Census. The School Census enables detailed geographical analysis that is not possible with existing datasets used to measure internal migration in the UK. The thesis demonstrates the potential of the School Census for migration research and its usefulness in shaping policy. Change in the socioeconomic composition of a neighbourhood can be measured using the proportion of pupils claiming Free School Meals (FSM), which is widely used as a measure of poverty in educational research. The change in the concentration of FSM pupils is uniquely analysed at varying spatial scales to determine an appropriate neighbourhood level at which to conduct further analysis. The effect of internal migration on neighbourhood socioeconomic change is analysed using a growth model for Lower Super Output Areas. It shows that internal migration contributes to increased concentration of FSM pupils in the most deprived neighbourhoods. However, the effect is small. The effect of pupils changing their FSM status but not moving (in-situ change) is more dominant and reduced the concentration of FSM pupils in the most deprived neighbourhoods during the period 2002-2007. These findings contribute to a small but growing literature that suggests the effect of internal migration is minor when compared with in-situ change. Factors related to internal migration at the neighbourhood level are modelled using linear and spatial regression. A number of characteristics are found to be similarly associated with net migration of FSM and non-FSM pupils. This suggests there is an element of choice exercised by all families with school children when they move. However, there are discriminating effects, including school quality, that are related to higher net migration of non-FSM pupils but not FSM pupils. Moreover, the effects of some neighbourhood characteristics on migration including worklessness are shown to vary across different parts of the country. These findings suggest policy makers should be sensitive to local contexts when planning public service provision.

Submitted by CLAUDIA MARIA NEME DOS SANTOS null (claudianeme.arq@gmail.com) on 2017-12-18T14:17:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 INSTRUMENTO DE AVALIAÇÃO DA QUALIDADE FUNCIONAL DAS ÁREAS LIVRES EM ESCOLAS DE ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL_Claudia M Neme dos Santos.pdf: 9535288 bytes, checksum: e53bf3e6bac442c1c1a1beb218a362d9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Marlene Zaniboni null (zaniboni@bauru.unesp.br) on 2017-12-18T16:56:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_cmn_me_bauru.pdf: 9535288 bytes, checksum: e53bf3e6bac442c1c1a1beb218a362d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-18T16:56:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_cmn_me_bauru.pdf: 9535288 bytes, checksum: e53bf3e6bac442c1c1a1beb218a362d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-20 / As áreas livres das escolas, conhecidas como pátios escolares, são ambientes de aprendizagem, de vivências e socialização, e se configuram como espaços essenciais no contexto escolar. No entanto, para isso, é necessário que tais áreas sejam adequadas ao desenvolvimento de suas principais funções: sociais, recreativas, ambientais e pedagógicas. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi o de criar um instrumento de avaliação da qualidade funcional das áreas livres em escolas de ensino fundamental completo, visando verificar se essas áreas atendem as quatro principais funções educativas (sociais, recreativas, ambientais e pedagógicas) que tais áreas devem desempenhar no contexto escolar. O instrumento é composto de questões elaboradas com base na literatura da área e respaldadas por profissionais da educação. Esse instrumento foi aplicado em alunos de quatro escolas Municipais de Ensino Fundamental completo em Bauru-SP, com o fim de identificar a qualidade dessas áreas e ressaltar as principais diferenças nas avaliações de alunos dos anos iniciais e finais. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram realizar um diagnóstico, que aferiu o nível de atendimento das funções das áreas livres em cada escola pesquisada, de acordo com o ponto de vista dos alunos dos anos iniciais e finais. Assim, foi possível traçar um panorama geral das áreas estudadas e identificar os principais pontos fortes e fracos em cada função avaliada, além de ressaltar questões dentro de cada função que precisam ser revistas, em cada escola, para a melhoria da qualidade destas áreas. Espera-se que esse instrumento, além de auxiliar intervenções físicas e/ou gerenciais das escolas avaliadas, possa ser útil para arquitetos, planejadores e gestores que participam do planejamento das áreas livres escolares. / The free areas of schools, known as school patio, are learning environments, experiences and socialization, and configure themselves as essential spaces in the school context. However, to do this, it is necessary that such areas are suitable for the development of their principal functions: social, recreational, environmental and pedagogy. The main objective of this study was to create an instrument for assessing the functional quality of free areas in elementary schools, aiming to check if these areas meet the four major educational roles (social, recreational, environmental and pedagogical) that such areas should play in the school context. The instrument consists of questions based on the literature of the area and supported by educational professionals. This instrument was applied to students from four Municipal schools of Basic Education in Bauru-SP, with the aim of identifying and highlighting the main differences in assessments of students of early and final years. The results obtained have made it possible to carry out a diagnosis, assessing the level of fulfill of the functions the free areas at each school surveyed, according to the point of view of the students of early and final years. Thus, it was possible to establish an overview of the study areas and identify the main strengths and weaknesses in each function evaluated, as well as highlight items within each function that need to be reformulated in each school and, thus, contribute with subsidies for the improvement of the quality of these areas. It is expected that this instrument, besides helping interventions and/or management of schools evaluated, which is useful for architects, planners and managers who participate in the planning of areas free school.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate how, and if, Sweden's municipalities contribute to their preschools work for a toxic free environment, and what the schools think of the support they are receiving. The study will also focus on the municipality of Uddevalla and evaluate status and progress of making a chemical-safe environment for preschool children. The study was performed by sending out two different surveys by email to preschool principals and municipalities. The results of the study showed that Sweden's municipalities mostly support the preschools by offering information, education, action plans and procurement. A majority of the preschool principals answered that the support they receive was partially the reason for why they are able to work with such a project. They also think in most cases that the support is sufficient to carry out the work. The support of the municipality in the work is for some preschools crucial. The result of the study of Uddevalla shows that in 72 % of the preschools have or are working with a project to eliminate children's exposure to toxic chemicals. The remaining 28 % are not working with such a project and have no plan to do so. The results based on the survey in Uddevalla is in good agreement with the rest of Sweden, where 86 % of the principals answered that they have or are working with such a project. These results show that Swedish preschools are heading for a more chemical safe environment, although a lot needs to be done before it is accomplished.

This case study explores school segregation prevention in Karlstads municipality. It adresses the division in Swedish schools based on students backgrounds and socioeconomic status, hindering education quality and limiting diverse interactions. Residential segregation and school choice contribute to the issue. Temporary solutions, like expanding existing schools, have been implemented, but a long-term approach is needed to maintain teaching quality and avoid overcrowding. The study acknowledges the impact of school choice freedom and the presence of private actors on the municipality´s ability to control student compositions. Within this context, the study examines the municipality´s capacity to control student flows through various measures such as reorganizing school units, constructing new schools, or adapting existing ones. Additionally, the study explores how localizing secondary schools can potentionally prevent school segregation. The study emphasize considering student composition and addressing segregation when planning school locations, particulary within the context of the proposed new secondary school in Karlstad.  The study finds that the free school choice limits municipality´s control over student flows and composition, leading to school segregation. Neo-liberal education reforms have created a market-driven school sector with private schools and free school choice. The responsibility for human development and success now lies with the local community and individuals. While attracting students based on status affects student flows and compositions, it does not prevent school segregation, as primarily resource-rich students change schools, reinforcing societal differences. Changing catchment areas, involving mixed residential areas, can partially prevent segregation but requires collaboration between politics, the municipality and the local community for legitimacy to overcome resistance. The study also finds that localization alone cannot prevent school segregation. Free school choice continues to hinder and limit the municipality´s efforts to combat segregation. Factors beyond the school´s control require actions beyond the the education sector. School choice based on socioeconomic status and student demographics increases dispaities and leads to homogeneous student compositions. While strategic localization can influence student compositions to some exent, it is insufficient when competition and school choice come into play. School localization cannot effectively counter schoolsegregation when students can opt out and attractiveness is crucial. However, ignoring free school choice is not an option for a successful investment in a new school. Factors like populaition growth and new housing in central areas contribute to increased demand, but the primary factors is students preference for central schools. Localization must consider this to compete for students and ensure sufficient capacity, benefiting students with choice while negatively impacting those remaining at unselected schools as their resources decrease.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucia Mara de Lima.pdf: 9553393 bytes, checksum: 19ff64106a86ac8ef9df282328391033 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-26 / The present work refers to the master thesis, from the graduate program of the State University of Ponta Grossa – PR, about the school “Conselheiro Jesuíno Marcondes”, in the city of Palmeira in Campos Gerais – Parana. It is about a regional teaching institution from which the relation between the national context and the local one was sought to be established, once that it was in the republican project of introduction of School Groups in the country, whose objective was the expansion of schooling, aiming at reducing the high level of illiteracy, and in an ideological manner, doctrine and “civilize” the society. Because it is an institution created in a region with various immigrant colonies, it was also sought to verify the most general questions in the society's context, the State's, the classes organization and dominant social groups that influenced in the ratio adjustment of these immigrants in the country. To handle this problematic and understand it, the analysis categories were listed (State, Work, Education), with which it was sought to approach the object of study, in this case the school group opened in the city of Palmeira – PR (1907). The study was structured and organized from the theoretical and methodological assumptions of the historical and dialectical materialism, which proposes for the investigation of a determined object that it goes from the concrete conditions of existence, overcoming the idealistic and metaphysical conceptions of history. The adopted methodological procedure for the development of the research was, initially, the survey of documentary and iconographic sources, such as: laws, decrees, regulations, ordinances, meeting minutes, pictures, maps, drawing and newspapers of the period, found in the School Group in study, in the museum of the city of Palmeira, the House of Memory of Ponta Grossa, Parana's Public File – PR and in the Museum of Campos Gerais – PR, and, afterwards, the organization of this material properly copied and digitalized in a specific data bank that was stored in a CD-ROM. A copy of this material, delivered along with the final version of the research, is available in the “On-Line Documentation Center” in the page of the search group HISTEDBR – Campos Gerais <http://www.uepg.br/histed-br/>, in a way to collaborate in other researches in the History of Education. The survey was divided into three chapters: “The republican ideals in Brazil”; “The Campos Gerais and the formation of the city of Palmeira”, “ Jesuíno Marcondes School Group”. It was concluded that the present work allowed a better understanding of the republican project of introduction of the school groups in the country, whose goal was the expansion of schooling as a way of instructing the people that, differing from the speeches, was given in a slow manner and according to the political interests of each region, always connected with the classes' interests. / O presente trabalho refere-se à pesquisa de mestrado, do programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - PR, sobre o grupo escolar “Conselheiro Jesuíno Marcondes”, na cidade de Palmeira nos Campos Gerais – Paraná. Trata-se de uma instituição regional de ensino a partir da qual se procurou estabelecer relações entre o contexto nacional e o local, uma vez que está dentro do projeto republicano de instauração de Grupos Escolares no país, cujo objetivo era a expansão da escolarização visando reduzir o alto índice de analfabetismo e de forma ideológica, doutrinar e “civilizar” a sociedade. Por ser uma instituição criada numa região com várias colônias de imigrantes, procurou-se também verificar as questões mais gerais no contexto da sociedade, do Estado, da organização das classes e grupos sociais dominantes que influenciaram nas relações de adaptação desses imigrantes no país. Para dar conta dessa problemática e compreendê-la foram elencadas as categorias de análise (Estado, Trabalho, Educação), com os quais se procurou aproximar do objeto em estudo, no caso o grupo escolar inaugurado na cidade de Palmeira - PR (1907). O estudo foi estruturado e organizado a partir dos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos do materialismo histórico e dialético, que propõe para a investigação de determinado objeto que se parta das condições concretas de existência, superando as concepções idealistas e metafísicas da história. O procedimento metodológico adotado para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi, inicialmente a realização do levantamento das fontes documentais e iconográficas, como: Leis, Decretos, Regulamentos, Portarias, Atas de reuniões, fotografias, mapas, desenhos e Jornais da época, encontrados no Grupo Escolar em estudo, no Museu da cidade de Palmeira, na Casa da Memória de Ponta Grossa, no Arquivo Público do Paraná – PR e no Museu Campos Gerais - PR, e posteriormente, a organização desse material devidamente copiado e digitalizado em um banco de dados específico que foi armazenado em um CD-ROM. Uma cópia desse material, entregue juntamente com a versão final da pesquisa, está disponibilizada no “Centro de Documentação On-line” na página do Grupo de pesquisa HISTEDBR- Campos Gerais <http://www.uepg.br/histed-br/ >, de modo a colaborar com outras pesquisas em História da Educação. A pesquisa foi dividida em três capítulos: “O ideário republicano no Brasil”; “Os Campos Gerais e a formação da cidade de Palmeira”; “O Grupo Escolar Conselheiro Jesuíno Marcondes”. Conclui-se que o presente trabalho permitiu uma melhor compreensão do projeto republicano de instauração dos grupos escolares no país, cujo objetivo era a expansão da escolarização como forma de dar instrução ao povo, que diferentemente dos discursos, se deu de forma lenta e de acordo com os interesses políticos de cada região, sempre atrelado aos interesses de classes.

Uppsatsen syftar till att studera hur gymnasieskolor profilerar sig genom marknadsföring. Detta tillämpas genom en diskursanalytisk studie av sex gymnasieskolor, som alla tillgodoser det Samhällsvetenskapliga programmet, belägna i Uppsala kommun. Av den marknadsföring som funnits tillgänglig har urvalet begränsats till respektive skolas hemsida. Resultatet visar på ett samband mellan hur skolorna talar om utbildning och elev. Det centrala för detta samband är hur eleven, genom skolornas marknadsföring, konstrueras som en konsument av utbildning. I denna konstruktion av utbildningsalternativ framträder olika profileringskategorier som skolorna tyr sig till genom marknadsföring. Den gemensamma profileringskategorin är den marknadsorienterade som visar hur skolorna presenterar sitt utbildningsalternativ genom att negativt särskilja sig från konkurrerande skolor. I detta finns en förskjutning från information om utbildning till marknadsföring av utbildning. I sin tur innebär detta att den information eleven tar del av inför sitt gymnasieval, också innehåller inslag av erbjudanden och reklam. I och med att eleven konstrueras som konsument har det skapats en kunskaps- och maktrelation mellan elev och skola. Denna relation konstruerar sedermera en situation där skolorna är beroende av att marknadsorientera sig för att utmärka sig i konkurrenssituationen som uppstått av det fria skolvalet. / The essay aims to study how secondary schools are profiled by marketing. This is applied through a discourse analytic study of six secondary schools, all of which meet the Social Science program, located in Uppsala. Of the marketing that has been available, the selection is limited to each school's website. The results show a correlation between how schools are talking about education and students. The key to this correlation is that the student through the schools marketing is designed as a consumer of education. This construction of educational options shows different profiling categories that schools cling to through marketing. The common profiling category is the market orientated that shows how schools will present their educational options by negative differentiate itself from rival schools. This is a shift from information on education for the promotion of education. In turn, this means that the information students take part in before secondary school also contains elements of promotions and advertising. As the student is constructed as a consumer, a knowledge and power relationship between student and school has been created. This knowledge and power relations construct later a situation where schools are dependent on market orientation to excel in the competitive environment created by the free school choice.

Bakgrund Från och med september 2014, är alla barn i åldern fyra till sju berättigade till gratis skolmat i Storbritannien, för att öka hälsosamt ätande och minska fetma. Syfte Att undersöka hur skolmåltider (speciellt skolluncher) avbildats i olika tidningar i Storbritannien, från och med 2000 till 2014, då gratis skolmåltider introducerades. Metod Fyra tidningar i Storbritannien, under tiden 2000 till 2014, valdes ut för undersökning. Totalt 616 artiklar hittades, varav 426 texter analyserades. En kombination av kvalitativ och kvantitativ innehållsanalys gjordes i flera steg på artiklar och insändare. Texterna lästes och grupperade i huvudbudskap/innehåll. För att visa när och i vilken mängd dessa huvudbudskap/innehåll avbildades i de studerade medierna, blev dessa grupperade som ämnen och placerade i tidslinjer. Slutligen kategoriserades ämnena i grupper för att visa huvudfokus under tidsperioden. Resultat Under åren 2000 till 2014 diskuterades flera ämnen som rörde skolmåltider i media. Bland dessa fanns både positiva och negativa inställningar till Jamie Olivers skolmatkampanj, ohälsosamma lunchboxar, förbud av lunchboxar, förbud mot att vistas utanför skolområdet under raster, samt planen för och införandet av gratis skolmat för fyra till sjuåringar. Gratis skolmåltider och texter relaterade till ekonomi var de mest diskuterade ämnena under åren. I studien var det möjligt att se att Jamie Oliver var en stor del av processen som lett till att barnen i åren fyra till sju fått gratis skolmat. Slutsats En större process kunde ses framskrida fram till gratis måltider till alla skolbarn i ålder fyra till sju. Regler har tillagts och åtgärder gjorts för att få bättre skolmåltider och samtidigt uppmuntra barn att välja hälsosammare mat. Det är möjligt att allmänheten blivit mer medvetna om hälsa och skolmåltider samt relationen mellan dessa / Background Starting from September 2014, all children aged four to seven received their school lunches for free in the UK, to increase healthy eating and decrease obesity. Aim To investigate how school meals (especially school lunches) were depicted in different newspapers in the UK, from 2000 to 2014 when free school meals were introduced. Method Four newspapers in the UK between the years 2000 and 2014 were chosen for the study. In total, 616 texts were found from which 426 were analysed. A combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis of articles and letters to press was made in several steps. The texts were read and grouped into several main messages/contents. These were grouped into subjects and put together in timelines to show when and how much they were depicted in media during the studied years. Finally the subjects were grouped into topics, to show the main focus during the time period. Result During the years 2000 to 2014 several topics related to school meals were discussed. Among these were both positivity and negativity towards Jamie Oliver’s school food campaign, unhealthy packed lunches, the ban of packed lunches, ban of going outside schools on school breaks and the free school meals plan and free school meals for all children aged four to seven. The free school meals and texts related to economy were the most discussed during these years. In the study it was possible to see that Jamie Oliver have been a big part of the results of free school meals for the children between four and seven. Conclusion A long process could be seen progressing until free meals were given to all schoolchildren aged four to seven. There were regulations and actions towards better school meals and encouragements for children to choose the healthier foods. It is possible that people became more and more aware about health and school meals, and the relation between these over the years.

本研究的主要目的在了解桃園縣國民中學學校人員對無障礙校園環境的認知，並探討桃園縣國民中學無障礙校園設施的運用、設計與問題，並提出具體的改善建議，做為行政主管機關及學校的參考。 為達上述目的，本研究採文獻探討、問卷調查及實地觀察訪談等三種研究方法。首先透過文獻分析，探討無障礙環境的基本理念與法令、規章的發展狀況，及桃園縣無障礙環境的執行過程；其次，以文獻探討的結果，編製「桃園縣國民中學無障礙校園環境調查問卷」，進行問卷調查研究，並輔以實地觀察訪談，以了解學校人員對無障礙環境的認知，及桃園縣國民中學無障礙校園設施的運用、設計與問題。 本研究的調查對象為桃園縣公立國民中學校長、總務主任、組長、未兼任行政職務之教師、家長會長（或代表）共55校，發出問卷275份，總計收回51所學校247份問卷，回收率89.9％，有效問卷242份，並以SPSS 10.0 For Windows軟體進行問卷之統計分析；實地觀察訪的對象，依學校規模分大、中、小型（48班以上為大校、47班至30班為中校、29班以下為小校）三組。每組再依建校歷史，以民國79年「殘障福利法」修正公佈為準，分新舊兩組，各抽取一所學校，以該校總務主任為訪談之對象，並以該校為實地觀察之地點，共6人。 根據文獻探討、問卷調查及實地觀察訪談的結果，獲得以下結論： 一、 桃園縣國民中學的學校人員重視無障礙校園環境，且以校長與女性學校人員最重視。 二、 桃園縣國民中學無障礙的使用與維護情形普遍良好。 三、 桃園縣國民中學規劃最好無障礙校園設施是「坡道及扶手」、「廁所、盥洗室」「升降梯（電梯）」。 四、 桃園縣國民中學最難規劃無障礙校園設施是「坡道及扶手」、「觀眾席（如視聽教室、活動中心、演藝廳）」「升降梯（電梯）」。 五、 桃園縣國民中學無障礙設施規劃設計上比較困難的因素有「受限於學校原有建築或空間，致不易改善」、「受限於經費，致無法整體規劃」及「缺乏專精無障礙環境規劃的建築師的協助」。 根據研究發現與結論，提出建議如下： 一、桃園縣國民中學無障礙校園環境應「整體規劃、分期完工」，且將具有無障礙環境知能專家學者或建築師納入學校營繕小組之內；辦理親師生校園無障礙環境多元活動，增進親師生對無障礙環境的認知。 二、桃園縣教育處應調查分項建置縣內各級學校無障礙設施基本資料一覽表，掌握每校無障礙設施的狀況；校園無障礙設施經費補助以新建或修繕「觀眾席（如視聽教室、活動中心、演藝廳）」、「升降梯（電梯）」等項為優先，「室外引導通路」次之；定期作學校無障礙設施訪視，並建立執行無障礙環境的績效評量制度。 三、未來研究建議如：藉由行動不便者實地使用，訪查校園無障礙設施使用時不足，才能更精準指出尚需改善的無障礙設施的項目；引進「通路」的概念，研究每校無障礙設施最少且最適合「無障礙通路」。 關鍵詞：國民中學；無障礙；無障礙校園環境 / The main purpose of this study was to provide an insight into the understanding of staffs in school of the barrier-free school environment and to investigate the implementation﹐design and problems related to the barrier-free campus facilities in junior high schools of Taoyuan County﹒ In addition﹐the researcher propose an applicable suggestions for the reference of both the authorities and schools. To achieve the above mentioned objectives﹐the researcher adopted the methods of literature analysis﹐questionnaires and field surveys in this study﹒First of all﹐through the methods of literature analysis﹐ the researcher explored the basic ideals﹐the development of rules and regulations and the process of implementation of the barrier-free school environment in Taoyuan County ﹒Secondly﹐based on the results from the literature analysis﹐the researcher designed a “Questionnaire on the Barrier-Free school Environment in Junior High Schools of Taoyuan County”conducted questionnaire surveys and field surveys to get an insight into the understanding of staffs in schools of the barrier- free school environment and the implementation,structure and problems related to the barrier-free campus facilities﹒ The research subjects of this study were principals,directors of general affairs,group leader,teachers﹐and president（or representatives）of parent committee in junior high school 0f Taoyuan County﹒the researcher sent out 275 questionnaires to 55 schools﹒A total of 247 questionnaires from 51 schools were retrieved﹒The response rate was 89.9％﹒SPSS 10.0 For Windows was employed to analyzed the 242 effective questionnaires；the subjects of field surveys were classified into three groups according to the size of school（schools of 48 classes or more are large schools﹐schools of 30-47 classes are medium schools﹐and schools of 29 classes or less are small schools ）﹒in each group ﹐1990﹐the year in which the Welfare Law for the Handicapped and Disabled was revised﹐was set as the point of demarcation to divide these schools into subgroups；old schools and new schools﹒The researcher chose one school from each subgroup and interviewed the directors of general affairs from the chosen schools which were the sites for field surveys﹒A total of 6 people were interviewed for this study﹒ Based on literature analysis﹐ questionnaires and field surveys﹐the researcher reached the following conclusions: 1,The staffs of Junior high schools of Taoyuan County pay attention to the barrier- free school environment,especially principals and feaml staffs in schools pay more attention to the barrier- free school environment﹒ 2,The way in which barrier-free campus facilities are used is satisfactory；the maintenance of barrier-free campus facilitiesis too﹒ 3, The best planned barrier-free campus facilities are“ ramps and handrails”“bathrooms and lavatories”and “hoists（elevators）”﹒ 4,The greatest difficulty in planning barrier-free campus facilities is in “ramps and handrails” “audience（such as those in audio-visual classrooms﹐auditoriums and performance halls）”“hoists（elevators）”﹒ 5,Junior high school of Taoyuan County barrier-free campus facility plan design the quite difficult factor has “limited to the school original construction or the space, sends is not easy to improve”,“is restricted in the funds, sends is unable “architect's assistance which the corporate planning” and is“expert in the barrier-free school environmental project deficient”. Based on these findings﹐the researcher proposed the following suggestions：: 1,The barrier-free school environment in Junior high school of Taoyuan County should be“entire planning, finish by stage”,and“have the the experts or the architects excel in designing the barrier-free school environment in the group﹐By handling the diversified barrier-free school environmental activties”；promoting the teachers and students to the barrier-free school environment cognition by barrier-free school environment multi-dimensional activity﹒ 2,the Education Department of Taoyuan County Government should respectively set up the basic document data sheet of all levels of school barrier-free campus facility in Taoyuan County and grasps each school barrier-free campus facility conditions﹐What`s more﹐“audience（such as those in audio-visual classrooms﹐auditoriums and performance halls）” hoists（elevators）”should be gave priorities to put to use the barrier-free campus facility and next is “outdoor guidance circuit”；And it is necessity to surveys school barrier-free campus facility regularly and establish the barrier-free school environment achievements to comment the quantity system﹒ 3,the following for further studies：Facilities used on the spot by those who move with difficulty can point which barrier-free campus facilities need improvement more accurately when surveys the facilities ；introducing the concept of “route”can study the barrier-free campus facility of each school；the suggestion for example: Uses on the spot because of moving about with difficulty, inquires the barrier-free campus be least and most suitable“barrier-free route”﹒ Key word：junior high school；barrier-free；barrier-free school environment

A prominent idea in the decentralisation and development literature is that decentralisation leads to deeper and stronger community participation. This thesis seeks to examine this argument by investigating the practice of community participation in the Indonesian decentralisation context, focusing on parental participation through access to and control over school financial resources. Drawing on a case study in Depok city, the practice of parental involvement has been explored by identifying the characteristics and the extent of parents’ participation in school management. School Committees (SCs), as a mechanism of community involvement provided by the decentralised education policy, were also examined in this research to develop an understanding of parental representation in school management. The study found that the characteristics and the extent of parents’ participation in school management have changed and decreased significantly as a result of a new Free School Programme (FSP) introduced by the government in 2009 which freed parents from school operational cost. Prior to FSP, parents actively participated in terms of supplying resources and involvement in school meetings, had some access to financial information, and had limited engagement with school budgeting through representation in SCs. However, the new absence of financial contribution by parents has affected parental participation by transforming it into a weaker form of participation where parents act as mere beneficiaries. The study also revealed that in the Indonesian context, the SCs, as institutional channels for community involvement in education provided by the education decentralisation policy, are not effective in terms of representing and engaging parents in school management. Based on the evidence above, this thesis concluded that in the context of the Indonesian education system, decentralisation has not necessarily enhanced community participation. In this respect, decentralisation is not the only possible answer for achieving a meaningful and empowering parental participation in education. Furthermore, other contextual factors surrounding participation also have to be taken into account. While FSP brings the benefit of allowing students to access education freely, the absence of parental financial contribution has been proved to impact parental participation in a way that is contradictory to one of the purposes of decentralisation policy, which is to engage the community in educational management.