The European Commission unveiled in February 2021 its updated policy regarding international trade. One of the key pillars of this strategy is the inclusion of gender equality within the EU trade policies. This inclusion is in line with the Gender Equality Strategy for 2020-2025. The latter sets that the Union must promote gender equality and women’s empowerment within its external relationship, notably in its free-trade agreements, which are international agreements aiming at reducing trade barriers and facilitating exchanges. This thesis provides an insight into the gender-explicit provisions that exist within European Union’s free trade agreements since 1958. It uses computational science coupled with text analysis to explore the general context in which they were concluded, but as well explores their wordings and their content. It provides then an analysis of the gender responsiveness of these gender-explicit provisions. Finally, this thesis provides recommendations on how to improve EU free trade agreements’ gender responsiveness.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2018-05-21T13:48:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Luiz Zanethi.pdf: 687372 bytes, checksum: bd046c2de23a1210e47af95afd71cbe1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-21T13:48:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Luiz Zanethi.pdf: 687372 bytes, checksum: bd046c2de23a1210e47af95afd71cbe1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-12 / Hoje, um dos temas mais sensíveis para a humanidade é o meio ambiente. Em um mundo globalizado, onde a preocupação com o meio ambiente deve ser repartida entre todos, não há caminho para a prática de medidas unilaterais, estanques, ante a complexidade e influência destas no mundo atual. Assim, litígios podem aparecer e alguns surgem, em razão desta dificuldade em conciliar interesses. A questão é como prevenir e resolver estes dilemas ambientais sem a necessidade da imposição da força. Daí surge a governança global como instrumento para a busca de soluções pacíficas e comuns para as mais diversas questões relativas à proteção ambiental, por meio da adoção de políticas e de instrumentos normativos. Ocorre que estas questões ambientais também atingem o comércio internacional, principalmente quando medidas ambientais aparecem como forma de barreira comercial, caracterizando-se, muitas vezes, como uma medida protecionista, prática combatida pelo comércio internacional e por seu órgão máximo de defesa e regulação, a Organização Mundial do Comércio. Mais uma vez, aparece a governança global, agora, governança global ambiental, como instrumento para a proteção ambiental, expandindo seu campo de atuação nos acordos de livre comércio mundial, sendo a sua importância destacada em dois deles, o Acordo de Facilitação do Comércio, nascido dentro da Organização Mundial do Comércio, objetivando a simplificação e desburocratização do comércio internacional e exterior, e no TransPacific Partnership, este último com grande preocupação ambiental e com mecanismos de solução de conflitos ambientais embasados nas melhores práticas de governança. Assim, em razão da complexidade das questões ambientais, principalmente nos acordos mundiais de livre comércio, o meio capaz de prevenir litígios e resolvê-los são os arranjos de governança global. / Today, one of the most sensitive issues for humanity is the environment. In a globalized world, where the concern for the environment must be shared among all, there is no way to practice unilateral, watertight measures, given the complexity and influence of these in today's world. Thus, litigation may appear and some arise, because of this difficulty in reconciling interests. The question is how to prevent and resolve these environmental dilemmas without the need for force. Hence, global governance emerges as a tool for seeking peaceful and common solutions to the most diverse issues of environmental protection through the adoption of policies and normative instruments. These environmental issues also affect international trade, especially when environmental measures appear as a form of trade barrier, often being a protectionist measure, a practice attacked by international trade and by its highest defense and regulatory body, the World Trade Organization. And, once again, global governance now appears as a global environmental governance instrument for environmental protection, expanding its field of activity in global free trade agreements, and its importance is highlighted in two of them, the Trade Facilitation Agreement , born within the World Trade Organization, aiming at simplifying and reducing bureaucracy in international and foreign trade and in the TransPacific Partnership, the latter with great environmental concern and with environmental dispute resolution mechanisms based on the best governance practices. Thus, because of the complexity of environmental issues, especially in trade-free agreements, the means of preventing and resolving disputes are the means embedded in global governance arrangements.

Les pays d'Asie du Sud-Est ont, très tôt dans leur période post-coloniale, envisagé de se regrouper pour former une organisation régionale : l’Association des nations d’Asie du Sud-Est, dénommée l’ANASE ou, plus communément appelée par son sigle anglais, ASEAN. En nous appuyant sur l’exemple de l’ASEAN, nous aborderons le concept d’intégration régionale économique sous son angle juridique, en cherchant notamment à le distinguer des vocables contigus de régionalisme, régionalisation ou encore de coopération économique. Quelles sont les caractéristiques d'une intégration régionale? Ses manifestations? En dépit de l'hétérogénéité des organisations régionales ayant pour objectif de construire une intégration économique dans une région donnée, quels sont les points communs qu’un juriste peut observer? Comment décrypter l’ASEAN grâce au processus d’intégration économique qu’elle conduit et à la stratégie qu’elle a choisie? Quelles sont ses particularités? Quels défis doit-elle relever pour atteindre ses objectifs d’intégration à travers les trois dimensions communautaires : économique, politico-sécuritaire et socio-culturelle? De quels soutiens externes l’ASEAN peut-elle bénéficier pour renforcer son processus d’intégration régionale ? Le rapprochement entre pays d’Asie du Sud-Est s’appuie sur l’intergouvernementalité et la sauvegarde absolue de la souveraineté de ses Etats membres qui conduisent à privilégier le recours au droit souple plutôt qu’au droit dur dans leur production normative. L’approche adoptée prendra soin de se différencier de celles de l'économiste, du politiste ou du spécialiste des relations internationales et ouvrira sur des points de vue extra-européens. Les spécificités de l’ASEAN et sa dimension interne seront abordées dans un premier temps, tandis que la seconde partie couvrira la dynamique externe de l’intégration économique de l’ASEAN à partir d’un choix sélectif de partenariats (UE, accords de libre-échange, Banque asiatique du développement, APEC). / The countries located in Southeast Asia have, very soon, during the postcolonial period, foreseen to regroup to forming a regional organization named “ASEAN” (Association of nations of Southeast Asia). We would like to address the concept of economic regional integration from a legal perspective based on the example of ASEAN. This will in particular lead us to distinguish such a concept with other terms similar or very closed, such as regionalism, regionalization and economic cooperation. What are the features of regional integration? What are its manifestations? Despite all the diversity of regional organizations the purpose of which is to build an economic integration within a specific region, what are the common features that a lawyer can observe? How to reveal the ASEAN regional organization through the economic integration process it has launched and strategies chosen by it? What are its peculiarities? What are the challenges it has to face to achieve its integration goals through the following three dimensions: the ASEAN Economic Community, the ASEAN Political &Security Community, and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community? What external support can ASEAN receive to strengthen its regional integration process? Southeast Asian countries look for a closer proximity between themselves on the basis of intergovernmentality and with the deep concern of recognition and protection of their sovereignty that lead to favor Soft law more than hard law in decision-making production. Our approach will be well differentiated from those adopted so far by the economists and political scientists or experts in international relations and will not be reductive to a Eurocentric viewpoint. The main features and the internal dimension of the ASEAN will be addressed in a first part, while the second part will be devoted to the external dynamic of the economic integration of the ASEAN based on a selective choice of partnerships (EU, free trade agreements, Asian Development Bank, APEC).

Estudio de caso para optar al grado de magíster en Estrategia Internacional y Política Comercial. / Las Indicaciones Geográficas son activos intangibles que otorgan valor a un producto con características únicas derivadas de su lugar de origen. Estos productos son altamente cotizados en mercados internacionales, ya que actualmente, consumidores adquieren productos que certifiquen su calidad, reputación y origen. En el caso de Chile, no existe una sensibilización acerca de la importancia de estos Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual, sólo existen 12 productos registrados. El Limón de Pica fue el primer producto en obtener esta certificación en el año 2010. Este estudio da a conocer los principales motivos de un grupo de productores para obtener la Indicación Geográfica del Limón de Pica, y determinar los efectos que esta obtención trajo al desarrollo de la localidad de Pica. Se entrega información acerca del trabajo que realizaron productores, el sector público y privado para obtener el registro y, posteriormente, para posicionar al Limón de Pica en el mercado nacional e internacional. Siete años después de obtener el registro, factores cómo el desconocimiento acerca del tema, la falta de asociatividad entre productores y los proyectos a corto plazo, han impedido su utilización. El sector público les ha dado un gran apoyo para sacar adelante su Indicación Geográfica, pero parecen no responder a las verdaderas necesidades de los actores. / Geographical Indications are intangible assets that add value to a product with unique characteristics deriving from their geographical origin. These products are highly valued in international markets and, nowadays, consumers mainly acquire certified products that protect their quality, reputation and origin. In the Chilean case, there is a need to increase awareness about the importance of Intellectual Property Rights, specially about Geographical Indications. There are only 12 products registered in Chile and Limón de Pica was the first product that obtained this certification in 2010. This investigation shows the main reasons why a group of people obtained Limón de Pica Geographical Indication, and it determines its effects on the local development of Pica. This investigation also gives information regarding how farmers, and the public and private sector worked to obtain this certification and to promote Limón de Pica in both national and international markets. Seven years have passed since they received the certification, but elements such as lack of knowledge, lack of cooperative work and short-time projects, have hindered its use. The public sector has provided them with a great support to develop their Geographical Indication, but it seems that they have not been able to fulfill farmers’ true needs.

The aim of this thesis is to examine and evaluate the approaches of China and India towards their commercial diplomacy. The performance of these countries is compared in 4 broad areas: their involvement in the World Trade Organization, their approach towards regional and bilateral trade agreements and the architecture of their export and investment promotion systems. The comparison takes into account also the institutional set up of their commercial diplomacy at the government level. In the concluding section, we determine, which system is more efficient and we try to provide explanation for the same.

No description available.

La phase la plus récente de la mondialisation, Chaînes de Valeur Mondiales (CVM), est datée du début des années 1990. La naissance de l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce a abattu de nombreuses barrières commerciales et a conduit à la libéralisation dans des domaines tels que les télécommunications, les services financiers et les technologies de l'information. Cela a suscité l'émergence de nouveaux modèles d'affaires qui s'appuyaient sur de nouvelles opportunités pour développer des avantages comparatifs. Il s'est développé dans un flux constant d'investissement, de technologies, de biens intermédiaires et les services aux entreprises. C'est ce qu'on a appelé la «chaîne d'approvisionnement internationale». La principale caractéristique de ce phénomène est l'augmentation du commerce des biens finaux et intermédiaires entre les pays. Les biens intermédiaires ont généré la structure de production du réseau du commerce international et, donc, l'exposition à de nouveaux défis économiques qui ne sont pas saisis et pleinement compris par les statistiques commerciales bilatéraux. L'existence du réseau commercial international, liant les pays non seulement du côté de la consommation mais aussi de la production, fait que le contenu à valeur ajoutée du commerce diffère des exportations brutes. C'est précisément la valeur ajoutée qui est le principal objet d'intérêt économique parce qu'elle détermine l'activité économique et le niveau global de l'emploi dans un pays. La question principale est donc de savoir si les changements dans l'organisation du commerce mondial devraient conduire à une révision de nos intuitions économiques. C'est l'objet de cette thèse, dans laquelle je passe en revue de nombreux sujets et d'hypothèses économiques pressantes et les relie aux schémas de production mondiaux.Cette thèse couvre les thèmes suivants: (i) le rôle des accords de libre-échange et des technologies de l'information et de la communication "captés comme effet frontière"; (ii) les élasticités des exportations à valeur ajoutée; les déséquilibres commerciaux. Alors que les résultats pour de nombreux pays sont rapportés, j'accorde une attention particulière aux pays européens. D'une manière générale, les résultats montrent que (i) les accords de libre-échange augmentent le commerce bilatéral de 54% en moyenne après 10 ans ou plus, au tant pour les biens finaux que pour les biens intermédiaires. Le "border effect" est devenu moins contraignant avec le temps, les échanges de biens finaux ont augmenté de 443% par rapport au commerce intérieur depuis 1970, tandis que la hausse a été de 195% pour les biens intermédiaires. Ils fournissent également la preuve que l'effet des accords de libre-échange sur le commerce s'est renforcé avec le temps. (ii) Les conséquences de négliger la dimension des CVM pour l'élasticité des exportations à valeur ajoutée sont qu'elles ne sont pas constantes dans le temps et inférieures à celles des exportations brutes. Une contribution importante est ici de mettre en place un cadre souple qui lie les changements dans les exportations à valeur ajoutée aux changements dans le flux réel des biens finaux et intermédiaires. Cela rend plus facile de calculer d'autres outils qui ont été développés auparavant dans la littérature, comme les taux de change effectif réel (REER) en termes de valeur ajoutée. (iii) L'utilisation d'une approche à valeur ajoutée pour étudier les déséquilibres commerciaux montre que nous ne comprenons toujours pas complètement les causes et les conséquences de ces déséquilibres et que les CVM ne font que compliquer davantage les choses. Par conséquence, je démêle les différentes composantes de la dynamique de la balance commerciale (la performance commerciale et la croissance de la demande) tout en intégrant les liens internationaux du réseau de production entrées-sorties. Enfin, j'explique dans quelle mesure les dévaluations internes sont suffisantes pour compenser la rigidité des taux de change intra-Euro. / The most recent phase of globalization, the so-called Global Value Chains (GVCs), is dated at the beginning of the 1990s. The birth of the World Trade Organization brought down many trade barriers and led to liberalization in areas like telecommunications, financial services, and information technologies. It meant the emergence of new business models that built on new opportunities to develop comparative advantages. With the opening of new markets, the technical revolution in IT and communications, and the closer harmonization of economic models worldwide, trade became much more than just a simple exchange of merchandise across borders. It developed into a constant flow of investment, of technologies, of goods for processing and business services. This is what has been called the "International Supply Chain". The key characteristic of this phenomenon is the increasing trade in final and intermediate goods among countries. Intermediate goods generated the network production structure of international trade and with it the exposure to new policy challenges that are not captured and fully understand by bilateral trade statistics. The existence of the international trade network, linking countries not only on the consumption side but also on production, makes the value-added content of trade to differ from gross exports. Nevertheless, it is precisely domestic value added the primary object of economic interest because it determines economic activity and the overall employment level in a country. The main question, therefore, is whether the changes in the organization of world trade should lead to a revision on our Economic intuitions. This is the purpose of this thesis, in which I review many pressing economic topics and hypotheses, and connect them with the global production patterns.This thesis covers the topics of (i) the trade-enhancing role of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT, "captured as a border effect"), (ii) value-added exports elasticities, and (iii) trade imbalances. While results for many countries are reported, I pay particular attention to the European countries. Broadly speaking, results show that (i) FTAs increase bilateral trade by 54% on average after 10 or more years, for both final goods and intermediate inputs. The border effect has become less binding over time, increasing trade in final goods an astounding 443%, relative to domestic trade since 1970, while the rise has been 195% for intermediate inputs. They also provide evidence that the trade effect of FTAs has strengthened over time. (ii) The implications of neglecting the GVC dimension for the value-added export elasticity are that it is not constant over time and lower than for gross exports. An important contribution here is to put in place a tractable framework that links changes in value-added exports to changes in the actual flow of final and intermediate goods. This makes easier to compute other tools that have been developed before in the literature like GVC Real Effective Exchange Rates (REERs). (iii) Using a value-added approach to study trade imbalances shows that we still do not have a full understanding of the causes and consequences of these imbalances and that GVC only makes it more challenging. Therefore, I disentangle the different components of the trade balance dynamics (trade performance and demand growth) while incorporating the international input-output production network linkages. Finally, I shed some light on to what extent internal devaluations are sufficient to offset the intra-Euro nominal exchange rigidity.

Cette thèse porte sur deux espaces juridiques différents : celui des droits de l’homme et celui des investissements étrangers. Le centre de gravité de notre recherche étant défini géographiquement en Amérique latine, le but est d’analyser l’articulation de ces deux espaces juridiques en identifiant et étudiant la circulation normative dans sa dimension horizontale, c'est-à-dire reposant sur le cadre normatif international. L’interaction entre le droit international des investissements et les droits de l’homme est une problématique récente, qui a commencé à attirer l’attention de la communauté internationale et a mis en évidence les avantages et les limites de leur articulation. En effet, les États sont tenus de protéger, respecter et garantir tous les droits de l’homme indépendamment des classifications dont ils font l’objet. Concomitamment, les Etats doivent aussi suivre les obligations relatives aux investissements étrangers déduites des accords en la matière. Le respect de ces deux types d’obligations peut opérer sans poser de problèmes de coordination, ou, au contraire, dans certaines hypothèses, une concurrence de ces deux types d’engagements peut apparaître. De ce fait, l’identification de leurs points de rencontre ainsi que de leurs points d’achoppement devra être menée pour atteindre l’objectif principal de notre analyse défini par l’articulation de ces deux domaines du droit international. La pratique témoigne des implications que les activités d’investissements ont de temps en temps vis-à-vis des droits de la personne, ce qui invite à analyser l’interaction entre ces deux régimes juridiques. C’est ainsi que quelques nouveaux modèles de traités d’investissements commencent à mentionner expressément la protection des droits de l’homme. De la même manière, l’arbitrage international est de plus en plus occupé par des questions concernant les points de rencontre et d’achoppement entre les deux régimes. Ainsi, la jurisprudence arbitrale traite la question, mais souvent de façon timide et hétérogène, et la plupart du temps par le biais d’interprétations privilégiant la protection des droits de l’investisseur sur toute autre question relevant des droits des différentes personnes affectées par l’investissement. La lecture de cette même situation dans l’enceinte contentieuse des droits de l’homme du système interaméricain est souvent divergente, car ceux-ci sont appliqués et interprétés en concordance avec des principes spécifiques et privilégiant l’essence humaniste qui distingue la matière. Ces divergences d’interprétation risquent de s’approfondir du fait de la spécificité des structures régionales participant à la création et au développement du droit international des investissements et des droits de l’homme. En Amérique latine, région reconnue pour ses contrastes, des approches régionales particulières se sont développées autour de la question du traitement et de la protection des étrangers par le biais des doctrines Calvo et Drago, ainsi que de l’interprétation régionale de plusieurs droits dans le cadre du système interaméricain de protection des droits de l’homme. Ces approches particulières ont bâti des traditions juridiques latino-américaines, dans les matières respectives, qui ont évolué dans le temps et se confrontent avec le cadre juridique international de l’investissement étranger. Cette situation de possible fragmentation juridique se nourrit de la création des nouveaux centres de décision et d’institutions régionaux comme l’UNASUR, l’ALBA et plus récemment la CELAC. De ce fait, elle nous invite à approfondir la question de l’articulation des régimes juridiques en l’étudiant sous le prisme de la tradition juridique latino-américaine. / This thesis addresses two different legal areas: Human Rights and foreign investment protection. The focal point of our research is Latin America, and the objective is to analyze the articulation of the above-mentioned legal areas, while identifying and studying the circulation of legal norms in their horizontal dimension, in other words, in the framework of international law. The interaction of foreign investment law and human rights is recent, and is a subject that has begun to attract the attention of the international community and to display the advantages and limits in their articulation In fact, States have to protect, respect and guarantee Human Rights, regardless of the classification they are subject to. At the same time, States must also comply with their obligations to protect foreign investment in their territories derived from international treaties that they are part of. Compliance with these two types of obligations can take place without implying any coordination problems, but in other cases, it could also cause these obligations to clash. We will aim to identify common points in both regimes, as well as conflict areas in order to determine the articulation between these two areas of international law. In fact, practice reflects the implications that investment activities sometimes have on human rights, and invites to analyze the interactions between these two regimes. This is how some new model agreements promoting and protecting foreign investment have begun to expressly refer the protection of human rights. In the same way, international arbitration has been increasingly dealing with questions concerning the common areas, as well as the diverging points of these two regimes. In effect, arbitral jurisprudence deals with this interaction, but often times in a timid and heterogeneous way, and in the majority of the cases biased by interpretations that privilege the rights of investors over any other question relative to rights of other persons affected by the investment. In light of human rights jurisprudence, this situation often receives a different understanding, due to the fact that human rights are interpreted and applied in accordance with specific principles, and placing greater importance on the humanistic essence that distinguishes the area. These differences in the interpretation may deepen, taking into account the specificity of regional structures that participate in the creation and development of international investment law and international human rights law. Concerning Latin America, bearing in mind the contrasts that depict the region, it has featured particular approaches with regard to the treatment of foreign investors, greatly influenced by the Calvo and Drago doctrines, as well as by regional interpretations within the framework of the Inter-American system of human rights. These interpretations have built Latin American legal traditions in the matter that have evolved over time, and can be evaluated against the international investment juridical framework. This landscape of possible legal fragmentation is nourished by the creations of new decision-making centers and regional institutions such as the UNASUR, ALBA, and more recently the CELAC. This question calls us to deepen the study of the articulation of these two legal regimes, under the prism of the Latin American legal tradition.

This contribution analyzes the role fulfilled by International Labor Standards and, specifically, by social clauses in Free Trade Conventions and Agreements, as a way of preventing social dumping and building a social dimension in the globalization and regionalization of economy. The author offers the case of the MERCOSUR Labor and Social Declaration, issued in 2015, which amends that of the year 1998, studying its contents, legal efficacy and supervision mechanisms. He emphasizes the fact that social charters generally limit themselves to recognizing fundamental or basic labor rights already found in the legislation of the member countries, but which are nonetheless useful for hindering attempts to deregulate or relax social and labor provisions. / En la presente contribución, se analiza el rol que cumplen las Normas Internacionales del Trabajo y en particular las cláusulas sociales en los Tratados y Acuerdos de Libre Comercio, como forma de evitar el dumping social y c onstruir u na d imensión s ocial e n l a g lobalización, mundialización y regionalización de la economía. El autor expone el caso de la Declaración Social Laboral del MERCOSUR, aprobada en el 2015, que revisa la sancionada en el año 1998, estudiando su contenido, su eficacia jurídica y los mecanismos de contralor. Destaca que las Cartas sociales generalmente se limitan a reconocer derechos laborales fundamentales o básicos que ya se encuentran contemplados en los ordenamientos de los países que se integran, pero que igualmente sirven para poner un freno alos intentos de desregular o flexibilizar la normativa socio-laboral.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los factores internos y externos e identificar su nivel de influencia en el incremento de las exportaciones de la partida arancelara 0306.1711.00, en el marco del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre la Republica del Perú y la República de Corea en los años 2011-2019. Para explicar a mayor detalle el crecimiento de las exportaciones de langostino peruano, se identificaron como factores internos las certificaciones y medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias. Mientras que los factores externos analizados fueron las variables macroeconómicas, la desgravación arancelaria y los fenómenos climatológicos. Con el fin de lograr los objetivos de la investigación se recabo información relevante a través de fuentes secundaria tales como Scopus, FAO, la OMC, entre otras instituciones publicado-privadas dedicadas a la investigación. Asimismo, como fuentes primarias se realizaron una serie de entrevistas con expertos de SANIPES, la Sociedad Nacional de Acuicultura, de la Oficina Comercial de Perú en Seúl, académicos y empresas en el rubro. Finalmente, en el último capítulo se presentará el factor que tuvo mayor impacto para proceder a analizar el cumplimiento de los objetivos de la investigación y validar las hipótesis. / The purpose of this research is to analyze internal and external factors and identify their level of influence on the increase in exports of tariff heading 0306.1711.00, within the framework of the Free Trade Agreement between the Republic of Peru and the Republic of Korea in the years 2011-2019. To explain in more detail the growth of Peruvian shrimp exports, certifications, sanitary and phytosanitary measures were identified as internal factors. While the external factors analyzed were macroeconomic variables, tariff relief and climatological phenomena. In order to achieve the research objectives, relevant information was collected through secondary sources such as Scopus, FAO, the WTO, among other institutions. published-private dedicated to research. Likewise, as primary sources, a series of interviews were conducted with experts from SANIPES, the National Aquaculture Society, the Commercial Office of Peru in Seoul, academics, and companies in the field. Finally, in the last chapter, the factor that had greater impact to proceed to analyze the accomplishment of the research objectives and validate the hypotheses. / Tesis