Ce travail est une contribution théorique, méthodologique et pratique qui propose la contextualisation des tâches communicatives pour développer la compétence de communication en français, langue étrangère, chez les étudiants iraniens. Les tâches proposées dans un manuel de FLE jouent un rôle central dans l’acquisition des compétences communicatives. Ainsi, il est important que les étudiants acquièrent les compétences à travers des tâches pertinentes qui correspondent à leur environnement socioculturel. Cette thèse tente d’établir une relation logique entre les activités communicatives intégrées au manuel de FLE iranien et les aspects culturels de l’Iran. Elle met en lumière la contextualisation des tâches grâce aux documents écrits, audiovisuels, images fixes et animées. Cette thèse tente de rendre l’autonomie aux étudiants en proposant des activités adaptées à leur contexte socioculturel. / This work is a theoretical, methodological and practical contribution that proposes the contextualization of communicative tasks to develop communication skills in learning French, as a foreign language in the context of Iranian students.The tasks proposed in a FLE textbook play a central role in the acquisition of communication skills. As such, it is important that students acquire skills through relevant tasks that fit their socio-cultural environment. This thesis attempts to establish a logical relationship between communication activities, as part of an Iranian textbook of FLE, and the cultural aspects of Iran. It highlights the contextualization of tasks by means of written documents, audio-visual media, and still and animated images. This thesis attempts to enhance students’ learning autonomy by proposing activities adapted to their socio-cultural context.

Cette thèse a pour objet d’étudier les compétences discursives chez les étudiants nigérians de 3e année de FLE et l’influence des modes de discours culturels dans leurs productions de textes argumentatifs. Nous avons également étudié les représentations des enseignants sur les écrits des étudiants ainsi que leurs pratiques d’évaluation. Pour cela, nous avons présenté le contexte sociolinguistique de notre public, la politique linguistique du Nigeria ainsi que la place des langues nationales et étrangères dans le pays. Nous avons étudié les copies des étudiants à l’aide de la méthodologie issue des études de la linguistique textuelle et des écrits plurilingues. L'enquête de terrain s'est déroulée au Village Français du Nigeria (VFN) à Badagry. Nous l'avons organisée en trois étapes en nous appuyant sur le questionnaire et l'entretien exploratoire (destinés aux élèves et aux enseignants de français) et sur l’observation non participante. Les principaux résultats ont démontré une forte influence des ressources plurilingues et culturelles dans les productions écrites des étudiants. Or les enseignants ne tiennent pas compte des compétences plurilingues des étudiants dans leurs évaluations des copies mais se concentrent plutôt sur les aspects linguistiques et les fautes grammaticales. Partant de ces constants, nous avons jugé nécessaire de proposer une grille d’évaluation ainsi qu’une séquence didactique qui portent sur les notions d’argumentation et les composantes textuelles à travers des textes divers. Ces exemples pourraient être utiles pour les enseignants et les étudiants dans leur apprentissage. / The aim of this thesis is to study the role of the multilingual competence of third year undergraduate students of French as a foreign language in Nigeria. We also studied the teachers’ perceptions of the students’ essays as well as their assessment practices. To achieve this, we presented the sociolinguistic context of the students, the language policy of Nigeria as well as the place of national and foreign languages in the country. We studied the students’ scripts using textual linguistic and multilingual writing methodologies.The field work took place at the Nigerian French Language Village at Badagry. It was organised in three stages using questionnaires and exploratory interviews with the students and the teachers, and non-participatory observation in the classroom. The main results showed that the students have their perceptions of argumentative writing and multilingual competence. The teachers do not take into account the multilingual competences of the students but focus instead on linguistic content and errors in the scripts. We also observed that the teaching of argumentative writing remains at the theoretical level and unrelated to the students’ experiences and context. Following these observations, we deemed it necessary to propose an assessment grid and a didactic sequence on teaching argumentative essays and its textual features using different text genres. These examples could be useful for both students and teachers.

The overall aim of the present study is to investigate how teachers deal with linguistic and cultural otherness in the French foreign language classroom at upper secondary school level in Sweden. The foreign language classroom is seen as a cultural meeting place where images of otherness are natural elements. In this respect, otherness should be regarded as one cultural aspect among others implying human as well as language phenomena. Analyzing the way in which the teachers in the study mediate this otherness to their students is expected to contribute to the pedagogical debate on intercultural understanding in language teaching and learning.   The study is based on empirical data consisting of video recorded observations in three different classrooms. One class (class A) is treated as primary data where two activities are especially focused, namely working with texts and working with grammar. The verbal interaction from these activities has been transcribed and analyzed qualitatively.   The first step of analysis concerns the learning aims which are transmitted to the students in the teacher’s introduction to the two activities. The second step deals with the teacher’s procedures to involve the students in the construction of knowledge which focuses on linguistic and cultural otherness.   Finally, a comparative perspective is adopted. On the one hand, the two different activities are compared with each other, while on the other hand, the findings from class A are compared with class B and C. From a dialogical point of view, the way in which the classroom setting and the teachers’ acting can favour intercultural understanding is discussed.   The results of the analyses highlight the fact that teachers seem to pay more attention to linguistic otherness than to cultural otherness. Furthermore, the study shows that the foreign language classroom has a dialogical potential when it comes to human relations and discourse. More attention could be paid to these aspects of teaching in order to pave the way for better intercultural understanding. The teachers in the present study seem to favour dialogical relationships in the classroom and neglect discursive issues in the situation. Our conclusion is that the way in which teachers deal with otherness is tradition-bound. Texts, for instance, even those with an obvious intercultural content, are treated as pre-texts for studying linguistic phenomena. Cultural phenomena, when dealt with, are limited to a product paradigm and are transmitted without reflection and with no apparent awareness of any intercultural understanding.

The overall aim of the present study is to investigate how teachers deal with linguistic and cultural otherness in the French foreign language classroom at upper secondary school level in Sweden. The foreign language classroom is seen as a cultural meeting place where images of otherness are natural elements. In this respect, otherness should be regarded as one cultural aspect among others implying human as well as language phenomena. Analyzing the way in which the teachers in the study mediate this otherness to their students is expected to contribute to the pedagogical debate on intercultural understanding in language teaching and learning.   The study is based on empirical data consisting of video recorded observations in three different classrooms. One class (class A) is treated as primary data where two activities are especially focused, namely working with texts and working with grammar. The verbal interaction from these activities has been transcribed and analyzed qualitatively. The first step of analysis concerns the learning aims which are transmitted to the students in the teacher’s introduction to the two activities. The second step deals with the teacher’s procedures to involve the students in the construction of knowledge which focuses on linguistic and cultural otherness. Finally, a comparative perspective is adopted. On the one hand, the two different activities are compared with each other, while on the other hand, the findings from class A are compared with class B and C. From a dialogical point of view, the way in which the classroom setting and the teachers’ acting can favour intercultural understanding is discussed. The results of the analyses highlight the fact that teachers seem to pay more attention to linguistic otherness than to cultural otherness. Furthermore, the study shows that the foreign language classroom has a dialogical potential when it comes to human relations and discourse. More attention could be paid to these aspects of teaching in order to pave the way for better intercultural understanding. The teachers in the present study seem to favour dialogical relationships in the classroom and neglect discursive issues in the situation. Our conclusion is that the way in which teachers deal with otherness is tradition-bound. Texts, for instance, even those with an obvious intercultural content, are treated as pre-texts for studying linguistic phenomena. Cultural phenomena, when dealt with, are limited to a product paradigm and are transmitted without reflection and with no apparent awareness of any intercultural understanding.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The diploma thesis entitled Phonetics in the teaching of FLE according to the action- oriented approach deals with the concept of phonetics in teaching French as a foreign language according to the new action-oriented approach. The thesis is focused on the diachronic development of teaching methods in the teaching of French as a foreign language (FLE). Further, the thesis focuses on the theoretical definition of basic phonetic terms, which we work in the practical part of the thesis with. The terms are briefly characterized from the theoretical point of view, from the point of view of the didactic, and subsequently the work defines the contents that should be included in the FLE teaching on level A1 according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. There are defined phonetic exercises and recommended practices in the teaching of phonetics of FLE. The following part is devoted to the diachronic development in the field of FLE phonetics evaluation, the definition of criteria for evaluation and the determination of the main types of evaluation. The practical part analyses the concept of phonetics in modern textbooks of FLE, which are conceived according to the action-oriented approach. Based on the theoretical knowledge in the theoretical part of the thesis, the criteria for...

The work is dealing with the "Role-playing" ("Jeux de rôles") in teaching French as a foreign language. The aim of theoretical part is to describe the history and definition of the activity as well as its didactic use and benefits. Furthermore, respective phases of its realization are described. The practical part begins with showing the results of application of this activity in practice. Then, presence of the activity in some current French textbooks is examined in more detail. Finally, thanks to the survey method, the present situation in the Czech Republic and Slovakia is monitored, from teachers' point of view on the one hand and from students' one on the other hand. The goal of the research is to find out if teachers of French language use the activity in theirs lessons and if so, what their experience is. Measuring popularity of this activity among students completes the research. Key words: Role-playing, French as a foreign Language |FLE|, French Textbook, Communicative Approach, Pragmatics

Quelles contextualisations pour l’enseignement du français hors de France ?Cette thèse se propose d’étudier la problématique de la contextualisation de l’enseignement du français hors de France. Basé sur des enquêtes de terrain menées en Louisiane et en Australie Occidentale, ce travail de recherche s’inscrit dans une démarche compréhensive et cherche, d’une part, à analyser les orientations didactiques mises en œuvre pour l’enseignement du français en portant une attention particulière aux éventuelles formes de contextualisation présentes dans cet enseignement et, d’autre part, à donner des éléments de réponse explicitant les raisons de ces choix. A partir de l’étude de deux terrains présentés d’un point de vue historique et sociolinguistique, cette recherche interroge la perspective de l’enseignement du français hors de France entre universalisme et contextualisation en tentant d’éclairer sa construction et d’explorer les principaux facteurs de contextualisation, avant de proposer quelques pistes pour une évolution. / Which contextualization of the teaching of French outside of France ?The purpose of this thesis is to study the contextualization of French-language didactics outside France. Based on fieldwork conducted in Louisiana and Western Australia, this research is part of a comprehensive approach. Firstly, I will analyse the didactic guidelines for French-language teaching with a close look at the eventual forms contextualization. Secondly, I will explain the reasons for these choices.This research is based on the historical and sociolinguistic study of two cases examining whether the teaching of French outside France is strictly based on a universal perspective or whether it can be contextualized. I will also analyse the factors of contextualization involved and will suggest some means of evolution.

Cette thèse s’attache à comprendre les dynamiques au sein du système de la pensée enseignante des enseignants de langues étrangères (LE) à l’aide d’un dispositif de suivi multimodal et longitudinal. Situé en didactique des langues et notamment en pensée enseignante, ce travail est inscrit dans un cadre théorique multidisciplinaire où est postulée une cohabitation du socioconstructivisme et de l’émergentisme. Dans le but de saisir les aspects évolutifs des représentations de six enseignants de français langue étrangère (FLE) et de chinois langue étrangère (CLE) en Chine et en France, des moyens d’observation et d’entretiens – semi-directifs et d’auto-confrontation – ont été mobilisés pour chacun des enseignants durant un semestre. Leurs discours de verbalisation ont été analysés selon une approche double conjuguant l’analyse de contenu et l’analyse du discours. A côté d’une image de soi pluri-identitaire et instable, se dessine un système de connaissances et de convictions dont la construction et le fonctionnement portent la marque de l’historicité, de la subjectivité, de la contextualité et des contradictions. La théorie de l’activité trouve sa validité dans la répartition du travail basée sur les profils des apprenants-collaborateurs typifiés ; le poids de l’action incorporée se traduit par l’effet envisagé que l’enseignant souhaite atteindre à l’issue de l’action. La non-linéarité de l’évolution contextuelle va de pair avec l’actualisation des pratiques et des représentations. La complexité de la pensée enseignante est articulée autour d’une dynamique entre l’intentionnalité, l’action incorporée et les contraintes contextuelles. La rupture de la réflexivité au cours de l’action, découverte en neurosciences, et validée ici par la mise en place de méthodologies en sciences humaines et sociales, constitue à ce titre la contribution majeure de ce travail. / This dissertation is devoted to reconstructing the dynamics of foreign language teachers’ thinking by a multimodal and longitudinal approach. Focused on the field of Applied Linguistics and teacher cognition in particular, the present work is part of a multidisciplinary theoretical framework co-constructed of Social constructivism and Emergentism. This study involved six teachers of French as a foreign language (FFL) and Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) working in China and in France, each being followed up for one semester, through classroom observation and different kinds of interviews (semi-directive interviews and stimulated recall). Their verbalization was then analyzed by a mixed approach combining content analysis and discourse analysis. Besides an instable self-image characterized by multi-identity, emerge from each teacher’s discourse a knowledge and belief system and its historicity, subjectivity, contextuality and contradiction. The validity of Activity Theory is confirmed by a division of labour based on learners’ profiles that the teacher typifies. The importance of embodied action is dependent on the expected outcome. Teachers wish to not only complete their teaching activity but also reach an effect which is an integrated part of their thinking patterns. The non-linearity of context changing explains the updating of teacher’s thinking and practice. Teacher cognition’s complexity is structured around a dynamic between intentionality, embodied action and situational constraints. The break of reflexivity during action, discovered in neurosciences and validated here in a human and social sciences’ methodology, constitutes the key contribution of this work.

Trois groupes professionnels ruraux parient sur l'amélioration de leur qualité de vie en participant à un projet qui associe la diffusion de la langue française et celle de techniques fromagères et céramistes. Le rapport au projet des acteurs sociaux et les stratégies qu'ils y déploient dépendent de leur degré d'engagement et celui-ci dépend à son tour de la valeur d'utilité attribuée à la nouvelle langue. Les différents schémas interactionnels activés par les groupes et leur réactions vis-à-vis des objets linguistiques et techniques, interrogent le rapport existant entre type de métier, processus d'apprentissage et réinvestissement social des savoirs. Les obstacles de la diffusion linguistique et technique dans ce milieu rural sont liés d'une part aux inégalités sociales et à la structure de réciprocité qu'elles génèrent et, d'autre part, à la prise de pouvoir de plus en plus marquée par les acteurs sociaux, prise de pouvoir collective qui s'oriente vers un refus des biens matériels et des valeurs symboliques imposés par le régime développementiste de l'économie capitaliste basé sur la compétitivité et l'innovation. Cette recherche fournit une vision d'ensemble de la réalité sociale d'une région rurale colombienne. / Three rural professional groups bet on the improvement of their quality of life by participating in a project which associates diffusion of French language, and the one of cheese-making and ceramist techniques. The relation of social actors with the project and the strategies they deploy depend on their degree of commitment and this one depends in its turn on the value of utility allocated to the new language. The different interaction schemes activated by the groups and their reactions towards the linguistic and technical objects question the relations between type of job, learning process and social reinvestment of knowledges. The obstacles of linguistic and technical diffusion in this rural context emerge on one hand from social inequalities and from the structure of reciprocity which they generate and, on the other hand, from the more and more firm social empowerment by social actors, collective empowerment that turns towards a refusal of tangible assets and symbolic values imposed by the development regime of the capitalist economy based on competitiveness and innovation. This research provides an overview of the social reality of a Colombian rural region.