Political disillusionment is widespread in contemporary Japanese society, despite people’s struggles in the recession. Our social relationships become entangled, and we can no longer clearly identify our interest in politics. The search for the outside of stagnant reality sometimes leads marginalised young people to a disastrous imaginary for social change, such as war and death. The imaginary of disaster was actualised in March 2011. The huge earthquake and tsunami caused the meltdown of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, which triggered the largest wave of activism since the 1960s. Based on the author’s fieldwork on the post-Fukushima anti-nuclear movements in Tokyo, this thesis investigates how the disaster impacted people’s sense of agency and ethics, and ultimately explores the new political imaginary in postmodernity. The disaster revealed the interconnected nature of contemporary society. The thesis argues that their regret about their past indifference to politics motivated the protesters into social commitment without any totalising ideology or predetermined collective identity. They also found an ambiguity of the self, which is insufficient to know what should be done. Hence, they mobilise their bodies on to the streets, encountering others, and forcing themselves to feel and think. This is an ethical attitude, yet it simultaneously stems from the desire of each individual to make a difference to the self and society. The thesis concludes that the post-Fukushima anti-nuclear movements signify a new way of doing politics as endless experiments by collectively responding to an unexpected force from an outside in a creative way.

Main purpose of this thesis is to give complex overview of energy policy development in Japan and to identify the impact of Fukushima accident on actual energy policy in Japan. Thesis is divided into five chapters. In the first chapter the emphasis is put on development in second half of 20th century in which were created foundations of Japanese energy policy. Second chapter is focused on analysis of energy policy during first decade of 21st century, when complex definition and structure of Japanese energy policy was established. In third chapter author addresses the impact of Fukushima accident on official energy policy of Japan. The emphasis is put on identification of main changes in government attitude to nuclear energy and its place in energy mix of the country. Fourth chapter involves analysis of influence of Fukushima accident on three pillars of Japanese energy policy -- economy, energy security and environment. In last chapter author studies reactions of other countries on events in Fukushima in context of nuclear energy. Thesis is closed by analysis of present trend in world nuclear energy.

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Political disillusionment is widespread in contemporary Japanese society, despite people’s struggles in the recession. Our social relationships become entangled, and we can no longer clearly identify our interest in politics. The search for the outside of stagnant reality sometimes leads marginalised young people to a disastrous imaginary for social change, such as war and death. The imaginary of disaster was actualised in March 2011. The huge earthquake and tsunami caused the meltdown of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, which triggered the largest wave of activism since the 1960s. Based on the author’s fieldwork on the post-Fukushima anti-nuclear movements in Tokyo, this thesis investigates how the disaster impacted people’s sense of agency and ethics, and ultimately explores the new political imaginary in postmodernity. The disaster revealed the interconnected nature of contemporary society. The thesis argues that their regret about their past indifference to politics motivated the protesters into social commitment without any totalising ideology or predetermined collective identity. They also found an ambiguity of the self, which is insufficient to know what should be done. Hence, they mobilise their bodies on to the streets, encountering others, and forcing themselves to feel and think. This is an ethical attitude, yet it simultaneously stems from the desire of each individual to make a difference to the self and society. The thesis concludes that the post-Fukushima anti-nuclear movements signify a new way of doing politics as endless experiments by collectively responding to an unexpected force from an outside in a creative way.

La figure de la chanteuse populaire reflète au Japon la réalité de la condition féminine dans ce pays. Alors que l'archipel a traversé, à l’instar de la France ou des États-Unis, une période marquante des mouvements féministes, qui généra une timide amélioration de la place des femmes dans la société, la majorité des Japonaises est toujours aux prises avec une norme sociale qui leur demeure ingrate et défavorable : selon le rapport du « Forum économique mondial sur les disparités entre les sexes » publié en 2017, le Japon se situerait en terme d'égalité des sexes au 114e rang sur 144 pays. Derrière cette réalité, c'est avec une notion du genre hypernormée et bien ancrée dans la société que les Japonaises sont contraintes de composer, quel que soit leur milieu d'origine. Dans le monde de la musique populaire japonaise, cette norme sociale régissant les représentations féminines se répercute sur la posture de bien des chanteuses, soit dans l'immaturité naïve renvoyant à la vulnérabilité, soit dans une certaine magnanimité fondée sur la maternité, ces deux attitudes n'étant pas nécessairement incompatibles. Là où nombre de leurs homologues d’autres styles musicaux intériorisent ce carcan social, certaines idoles féminines se montrent particulièrement représentatives de ce phénomène.Depuis le 11 mars 2011, la société nipponne a vu grossir les rangs de ses artistes opposés au nucléaire, non sans alimenter la réflexion sur les rapports entre musique et politique de celles et ceux qui s’interrogent sur les postures engagées des musiciens. Il est cependant à souligner qu'en la matière, les artistes de sexe féminin attirent nettement moins l’attention publique. Malgré une large participation des femmes aux mouvements antinucléaires depuis la catastrophe de Fukushima, les chanteuses et musiciennes engagées semblent souvent être reléguées à un moindre rang par rapport à leurs confrères masculins. Cette méconnaissance de l’engagement des musiciennes et cette rupture entre la société civile et le monde musical populaire s’expliquent par — tout autant qu'ils sont liés à — la condition des femmes dans une société obstinément patriarcale. Si un tel état de choses ne soulève pas, du moins à l’heure actuelle, une opposition radicale chez les artistes, il se développe toutefois chez elles des stratégies, des arrangements qui leur assurent une place, une visibilité aux yeux de la société.Notre étude examine la situation contemporaine des artistes femmes et leur posture en tant que musiciennes engagées à travers l’analyse de leur expression artistique, en lien direct avec le contexte social et sociétal où celle-ci s'inscrit. Le cadre temporel choisi s'étend des années 1970, lorsque surgissent au Japon les mouvements de libération des femmes, à nos jours — et plus précisément à la période post-Fukushima, qui voit la participation des femmes aux mouvements sociaux du pays se faire plus saillante. Le cœur de nos recherches portera plus particulièrement sur la caractérisation des musiciennes engagées et de leurs postures dans le Japon des années 1990 à ce jour, révélant la possibilité pour les femmes japonaises, désormais, d'une pluralité de positionnement selon leur milieu social et économique d'appartenance. / The figure of the Japanese pop singer reflects the reality of women’s status in Japan. Although Japan went through a crucial feminist movement, like France or the United States, which resulted in a slight improvement in women’s situation in society, the majority of women are still struggling with social norms that remain unrewarding and unfavorable to them. According to the Global Gender Gap Report the World Economic Forum published in 2017, Japan ranks 114th out of 144 countries in terms of gender equality. In this reality, one may notice that Japanese women, whatever their social milieu, are forced to comply with the notion of hyper-normed gender that is anchored in society. In the sphere of Japanese popular music, this social norm dominating female representation has repercussions for many female singers’ positions, either in naive immaturity relating to vulnerability or in a certain magnanimity based on motherhood, two notions not necessarily incongruent. Certain female idols are particularly representative of this phenomenon, whereas their counterparts in other musical styles internalize this social straitjacket. Since March 11, 2011, artists against nuclear increase in Japanese society have fueled reflection on the relationship between music and politics by those who question the postures of politically committed musicians. It should be pointed out, though, that female artists attract quite a bit less public attention than their male counterparts. Although women significantly participate in movements against nuclear programs since the Fukushima disaster, committed female singers and musicians often seem to be relegated to a lower rank than their male colleagues. This ignorance of female musicians’ commitment and the breaking-off between civil society and the popular musical scene can be explained by—as much as it is linked to—the condition of women in a stubbornly patriarchal society. If such a state of affairs does not, in the present time, raise radical opposition among artists, it nevertheless develops in them strategies and arrangements that ensure them a place and visibility in society.Our study examines the contemporary situation of female artists and their positions as committed musicians, by analyzing their artistic expression and considering the social and societal contexts in which they are implicated. The time frame ranges from the 1970s, when women's liberation movements emerged in Japan, to today—and more specifically to the post-Fukushima period, when women's participation in the country's social movements became more prominent. The core of our research focuses particularly on the characterization of committed female musicians and their postures in Japan from the 1990s to the present, revealing the possibility for Japanese women to have positioning plurality based on their social and economic backgrounds.

Tikashi Fukushima, um sonho em quatro estações Estudo sobre o Ma no processo de criação do artista nipo-brasileiro apresenta a vida e obra do pintor Tikashi Fukushima (Fukushima, Japão, 1920 - São Paulo, SP, 2001). Esta dissertação tem como proposta investigar a influência da arte e do pensamento japonês na trajetória do artista no Brasil através do preceito Ma elemento cultural que surgiu como vocábulo no século XII , presente na vida e no cotidiano do Japão. O Ma está correlacionado ao kû do budismo que significa o vazio. Porém, um vazio prenhe de possibilidades. Neste trabalho, apresentamos a possibilidade desse fenômeno ser uma das características que diferenciam o abstracionismo de Tikashi Fukushima na arte brasileira. Na travessia da cultura japonesa em mares do Brasil, uma das respostas possíveis do Ocidente sobre o questionamento do Ma, que este trabalho pretende apresentar, é analisada pelo estudo das essências do pensador francês Maurice Mearleau-Ponty. / Tikashi Fukushima, a dream in four seasons - Study of Ma in the creative process of this Nipo-Brazilian artist, presents the life and work of the painter Tikashi Fukushima (Fukushima, Japan, 1920 - São Paulo, Brazil, 2001). This dissertation proposes to investigate the influence of Japanese art and thought on the trajectory of the artist in Brazil according to the Ma principle a cultural element that emerged as a word in the twelfth century , part of Japanese life and everyday activities. Ma is correlated to the Kû of Buddhism that means empty. However, an emptiness loaded with possibilities. In this study we considered that this phenomenon may be one of the characteristics that sets apart the abstract work of Tikashi Fukushima in Brazilian art. In the crossing of Brazilian seas by the Japanese culture, one of the possible answers of the West about the issue of Ma that this dissertation intends to present, is analyzed by studying the essence of the French philosopher Maurice Mearleau-Ponty.

Une forte contamination radioactive du milieu marin, notamment par le 137Cs, s'est produite dans le Pacifique nord-ouest suite à l'accident nucléaire de Fukushima Dai-ichi survenu le 11 mars 2011. Deux sources majeures ont été à l'origine de cette contamination, les retombées atmosphériques (sèches et humides) et les rejets liquides directement en mer. Cette radioactivité a été transférée aux organismes marins conduisant à la contamination de plusieurs espèces pélagiques et benthiques. Dans le cadre de l'étude des conséquences de cet accident sur le milieu marin, une première modélisation de la dispersion du 137Cs dans les eaux de la côte Pacifique du Japon a été réalisée par le groupe SIROCCO, permettant ainsi d'estimer l'évolution spatio-temporelle de la concentration de ce radionucléide dans l'eau et de déterminer son terme source, c'est-à-dire sa quantité globale rejetée en mer sous forme liquide. Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans la même démarche et vise, par une approche de modélisation, à étudier le transfert du 137Cs aux chaines trophiques pélagiques de la côte Est du Japon, composées par les populations planctoniques, les poissons planctonivores, et les poissons carnivores. Le couplage d'un modèle radioécologique, spécifiquement développé pour cette étude, à un modèle de l'écosystème composé d'un modèle NPZD (Nutrients-Phytoplankto-Zooplankton-Detritus) et d'un modèle de circulation régionale, s'est imposé comme la méthode la plus adaptée à l'étude de la contamination des populations planctoniques dans des conditions post-accidentelles. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré des niveaux de contamination assez élevés de ces populations notamment aux alentours de la centrale où les concentrations estimées sont environ 4 ordres de grandeur supérieures à celles observées avant l'accident. En dépit de ces concentrations élevées, le débit maximal de la dose absorbée reste largement au-dessous du débit de référence à partir duquel les effets sur les populations sont ressentis. Cette étude a aussi mis en évidence la prédominance de la voie trophique dans les processus d'accumulation du césium par ces espèces, ainsi que la présence d'une légère bioamplification chez les classes de taille de zooplancton. Le modèle radioécologique développé pour étudier la contamination des espèces nectoniques est structuré en taille. Chaque espèce est composé d'un ensemble de cohortes dont le nombre est fonction de la durée de vie de l'espèce et de sa fréquence de reproduction. Contrairement aux modèles classiques, le taux d'ingestion de la nourriture par l'organisme ainsi que son régime alimentaire ne sont pas constants dans le temps mais généralement variables en fonction de la taille de l'organisme. Dans cette approche le processus de prédation est considéré comme étant totalement opportuniste. Les résultats sont généralement satisfaisants et le modèle a été validé dans les conditions d'équilibre pré-accidentelles ainsi que dans les conditions post-accidentelles. L'importance de la prise en compte des mouvements migratoires de certaines espèces dans ce type de modèle a été mis en évidence notamment dans les conditions accidentelles caractérisées par une forte variabilité spatiale de la concentration du radionucléide dans la colonne d'eau. Les niveaux de contamination estimés pour les différentes espèces sont largement supérieurs à ceux observés avant l'accident, avec une tendance à l'augmentation lorsque la taille de l'individu augmente. / Huge amounts of radionuclides, espicially 137Cs, were released to the coastal northwestern Pacific ocean after the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, that occurred on 11 March 2011. The resultant radiocesium contamination was quickly transferred to marine biota resulting in elevated cesium levels in various organisms. Using a modelling approach, this work aims to study the 137Cs transfer to the marine pelagic food chains, from plankton populations to the large piscivorous fishes. Coupling the radioecological model, developed in this study, with an ecosystem model comprising an NPZD biogeochemical model and a regional ocean circulation model, is appeared to be the most adapted tool for modelling of plankton populations contamination in this accidental situation. The results of this study showed high contamination levels in the plankton populations, especially in the vincity of the power plant, where the maximal concentrations are estimated to be about 4 orders of magnitude higher than those observed before the accident. In spite of these high contamination levels, the maximum 137Cs absorbed dose rates for phyto- and zooplankton populations were estimated to be well below the 10 Gy/h benchmark value, from which a measurable effect on the marine biota can be observed. This study has also highlighted the predominance of the cesium uptake from food and the presence of biomagnification potential at this trophic level. The radioecological model developed to study the nektonic species contamination is based on the individual size. In this approach, each species is represented by a set of cohorts. The number of these cohorts is a function of the species life span and reproduction frequency. Unlike traditional approaches, the organism ingestion rate and diet composition considered in this modelling approach are not constant, but vary over the time according to the size of the organism. The model results are in general satisfactory, and the validation is carried out in both equilibrium and accidental situations. This study highlighted the importance of the organism migratory movements in the radioecological modelling espicially in the accident situations caracterized by a very high spatial variability of radionuclides concentrations in the seawater. The detailed caracteristics of 137Cs concentration dynamics in the different species are discussed. The contamination levels estimated for the different species are significantly higher than those observed before the accident, with a clear tendency to increase with individual size.

Cette thèse vise à modéliser l’entrée en résilience des organisations en contexte extrême. L’accident de Fukushima Daiichi, étudié au travers du témoignage de Masao Yoshida, directeur de la centrale lors des faits, et des rapports d’enquête, soutient la recherche en tant qu’étude de cas. Ces sources d’informations croisées avec notre cadre théorique, nous permettent de répondre à la question de recherche suivante : Dans quelles mesures pouvons-nous parler de résilience lors de l’accident de Fukushima Daiichi ? Si oui, quelle forme la résilience a-t-elle prise, quels processus ont été activés et ce plus particulièrement dans lors des premiers temps du processus général de résilience ?Une méthodologie spécifique d’analyse du matériau est produite et démontre l’utilité du témoignage de Masao Yoshida pour participer au retour d’expérience. La thèse tire un ensemble de leçons de l’accident et propose une grille d’analyse originale en regard de l’équilibre précaire entre centralisation et décentralisation que le témoignage et les rapports d’enquête mettent en lumière. Le modèle produit définit en détails la logique processuelle et émergente de l’entrée en résilience. / The aim of this research if to develop a model of entry to resilience for organizations facing extreme events. The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident is used as a case study. The accident is analyzed through the testimony of the Site Superintendent Masao Yoshida and the investigation reports. The goal is to answer the following questions: what are the conditions to assess resilience during the Fukushima Daiichi accident? What shape did the resilience take in this context? What processes have been activated particularly during the initiation of the resilience process?A specific methodology is produced to analyze Masao Yoshida’s testimony. This methodology also proves the usefulness of such a material to develop feedbacks in industrial organizations. The thesis draws lessons from the accident and defines an evaluation grid to study the precarious equilibrium between on-site and off-site that is highlighted by the data used. The provided model defines the processual and emerging logic of entry to resilience.

Tikashi Fukushima, um sonho em quatro estações Estudo sobre o Ma no processo de criação do artista nipo-brasileiro apresenta a vida e obra do pintor Tikashi Fukushima (Fukushima, Japão, 1920 - São Paulo, SP, 2001). Esta dissertação tem como proposta investigar a influência da arte e do pensamento japonês na trajetória do artista no Brasil através do preceito Ma elemento cultural que surgiu como vocábulo no século XII , presente na vida e no cotidiano do Japão. O Ma está correlacionado ao kû do budismo que significa o vazio. Porém, um vazio prenhe de possibilidades. Neste trabalho, apresentamos a possibilidade desse fenômeno ser uma das características que diferenciam o abstracionismo de Tikashi Fukushima na arte brasileira. Na travessia da cultura japonesa em mares do Brasil, uma das respostas possíveis do Ocidente sobre o questionamento do Ma, que este trabalho pretende apresentar, é analisada pelo estudo das essências do pensador francês Maurice Mearleau-Ponty. / Tikashi Fukushima, a dream in four seasons - Study of Ma in the creative process of this Nipo-Brazilian artist, presents the life and work of the painter Tikashi Fukushima (Fukushima, Japan, 1920 - São Paulo, Brazil, 2001). This dissertation proposes to investigate the influence of Japanese art and thought on the trajectory of the artist in Brazil according to the Ma principle a cultural element that emerged as a word in the twelfth century , part of Japanese life and everyday activities. Ma is correlated to the Kû of Buddhism that means empty. However, an emptiness loaded with possibilities. In this study we considered that this phenomenon may be one of the characteristics that sets apart the abstract work of Tikashi Fukushima in Brazilian art. In the crossing of Brazilian seas by the Japanese culture, one of the possible answers of the West about the issue of Ma that this dissertation intends to present, is analyzed by studying the essence of the French philosopher Maurice Mearleau-Ponty.

L’étude de l’évolution du droit international face aux risques posés par les accidents nucléaires soulève une série de questionnements. Le premier est relatif aux moyens juridiques par lesquels le droit entend faire face aux risques et à leur matérialisation. Le second va s’attacher à apprécier l’efficacité et l’effectivité du droit adopté. Enfin, en postulant d’un relatif échec du droit suite à la survenance des accidents nucléaires, il faut encore s’interroger sur les possibilités d’amélioration du droit. Ces différentes interrogations peuvent être rassemblées sous la question plus générale de la pertinence de l’adaptation du droit international face au risque nucléaire. Plus largement, la thèse qui émane de ces travaux est celle d’une adaptation continue du droit, issue de la dynamique dialogique existant entre la science juridique et le progrès scientifique, comme un gage d’une amélioration de son efficacité et de son effectivité. Cette adaptation est toutefois dépendante de l’évolution technique de l’énergie nucléaire. En effet, l’atome va à la fois limiter et étendre la portée même de ce droit. Cette caractéristique originale, laisse entrevoir la présence de difficultés au sein de l’ambitieuse mission consistant à appréhender le fait scientifique dans toute sa complexité. L’enjeu est de taille pour le droit nucléaire international : il s’agit de pallier les effets d’un risque technologique majeur afin de préserver les conditions de vie de l’humanité / Reviewing the complex relation between international law and nuclear risks posed by major accidents raises a set of questions. It first addresses the nature of the legal response made in this regard. It also appreciates whether the framework is sufficiently efficient and effective. At last, assuming that nuclear accidents turn international law into a relative failure, it is worth exploring different means to enhance the said law. Simply put, this brings us to the question of whether the adaptation of international law to nuclear risk is relevant. More broadly, our thesis consists in defending that continuous adaptation of law, resulting from the dynamic dialogue between legal science and scientific progress, improves its efficiency and effectiveness. However, the adaptation widely depends on the technological development of nuclear energy, as the atom both limits and extends the scope of international law. This original feature reveals that many difficulties arise when it comes to grasp the complexity of scientific facts. The stakes are high as international nuclear aims at mitigating the effects of a major technological risk in order to preserve the living conditions of mankind