I den här uppsatsen undersökts hur greppet mise en abyme kan användas som ett dekonstruktivt verktyg i fiktionen. De tre romanerna som ligger till grund för uppsatsen är Montecore - en unik tiger av Jonas Hassen Khemiri, Sara Stridsbergs Drömfakulteten: tillägg till sexualteorin samt If on a Winter’s Night a Traveler av Italo Calvino. Gemensamt för romanerna är att de alla genom att kommentera sin egen tillkomst och låta boken uppträda i boken skapar en osäkerhet i frågan om vad som är sanning och inte i de respektive berättelserna. Sanningen rubbas och dekonstrueras om vartannat genom användandet av mise en abyme.

En nous invitant à considérer son œuvre d'un point de vue esthétique, André Gide souhaite dépasser les considérations morales et psychanalytiques plaçant un pan de la sexualité en dehors de la norme. L'auteur s'attache à présenter les défauts de tout ce qui est défini a priori comme étant la normale. Ainsi, le paraître auquel ont recours certains personnages de L'Immoraliste, des Caves du Vatican ou des Faux-monnayeurs permet de repenser le modèle représenté par la famille bourgeoise. Il ne convient plus de traiter certaines perversions comme de simples déviances. En jouant avec les apparences, les personnages oscillent entre le monde du spectacle et le travestissement. Tous ces jeux rhétoriques et esthétiques incitent à une redéfinition de la perversion. Ajoutons enfin que cette volonté de dépasser l'idée selon laquelle l'homosexuel se trouve en dehors de la normale permet à Gide de proposer une véritable réflexion sur l'homosexualité et la place de l'homosexuel dans notre société. C'est notamment grâce à cette réflexion que va émerger dans les pays anglo-saxons et plus tardivement en France une nouvelle approche de la sexualité appelée : Gender Studies

Cette thèse étudie la relation intertextuelle entre dix œuvres fictionnelles de trois auteurs français et la Bible. Il s'agit de montrer, en s'appuyant sur les catégories de Gérard Genette, comment la Bible est réécrite par Paul Claudel, André Gide et Albert Camus. Le degré de l'hypertextualité dans les œuvres étudiées va d'une réécriture massive à l'emploi des citations implicites. Chacun des textes fictionnels est aussi en relation paratextuelle avec le récit biblique : ce sont des textes narratifs ou dramatiques dont le titre déjà fait allusion aux Écritures. On examine trois formes du rapport au texte biblique et au christianisme : l'un est celui d'un catholique pratiquant, le deuxième celui d'un incroyant d'origine protestante et le troisième celui d'un incroyant d'origine catholique. La Bible réécrite par Claudel met en scène un christianisme affirmatif alors que les réécritures de Gide et de Camus prennent le contrepied de la religion chrétienne.

[pt] A presente pesquisa investigou as potencialidades e os limites do uso da avaliação externa como estratégia de regulação do sistema educacional, à luz de referências teóricas que tratam da emergência de um novo modelo estatal de regulação das políticas educacionais. Mais especificamente, analisou a experiência de quatro escolas estaduais situadas no município de Niterói, região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, com o Sistema de Avaliação do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (SAERJ) e o sistema de gerenciamento adotado pela Secretaria de Educação do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – SEEDUC, denominado Gestão Integrada da Escola (Gide), enquanto instrumentos de regulação e gestão, a partir da análise de documentos oficiais da SEEDUC e de entrevistas com professores, gestores escolares e membros da SEEDUC. À luz da literatura sobre regulação e gestão educacional, de pesquisas nacionais e internacionais sobre uso e apropriação de dados de avaliações externas, e em subsídios oferecidos por especialistas, agentes escolares e gestores educacionais, foram analisadas diferentes iniciativas da SEEDUC para o aproveitamento das informações disponibilizadas pela avaliação, visando a responder a perguntas como: Quais as características das políticas de gestão baseadas nos resultados dos alunos adotadas pelo estado do Rio de Janeiro? Qual a versão de responsabilização adotada pela SEEDUC e como a mesma está sendo incorporada à gestão educacional? Que influências são exercidas por essas políticas sobre a rede de acordo com a percepção dos envolvidos e com a evolução dos resultados das escolas na avaliação estadual? Quais as potencialidades e limitações da política de uso dos resultados do sistema de avaliação estadual? A investigação apontou para uma forte reorganização do espaço escolar a partir das avaliações introduzidas pela SEEDUC na rede estadual de ensino, bem como a partir da adoção da Gide. No entanto, verificou-se que a maior contribuição da Gide está voltada para a rotina do diretor escolar, que ganha lentes de aumento sobre a realidade da escola a partir do uso dessa metodologia. A política de avaliação estadual do desempenho escolar está associada a iniciativas de responsabilização educacional de corte meritocrático, uma vez que prevê a bonificação salarial dos profissionais da escola mediante o alcance de metas, embora esta pesquisa tenha verificado que poucas escolas da rede estadual de ensino têm conseguido atingir as metas propostas. Também se percebeu que as potencialidades das políticas de gestão e avaliação da educação do estado do Rio de Janeiro têm se refletido numa maior organização da rede de ensino e na melhoria na comunicação entre a SEEDUC e os gestores escolares. Já entre as limitações destas políticas, a pesquisa identificou que o aproveitamento pedagógico dos resultados das avaliações pelas escolas é ainda muito modesto, seja em função da falta de informação dos professores acerca das ferramentas disponibilizadas pela SEEDUC, seja pela própria resistência de muitos deles face à introdução desses mecanismos de gestão nas escolas. / [en] This research investigated the potential and limits of the use of external assessment as a regulatory strategy of the educational system in the light of theoretical references that deal with the emergence of a new model of state regulation of educational policies. More specifically, analyzed the experience of four state schools located in Niterói, metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, with the System of State Assessment of Rio de Janeiro (SAERJ) and management system adopted by the State Department of Education s Rio de Janeiro - SEEDUC called Integrated School (Gide), as instruments of regulation and management, from the analysis of official documents of SEEDUC and interviews with teachers, school administrators and members of SEEDUC. In light of the literature on regulation and education management, national and international research on the use and appropriation of external evaluation data, and subsidies offered by experts, school officials and education managers were analyzed different initiatives SEEDUC for the use of the information provided the evaluation, in order to answer questions like: What are the characteristics of management policies based on student outcomes adopted by the state of Rio de Janeiro? What accountability version adopted by SEEDUC and how it is being incorporated into the educational management? What influences are exerted by these policies on the network according to the perception of those involved and with the evolution of the results of schools in the state assessment? What are the strengths and limitations of use policy of the results of state assessment system? The investigation pointed to a strong reorganization of the school environment from evaluations made by SEEDUC in state schools as well as from the adoption of Gide. However, it was found that the greatest contribution of Gide is focused on the routine of the school director, who earns magnifying glass on the school reality from the use of this methodology. The state assessment policy of school performance is associated with educational accountability initiatives meritocratic court, since it provides a wage subsidy of school personnel through the achievement of goals, although this research has found that few schools in the state schools have managed to reach the goals. Also we realized the potential of management policies and evaluation of education in the state of Rio de Janeiro have been reflected in a larger organization of school system, improve the communication between the SEEDUC and school managers. Among the limitations of these policies, the survey found that the pedagogical use of evaluation results by the schools is still very modest, is due to the lack of information from teachers about the tools available for SEEDUC, is the very strength of many of them face the introduction of these management mechanisms in schools.

St. John 12:24, used by Dostoyevskij as an epigraph to his last and highly acclaimed novel BpaTbJI KapaMa30BbI (The Brothers Karamazov), served as an inspiration for Andre Gide. The title of the latter's contentious autobiography Si le grain ne meurt (If it die ... ), is part of the same biblical verse. The significance of Dostoyevskij's epigraph and Gide's title are critically examined with regard to ideologies expressed in their literary works. Analogies and contrasts are scrutinised: considerable similarities but more discrepancies are discerned. Intense crises in Dostoyevskij's life led to an upward movement, reflected in his oeuvre, reaching out toward Christ's message as revealed by St. John 12:24. On the other hand, Gide started his career imbued with the above message, but gradually he deviated from it and died an atheist. His fascination with Dostoyevskij prompted him to write a profound biography on the great Russian, containing a perceptive article on The Brothers Karamazov when this novel was still practically unknown in the West. Dostoyevskij's pre-eminence as ideological author, psychologist, philosopher and artist is highlighted while Gide is disclosed as the moralistic immoralist of his time. The thesis suggested here is that Dostoyevskij's ideology of self-abnegation in order to be regenerated into eternal life challenged Gide to reject this concept. Therein lies his paradoxical "adaptation". The purpose is to uncover the religious perceptions in Dostoyevskij's four major novels, to establish that his fictional characters, though never used as mouthpieces for the author, represent his universal philosophy and transmit the author's quest for truth to the reader, and finally to examine Gide's reaction to Dostoyevskij's influence / Classics & Modern European Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Russian)

St. John 12:24, used by Dostoyevskij as an epigraph to his last and highly acclaimed novel BpaTbJI KapaMa30BbI (The Brothers Karamazov), served as an inspiration for Andre Gide. The title of the latter's contentious autobiography Si le grain ne meurt (If it die ... ), is part of the same biblical verse. The significance of Dostoyevskij's epigraph and Gide's title are critically examined with regard to ideologies expressed in their literary works. Analogies and contrasts are scrutinised: considerable similarities but more discrepancies are discerned. Intense crises in Dostoyevskij's life led to an upward movement, reflected in his oeuvre, reaching out toward Christ's message as revealed by St. John 12:24. On the other hand, Gide started his career imbued with the above message, but gradually he deviated from it and died an atheist. His fascination with Dostoyevskij prompted him to write a profound biography on the great Russian, containing a perceptive article on The Brothers Karamazov when this novel was still practically unknown in the West. Dostoyevskij's pre-eminence as ideological author, psychologist, philosopher and artist is highlighted while Gide is disclosed as the moralistic immoralist of his time. The thesis suggested here is that Dostoyevskij's ideology of self-abnegation in order to be regenerated into eternal life challenged Gide to reject this concept. Therein lies his paradoxical "adaptation". The purpose is to uncover the religious perceptions in Dostoyevskij's four major novels, to establish that his fictional characters, though never used as mouthpieces for the author, represent his universal philosophy and transmit the author's quest for truth to the reader, and finally to examine Gide's reaction to Dostoyevskij's influence / Classics and Modern European Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Russian)

L’étude de la plasticité cellulaire est un puissant outil pour comprendre le choix du destin cellulaire pendant la différenciation et dans les processus cancéreux lors de la transformation d’une cellule normale en une cellule maligne. Chez la drosophile, le facteur de transcription Gcm contrôle la détermination du destin glial. Dans des mutants gcm, les cellules qui se développent normalement en glie entrent dans la voie de différenciation neuronale alors que l’expression ectopique de gcm dans des progéniteurs neuronaux induit de la glie. Ces données font de Gcm un outil important pour comprendre les bases de la plasticité cellulaire. Mon projet de thèse vise à comprendre les mécanismes contrôlant la plasticité des cellules souches neurales. Nous avons ainsi montré que la capacité des CSNs à se convertir en glie après expression forcée de Glide/Gcm décline avec l'âge et que lors de l'entrée en phase quiescente ou apoptotique, ils ne peuvent plus être convertis. Nous avons aussi découvert que le processus de conversion du destin ne se manifeste pas uniquement par l’expression de marqueurs gliaux mais aussi par des changements spécifiques au niveau de la chromatine. D’une manière intéressante, nous avons aussi montré que la stabilité de la protéine Glide/Gcm est contrôlée par deux voies opposées, où Repo et l’histone acetyltransférase CBP jouent un rôle majeur. / The study of cellular plasticity is a powerful tool to understand the mechanisms directing cell fate choice during differentiation and transformation of a normal cell into a cancerous one. In Drosophila, the transcription factor Gcm control glial fate determination. In gcm mutants, cells that normally develop into glia enter the path of neuronal differentiation, whereas ectopic expression of gcm in neural progenitors induces glia. These properties make gcm an important tool for understanding the basics of cellular plasticity. My thesis project aims to understand the mechanisms controlling the plasticity of neural stem cells (NSCs). Based on this aim, we showed that the ability of NSCs to be transformed into glia, after forced expression of Gcm, declines with age and that upon entry into quiescence or apoptosis, they cannot be converted. We also found that the process of fate conversion does not manifest itself only through the expression of glial markers but also by specific changes in the level of chromatin. Remarkably, we also showed that the stability of the protein Gcm is controlled by two opposite and interconnected loops, where Repo and the histone acetyltransferase CBP play a major role.

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No description available.

This thesis explores the role of Nihilism in Oscar Wilde's thought and writing, beginning with the depiction of Russian Political Nihilism in Wilde's first play; Vera, or the Nihilists and tracing the engagement with philosophical Nihilism in his fiction, drama and essays, up to and including De Profundis. It is argued that Russian Political Nihilism derives from the same sources and expresses the same concerns as the philosophical Nihilism discussed by Nietzsche in The Will to Power, and that Nietzsche and Wilde, working independently, came to a strikingly similar understanding of Nihilism. Philosophical Nihilism is defined in two ways; as the complete absence of values (Absolute Nihilism) and as a sense that, while absolute values may exist, they are unattainable, unknowable or inexpressible (Relative Nihilism). Wilde uses his writing to express Nihilism while simultaneously seeking aesthetic and ethical counterforces to it, eventually coming to see Art and the life of the Artist as the ultimate forms of resistance to Nihilism. Wilde's philosophical views are examined in the context of his time, and in the light of his exceptionally wide reading. He is compared and contrasted with Nietzsche, the philosopher who has done most to shape our view of what Nihilism means, in his ethical and aesthetic response to Nihilism. The conclusion also considers the reception of Wilde's expression of Nihilism and his employment of Art as the only superior counterforce in the first half of the twentieth century, with particular reference to the works of Gide and Proust. Their engagement with Nihilism is explored both in historical context and as a way of addressing a problem which has become uniquely pervasive and pressing in the modern era.