Undersökningen fokuserar på fyra Indiska pedagogers erfarenheter kring att arbeta i en barngrupp. Syftet är bidra med uppfattningar kring hur pedagoger i Indien upplever arbetet i större barngrupper i de yngre åldrarna. Forskningsfrågorna utgår från pedagogernas förhållningssätt, erfarenheter samt vad pedagogerna anser den totala barngruppens storlek bör vara. Använda teorier är sociokulturellt perspektiv samt Hofstedes kulturdimensionsteori.   Sammanlagt har fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer gjorts med pedagoger i Goa, Indien. Resultatet visar att dessa pedagoger använder sig utav olika strategier för att försöka nå alla barnen i barngruppen. Det är ett stort fokus på lärande och i Indien ses pedagogen som en person med hög aktoritet. Prioritering i arbetet är att arbeta efter skolan riktlinjer som de blir tilldelande. Det resulterar att pedagogerna blir mer stressade. För barnen att vara i en större barngrupp menar pedagogerna utvecklar olika sociala kompetenser hos barnen. Det som påverkar pedagogernas fårhållningssätt är kulturen och synen på läraren.   Pedagogerna använder sig utav olika strategier för att barnen ska rikta uppmärksamheten mot dem och sånger är en av metoderna. Flera av pedagogerna menar att de vill nå barn som inte är intresserade av skolan genom att ge dem mer tid och uppmärksamhet. Då fokus riktas mot de barnen som behöver mer övning hinner pedagogerna inte med att arbeta med alla barnen i gruppen. Pedagogerna i Goa arbetar med vad vi i Sverige anser är en stor barngrupp och för dem är en idealisk barngrupp 20-35 barn.

This study is dedicated to investigate the clash between the Inquisition of Goa and the Portuguese Crown by the hegemony of control over governance of the court of King José I and his Premier Sebastião de Carvalho e Mello - The Marquês of Pombal - in the second half of the eighteenth century which culminated among many others result directly contributed to the premature closure of the court in 1774, or 47 years earlier than all others in the kingdom. Finally, this work was dedicated to uncover the relationship between the government, highly inclined to dictatorship, which Carvalho e Mello, and captained the Inquisition in Goa, historically treated as the highest court of the independent and insubordinate Inquisition Portuguese. There were many actions of Pombal on the Holy Office in order to submit it to the royal authority: its transformation into a royal court, its use to punish political crimes, the replacement of his inquisitors in absentia of the will of the Church, etc. / Esse estudo dedica-se a investigar o embate entre o Santo Ofício de Goa e Coroa portuguesa pela hegemonia do comando desse tribunal durante governação de D. José I e seu Premier Sebastião de Carvalho e Mello - O Marquês de Pombal - na segunda metade do século XVIII que culminou, entre várias outras consequências, na contribuição direta para o fechamento prematuro desse tribunal, em 1774, ou seja, 47 anos mais cedo que todos os outros do reino. Por fim, esse trabalho dedicou-se a descortinar essa relação entre o governo, altamente inclinado ao absolutismo, que Sebastião de Carvalho e Mello, o Marquês de Pombal, capitaneara e a Inquisição de Goa, historicamente tratada como o tribunal mais autônome e insubordinado da Inquisição portuguesa. Foram muitas as ações de Pombal sobre o Santo Ofício com o intuito de submete-lo à autoridade real : sua transformação em tribunal régio, sua utilização para punir crimes poliíticos, a substituição de seus inquisidores à revelia da vontade da Igreja, etc.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No ano de 1606 era fundado na cidade Goa o primeiro mosteiro feminino no Impérioportuguês do Oriente. O Convento de Santa Mônica de Goa foi instituído pelo então arcebispode Goa e governador da Índia, D. Frei Aleixo de Menezes sob a proteção da Ordem de SantoAgostinho. Criado com o intuito de proteger a honra das mulheres no Estado da Índia e de seruma alternativa de vida para as filhas da nobreza e fidalguia local que não conseguiam casar,o convento foi a principal fundação feminina de frei Aleixo, por ser território perfeito para ocultivo de modelos de santidade e virtudes. Juntamente com os recolhimentos de NossaSenhora da Serra e de Santa Maria Madalena, o convento formava uma tríade de instituiçõescaracterizadas pela assistência e pela caridade à mulher - grande incentivo do Concílio deTrento e da Reforma católica. A presente dissertação procura discutir como os discursos dosfreis agostinianos de exaltação das virtudes e perfeição religiosa das mônicas refletiram noprocesso de fundação e reconhecimento régio e papal do convento. / The was the first nunnery in the East PortugueseConvento de Santa Mônica de GoaEmpire. It was founded in the year of 1606 by , archbishop of GoaD. Frei Aleixo de Menezesand governor of India, and under the protection of the Augustinians. The nunnery was createdwith the purpose of to protect the honor of women and to be an alternativeEstado da Índialive for the daugthers of the local nobility that couldn?t marry. It was also the brotherAleixo?s principal female foundation, because was perfect place to create models of holinessand virtues and to provide the religious perfection. With the Recolhimentos de Nossa Senhora e de , the nunnery formed a triad of institutions characterizedda SerraSanta Maria Madalenaby the charity and assistance to women - big incentive of Council of Trent and the CatholicReformation. The objective of this dissertation is to analyze how Augustinians? discoursereflected in the process of the foundation.

This study is dedicated to investigate the clash between the Inquisition of Goa and the Portuguese Crown by the hegemony of control over governance of the court of King José I and his Premier Sebastião de Carvalho e Mello - The Marquês of Pombal - in the second half of the eighteenth century which culminated among many others result directly contributed to the premature closure of the court in 1774, or 47 years earlier than all others in the kingdom. Finally, this work was dedicated to uncover the relationship between the government, highly inclined to dictatorship, which Carvalho e Mello, and captained the Inquisition in Goa, historically treated as the highest court of the independent and insubordinate Inquisition Portuguese. There were many actions of Pombal on the Holy Office in order to submit it to the royal authority: its transformation into a royal court, its use to punish political crimes, the replacement of his inquisitors in absentia of the will of the Church, etc. / Esse estudo dedica-se a investigar o embate entre o Santo Ofício de Goa e Coroa portuguesa pela hegemonia do comando desse tribunal durante governação de D. José I e seu Premier Sebastião de Carvalho e Mello - O Marquês de Pombal - na segunda metade do século XVIII que culminou, entre várias outras consequências, na contribuição direta para o fechamento prematuro desse tribunal, em 1774, ou seja, 47 anos mais cedo que todos os outros do reino. Por fim, esse trabalho dedicou-se a descortinar essa relação entre o governo, altamente inclinado ao absolutismo, que Sebastião de Carvalho e Mello, o Marquês de Pombal, capitaneara e a Inquisição de Goa, historicamente tratada como o tribunal mais autônome e insubordinado da Inquisição portuguesa. Foram muitas as ações de Pombal sobre o Santo Ofício com o intuito de submete-lo à autoridade real : sua transformação em tribunal régio, sua utilização para punir crimes poliíticos, a substituição de seus inquisidores à revelia da vontade da Igreja, etc.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No ano de 1606 era fundado na cidade Goa o primeiro mosteiro feminino no Impérioportuguês do Oriente. O Convento de Santa Mônica de Goa foi instituído pelo então arcebispode Goa e governador da Índia, D. Frei Aleixo de Menezes sob a proteção da Ordem de SantoAgostinho. Criado com o intuito de proteger a honra das mulheres no Estado da Índia e de seruma alternativa de vida para as filhas da nobreza e fidalguia local que não conseguiam casar,o convento foi a principal fundação feminina de frei Aleixo, por ser território perfeito para ocultivo de modelos de santidade e virtudes. Juntamente com os recolhimentos de NossaSenhora da Serra e de Santa Maria Madalena, o convento formava uma tríade de instituiçõescaracterizadas pela assistência e pela caridade à mulher - grande incentivo do Concílio deTrento e da Reforma católica. A presente dissertação procura discutir como os discursos dosfreis agostinianos de exaltação das virtudes e perfeição religiosa das mônicas refletiram noprocesso de fundação e reconhecimento régio e papal do convento. / The was the first nunnery in the East PortugueseConvento de Santa Mônica de GoaEmpire. It was founded in the year of 1606 by , archbishop of GoaD. Frei Aleixo de Menezesand governor of India, and under the protection of the Augustinians. The nunnery was createdwith the purpose of to protect the honor of women and to be an alternativeEstado da Índialive for the daugthers of the local nobility that couldn?t marry. It was also the brotherAleixo?s principal female foundation, because was perfect place to create models of holinessand virtues and to provide the religious perfection. With the Recolhimentos de Nossa Senhora e de , the nunnery formed a triad of institutions characterizedda SerraSanta Maria Madalenaby the charity and assistance to women - big incentive of Council of Trent and the CatholicReformation. The objective of this dissertation is to analyze how Augustinians? discoursereflected in the process of the foundation.

Popular perception and analyses of Hinduism and Indian society tend to focus on a largely monolithic image of the Brahmans. They emphasize the supremacy of Brahmans over other classes in social and religious domains, and attribute this supremacy mainly to their superior ritual status as members of the priestly class, as well as to their traditional access to learning and literacy. This dominant image has received most attention in scholarly approaches to Hindu-Indian society and religion. Scholars of religious studies have offered various theories to explain the ritual supremacy of Brahmans, while struggles of lower castes against Brahmans have been a persistent theme in historical studies. By stressing the dominance of Brahmans in the hierarchy of power, the theoretical and historical studies have adopted a generalized and hackneyed view of Brahmans. While doing so, they have largely ignored the power struggles within the larger Brahman class. History notes the emergence of various Brahman communities in different regions at different times; it also indicates the dynamism and fluidity inherent in the formation of these communities through continually evolving affiliations with distinct factors such as region, language, sects, occupation, rituals, and ritual texts. Despite the transformations and complexities taking place within this class, the perception of their supremacist identity has persisted. How did multiple Brahman communities that shared space and prominence within a particular region engage one another? Were there any disputes among them as they shared claims to the highest social ranking in the societies of which they were a part? If any such conflicts indeed occurred, did the disputing communities create any hierarchy among themselves just as they have been positing a hierarchy between themselves and other classes? Finally, how did they define their identities as a response to these conflicts and hierarchies, and how do these identities relate to the monolithic and essentialist identity attributed to the Brahman class as such? These questions – despite their critical significance – have surprisingly escaped the scholarly gaze of the specialists in religious studies and historians. This dissertation explores this largely uncharted area by focusing on the interrelationship and identities of the four Brahman groups situated in what we know today as states of Maharashtra and Goa, in the time period from the seventeenth century through the nineteenth century. During this period the four communities – the Chitpavans, the Karhadas, the Sarasvats, and the Deshasthas – engaged in intense mutual rivalry centered on gaining greater prominence in social, political and religious domains. This rivalry was largely due to contemporary political conditions under the Marathas in the early-modern/pre-colonial period, and later under the British in the colonial period. This dissertation examines five narratives composed during this period that reflect the responses of these four communities to their mutual conflicts. The Sahyadrikhanda, the Sataprasnakalpalatika, the Syenavijatidharmanirnaya, the Konkanakhyana, and the Dasaprakarana contain portrayals by a particular group of itself and its rivaling groups. This dissertation analyzes the discursive and the historical aspects of these narratives to understand the identities of these communities; it identifies the key notions that were integral to their identities and the socio-political circumstances under which they were articulated. Within the discursive aspect, I compare the narratives using the principle of intertextuality and explore how they relate to one another, the common themes they invoke and their textual modes that had a crucial bearing upon the ways in which they affected the identities of the four Brahman groups. Within the historical aspect I study the general and specific contexts within which the Brahmans produced and used the narratives to define their identities in the early modern and colonial eras. This dissertation is divided in two parts; the first deals with the early modern period and the second part focuses on the colonial period. The early modern period was an exceptional period for the Brahmans in western India as they experienced unprecedented social and occupational mobility under the regional polities, in particular under the Maratha rulers. The Marathas offered great opportunities of patronage and employment to regional Brahmans, as well as encouraged them to take precedence in social, political, and religious realms as a way to consolidate their claims to Hindu kingship. As the Brahman class rose to prominence, various Brahman groups, in particular these four prominent Brahman groups, competed against one another to obtain a greater share in patronage and employment. Asserting their own superior Brahmanical status while simultaneously denigrating the status of others was the prime means through which each of these groups staked claims to a greater social standing. These intra-Brahmanical rivalries and the attempts of these groups to project a hierarchy of ideal Brahmanhood found expression in the Sahyadrikhanda, the Sataprasnakalpalatika, the Syenavijatidharmanirnaya, and the Konkanakhyana. These narratives are essentially historical inasmuch as they contain accounts of origins and the pasts of these communities. This suggests that history was the chief site upon which these intra-Brahmanical rivalries were articulated. My analysis indicates that within this overarching scheme of history, the narratives invoked certain key themes in their accounts, which they used to project a superior status of the community that they endorsed and an inferior status of the community they wished to denigrate. These themes include diet, modes of occupation, right to sannyasa, regional affiliation, right to the Satkarma, and a patron deity or an emblematic figure. I argue that these themes define a distinct set of criteria for ideal Brahmanhood such as a vegetarian diet, religious modes of occupation, entitlement to sannyasa and to Satkarma, affiliation to a sacred region, and validation of status by an authoritative figure. These criteria define a frame of reference within which the Brahman communities projected a hierarchy of ideal Brahmanhood among themselves. I demonstrate that these criteria had a strong correlation with actual practices (diet, occupation) and associations (regions, deities) of the Brahman communities, and were embedded within distinct socio-political conditions. This suggests that unlike the monolithic, static, and ahistorical notion of Brahmanhood projected in the ideological world of classical texts and ‘Orientalist’ studies, the Brahmanhood to which a Brahman in early-modern Maharashtra subscribed was a pluralistic and fluid notion embedded within a distinctly regional and temporal context. This dissertation also illustrates that far from being restricted to the discursive domain, this notion (and the narratives that constructed it) asserted its relevance and influence in the practical realities of the early modern era in various ways. In other words, the narrative discourse of Brahmanhood had a tangible impact on the identities of the Brahmans in question. The second part of the dissertation examines the colonial period during which this pluralistic, fluid, and distinctly regional notion of Brahmanhood continued be invoked and redefined in debates among the Brahman communities. Triggered by contemporary social and political transformations, these debates mark the continuation of certain elements from the previous era, as well as the introduction of new elements drawn from the changing social and political order. In particular, the ways in which the narratives from the previous era were called upon and redefined in these debates reflect some of the crucial modalities in which a unique synthesis of the new and the old elements was constructed and adapted to these new disputes. By drawing attention to the discursive and the practical fluidities of Brahmanical rivalries and identities through its focus on the narratives, this dissertation calls for more nuanced attention to Brahman communities than they have received thus far. / text

Social work is one of the core mental health professions. With a dominance of a biological model in psychiatry, the scope of social factors has been relatively marginal. Social factors have been argued to be social work ́s area of expertise. Psychiatric social work is challenged to articulate its unique knowledge and valuable contribution to the field of mental health care since they are coexisting with other more well-established professions. This qualitative study explores how psychiatric social workers and psychiatrists in Goa, India, perceive social work's unique knowledge and its contribution to the field of mental health care. It further explores psychiatric social workers understanding of social factors in relation to mental illness. The empirical material was collected through twelve semi-structured interviews with ten psychiatric social workers and two psychiatrists working in different mental health care settings in Goa. The results show that the main psychiatric social work contributions were described as raising awareness about mental illness and their functioning as a bridge between units. The result further shows a difficulty (among psychiatric social workers) to articulate psychiatric social work's unique knowledge, but during the interviews a specific in-depth knowledge emerged as well as a focus on psychiatric knowledge. Our findings showed that psychiatric social workers understood social factors in terms of social relations. The results are analyzed with Foucault's theory of discourse, Polanyi's theory of tacit knowledge and Ingleheart’s modernization theory.

<p>  </p> <p>ABSTRACT</p> <p>This thesis examines Portuguese-U.S. relations in a global context from the early years of the Cold War to the start of Portugal’s Colonial Wars. Portuguese and U.S. policymakers came together pursuing varying levels of Western integration to resist the spread of Communism internationally, cooperating to different extents in emerging international organizations such as NATO, and the United Nations. This shared desire for Communist containment which brought the two nations together was frequently undermined by their contradictory ambitions with respect to decolonization, with U.S. desires for nationalist self-determination across the third world running contrary to Portuguese imperial ambitions from Western Africa to Southern China. These contradictory agendas undermined the bilateral relationship and are examined here in how they manifested in both countries’ foreign policies and actions undertaken in post-war international organizations.</p>

Comment arrive-t-on à sauvegarder un patrimoine rural en péril ? Faut-il le laisser à l’abandon et perdre une mémoire de l’histoire nationale et locale ? Le tourisme peut-il être une solution à la préservation du patrimoine palatial privé et de la mémoire des nombreuses générations qui l’ont occupé?Cette thèse propose d’aborder plusieurs domaines, le tourisme, le patrimoine, architecture, la littérature dans le but de comprendre quel peut-être le devenir du patrimoine palatial qui est situé dans des espaces ruraux construits sur un modèle colonial. A partir de plusieurs sources d’information (interviews, observations sur le terrain, guides, journaux, vidéos, média, réseaux sociaux, etc.) et un état des lieux des maisons seigneuriales privées ouvertes au tourisme, nous avons pu essayer d’évaluer l’atout tourisme pour la préservation du patrimoine palatial privé rural ?Nous avons travaillé sur trois régions rurales lusophones (Vale do Paraíba (Brésil), Ponte de Lima (Portugal) et Goa (Inde)) où un nombre significatif, en termes quantitatifs et qualitatifs, de palais se sont construits jusqu’au XIXe siècle. Ils ont connu leurs jours de gloire, puis le temps a effacé leur importance historique dans la mémoire collective nationale. Ils sont pourtant, par leur architecture, leur production agricole, les pratiques de leurs habitants, les témoins directs de notre histoire. Ces palais connaissent de nos jours des difficultés d’entretien, voire même de survie. Il est utile de confronter les trois lieux sélectionnés: ils sont pareillement menacés de disparitions tout en cherchant des solutions très diversifiées dans leur approche d’une conversion dans le tourisme. / How can we preserve a threatened heritage? Should we neglect it and lose our memory of national and local history? Can tourism be a solution to preserve architectural private wealth?This thesis explores several fields, such as tourism, heritage, architecture and literature in order to determine what can be the future of architectural wealth in rural areas. Using various sources (interviews, field research, guides, video, media, social networks, etc.), and starting with an overview of the situation, we have arrived at the following question: can tourism be a solution to preserve architectural private wealth?Our study focuses on three Portuguese-speaking regions (Vale do Paraíba – Brazil, Ponte de Lima – Portugal and Goa - India), where many palaces were built until the 19th century. After a period of magnificence, their importance gradually faded in collective memory. They stand as witnesses of our history. Nowadays, it is more and more difficult to maintain these buildings. It is interesting to compare these three areas: their common point is the disappearance of their heritage, but they differ greatly in their tourism policies.The first part of this study describes the architectural heritage in Portuguese-speaking areas, and explains how it grew up and why it is now in danger. The second part analyses solutions offered in terms of rural tourism, and how family memory is thus preserved.

Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit ist die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen des vollautomatischen Bahnbetriebs (GoA 4/UTO) auf ETCS und weitere ZZS-Umsysteme. Dafür werden die verschiedenen Rahmenbedingungen systematisch untersucht. Es werden Basisfunktionen und Umsysteme aufgestellt, um den GoA 4-Betrieb zu beschreiben. Es wird gezeigt, dass der GoA 4-Betrieb zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt in Deutschland nicht rechtssicher durchführbar ist und die aktuellen betrieblichen Regelwerke nicht geeignet sind. Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Schluss, dass ETCS für den GoA 4-Betrieb geeignet und eine Weiterentwicklung der Spezifikation angebracht ist. Es entstehen neue Schnittstellen. Ein Vergleich der Automatisierungsgrade offenbart teils deutliche systemische Unterschiede. Die Fernsteuerung der Fahrzeuge und Fahrzeugbedienungen ist ein elementares System zur Anwendung in der Rückfallebene in niedrigeren Automatisierungsgraden. Insgesamt besteht ein hoher Anpassungsaufwand gegenüber den aktuell gültigen Anforderungen, was sich z. B. durch signifikant höhere Konnektivitätsanforderungen zeigt.:1 Einleitung 2 Rahmenbedingungen des vollautomatischen Bahnbetriebs 3 Funktionen und Umsysteme des vollautomatischen Bahnbetriebs 4 Einfluss des vollautomatischen Bahnbetriebs auf ETCS 5 Systemische Unterschiede der Automatisierungsgrade 6 Vertiefte Betrachtung ausgewählter Aspekte 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick / The objective of this diploma thesis is to analyse the effects of fully automatic rail operations (GoA 4/UTO) on ETCS and further CCS systems. For this purpose, the various framework conditions are systematically investigated. Basic functions and further systems are defined in order to describe UTO. It is shown that UTO is not legally feasible in Germany at present and that the current operational regulations are not suitable. This thesis concludes that ETCS is suitable for application in GoA 4 and that the further development of the specification is reasonable. New interfaces are emerging. A comparison between the grades of automation partly reveals significant systemic differences. The remote control of vehicles and vehicle operations is a fundamental system for use in the fall-back level at lower grades of automation. Overall, there is a high need for adjustments compared to the currently existing requirements, which is shown, e. g., by significantly higher connectivity requirements.:1 Einleitung 2 Rahmenbedingungen des vollautomatischen Bahnbetriebs 3 Funktionen und Umsysteme des vollautomatischen Bahnbetriebs 4 Einfluss des vollautomatischen Bahnbetriebs auf ETCS 5 Systemische Unterschiede der Automatisierungsgrade 6 Vertiefte Betrachtung ausgewählter Aspekte 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick