Innebandy är en växande idrott, som framför allt utövas i Sverige, Finland och Schweiz, men där väldigt lite forskning ännu finns publicerad. Tidigare studier inom ishockey och baseboll har visat att träning med viktmanipulerad utrustning förbättrat bland annat greppstyrka och svinghastigheten av slagträ i baseboll. Annan forskning har visat på att det är en förbättring i det neuromuskulära samspelet snarare än ökad muskelmassa som förbättrat prestationen vid dynamisk motståndsträning. Skotthastigheten anses vara en viktig faktor inom innebandy för prestationen och eftersom det inom baseboll har visats att viktmanipulerad utrustning kan förbättra svinghastigheten så vore det intressant att se om samma resultat kan uppnås inom innebandy. Syftet med studien var att undersöka effekten av innebandyträning med en viktmanipulerad innebandyklubba med avseende på dragskottshastighet och greppstyrka hos manliga innebandyspelare samt undersöka korrelationen mellan dragskottshastighet och greppstyrka. Även testpersonernas subjektiva uppfattning av träningen med den viktmanipuleradeutrustningen undersöktes. Testgruppen bestod av 13 stycken 17-åriga manliga innebandyspelare. Under en sex veckors period genomförde testpersonerna 30 minuter av sin vanliga innebandyträning med den viktmanipulerade klubban (40 gram tyngre) tre gånger i veckan. Dragskotten filmades med en höghastighetskamera (Casio Exilim EX-FH25) med 250 fps och analyserades sedan i Dartfish för att mäta hastigheten. För att fastställa greppstyrkan användes en handdynamometer (Jamar – Baseline Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer). Träningen resulterade i en signifikant skillnad hos testpersonernas greppstyrka i den nedre handen på klubban (p<0,05). Däremot hittades ingen signifikant skillnad för den övre handens greppstyrka eller dragskottshastigheten. Studien visade heller inte på någon korrelation mellan dragskottshastighet och greppstyrka hos testpersonerna. Testpersonerna hade olika åsikter kring hur den extra tyngden påverkade innebandytekniken.De funna resultaten indikerar att träning med viktmanipulerad utrustning i innebandy signifikant förbättrar spelarnas greppstyrka i den nedre handen. Den ökade kraftutvecklingen kan eventuellt förklaras av ett ökat neuromuskulärt samspel. Studien ger en ökad förståelse för hur dynamisk motståndsträning kan implementeras i den dagliga innebandyträningen, vilket kan tillämpas vid planeringen av träningsprogram. / Floorball is a sport with increasing number of participants, which has not been studied extensively according to the literature. Previous studies on ice hockey and baseball have shown that training with weight manipulated equipment improved grip strength and swing speed. Other research has shown that the increased performance with dynamic resistance training rather occurs from the improvements in the neuromuscular facilitation than an increase in muscle mass. In floorball shooting velocity is considered to be an important factor of the performance. Since it has been shown in baseball that training with weight manipulated equipment can improve the bat velocity, it would be interesting to see if the same results can be found in floorball. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of grip strength and drag shot velocity in floorball training with a weight manipulated floorball stick. The study also investigated the relationship between grip strength and drag shot velocity. The test subjects’ subjective perception about the training method was also investigated. Thirteen 17-year-old male floorball players participated in the study. During a six weeks period the subjects used the weight manipulated equipment during 30 minutes, three times per week during their regular team practice. 40 grams lead tape was attached to the player's equipment to increase the resistance. The drag shots were filmed with a high speed camera (Casio Exilim EX-FH25) at 250 fps. The drag shot velocity was analyzed in Dartfish. To assess grip strength a hand dynamometer (Jamar - Baseline Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer)was used. The training resulted in a significant increase for the subjects’ grip strength in the lower hand on the stick (p <0,05). The study found no significant difference for the upper hand grip strength or drag shot velocity. No correlation between drag shot velocity and handgripstrength among the subjects were found. Conclusion: The results found in this study indicate that training with weight manipulated equipment can significantly improve the player’s lower hand grip strength. The results can eventually be explained by more effective fiber recruitment in the muscles. Studying floorball can contribute to increase the interest in research on floorball and increase the understanding for how dynamic resistance training can be incorporated in daily floorball practice.

Les progrès réalisés tant sur les chaînes laser infrarouges, que dans la maîtrise et la compréhension des sources X-UV pompées par laser ont permis la construction d'une station laser X-UV dédiée aux applications à l'Université Paris XI. Mon travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le développement de cette station et plus particulièrement sur la caractérisation d'un amplificateur plasma laser X-UV.<br />L'étude expérimentale concerne l'amélioration du couplage du laser infrarouge de pompe avec le plasma dans le cadre de la génération d'un laser X-UV en régime collisionnel transitoire. Ces lasers X-UV sont générés dans un plasma formé par l'interaction d'une cible solide et d'une impulsion laser d'environ 500 ps de durée, suivie d'une seconde impulsion laser infrarouge dite de pompe (~5ps) arrivant sur la cible en incidence rasante. Pour la première fois, une étude paramétrique complète a été entreprise sur l'influence de l'angle de rasance sur la création du milieu amplificateur. Un des résultats de cette étude a été d'atteindre des brillances pics très élevées de l'ordre de 1 x 10^{28} photons/s/mm²/mrad²/(0.1%bandwidth), comparables aux brillances des lasers à électron libres. De plus, nous avons modifié puis utilisé un nouveau code hydrodynamique bidimensionnel eulérien à mailles raffinées dynamiquement au cours du temps (AMR) afin de comprendre l'influence des propriétés spatio-temporelles du laser infrarouge sur la formation et l'évolution du plasma amplificateur. Nos modélisations ont mis en évidence l'intérêt d'utiliser un profil super gaussien pour la ligne focale produisant une augmentation d'un facteur deux de la dimension de la zone de gain et une réduction des gradients de densité de<br />trois ordres de grandeur. Ces améliorations devraient accroître fortement l'énergie contenue dans le faisceau laser X-UV.<br />L'amélioration de la connaissance de la physique des matériaux ou des biomolécules tirera profit de l'outil que le rayonnement laser dans le domaine X-UV est en passe de devenir. Nous avons ainsi utilisé le laser X-UV pour étudier l'apparition de défauts transitoires produits par un laser IR en face arrière d'un miroir. Nous avons aussi débuté des recherches sur les mécanismes d'endommagement de l'ADN lors de son irradiation par un rayonnement X-UV très intense.

<p>Detta examensarbete har gjorts på uppdrag av SP Maskiner AB och berör längdmätningsenheten på skördaraggregatet SP451LF. Pulsgivaren i den befintliga längdmätningen anses inte nå en acceptabel livslängd och därför skall ett sensorlager prövas som ersättare.</p><p>Uppdraget består i att söka ett lämpligt sensorlager, dimensionera en komplett mäthjulslagring samt att ta fram ett konstruktionsförslag till prototyp på längdmätning.</p><p>Arbetet begränsas av att den omkonstruerade längdmätningen skall passa på SP451LF aggregatet. Det betyder att längdmätningens infästning mot aggregatet inte får förändras och dess yttermått måste hållas inom de gränser som aggregatets chassi tillåter.</p> / <p>This diploma work has been done on commission by SP Maskiner AB and affects the length meter unit on the single-grip harvester SP451LF. The pulse encoder in the present length meter has too short duration why a sensor-bearing will be tested as replacement.</p><p>The tasks are to find a suitable sensor-bearing unit, to dimension a complete measuring wheel bearing and create a construction proposal for a prototype of a length meter.</p><p>The diploma work is limited by the fact that the reworked length meter has to fit into the SP451LF harvester. That means that the length meter’s contact points on the harvester’s frame are not to be altered.</p>

No description available.

Human ageing is accompanied by characteristic metabolic and endocrine changes, including altered hormone profiles, insulin resistance and deterioration of skeletal muscle. Obesity and diabetes may themselves drive an accelerated ageing phenotype. Untangling the causal web between ageing, obesity and diabetes is a priority in order to understand their aetiology and improve prevention and management. The role of biological ageing in determining the risk of obesity and associated conditions has often been examined using mean leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker of replicative fatigue and senescence. However, considering phenotypes which represent different domains of biological and functional ageing as exposures for obesity and related traits could allow the elucidation of new understudied phenotypes relevant to cardio-metabolic risk in the wider population. This PhD considers the causal role of (1) hand grip strength (HGS), a marker of overall strength and physical functioning, and (2) resting energy expenditure, an indicator of overall energy metabolism and the major component of daily energy expenditure, in cardio-metabolic risk. I also characterise a new and readily-quantifiable marker of age-related genomic instability, mosaic loss of the Y chromosome (mLOY). Observational evidence implicates each of these phenotypes in cardio-metabolic conditions and intermediate phenotypes. However, it is not possible to infer causality from these observational associations due to confounding and reverse-causality. Mendelian randomisation offers a solution to these limitations and can allow the causal nature of these relationships to be investigated. Using population-based data including UK Biobank, this thesis presents the first large-scale genetic discovery effort for each trait and provides new biological insight into their shared and separate aetiology. I used identified variants to investigate the bidirectional causal associations of each trait with cardio-metabolic outcomes, intermediate phenotypes and other related traits such as frailty and mortality. In total I identified 16 loci for hand grip strength, 19 for mLOY, and one signal for REE. I have shown that HGS is likely to be causally linked to fracture risk, and I have identified the important shared genetic architecture between mLOY, glycaemic traits and cancer. I have also demonstrated that at least one known genetic variant contributing to obesity risk acts partially via reduced REE. Overall the findings of my PhD contribute to our wider understanding of the aetiological role of ageing processes in metabolic dysfunction, and have implications for both basic science and translational applications.

A morbidade por doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) é uma preocupação crescente em Saúde Pública. Um aumento na carga das DCV tem sido recentemente observado, principalmente em países de baixa e média renda, reflexo do aumento da expectativa de vida e do maior tempo de exposição aos fatores risco para as doenças crônicas. O aumento no número de anos vividos com alguma doença crônica tem se tornado uma das principais preocupações em saúde pública, destacando-se, nesse contexto, as doenças cardiovasculares, principal responsável por anos de vida perdidos ajustados por incapacidade em idosos. Dessa forma, a avaliação da carga das doenças crônicas na população, bem como o conhecimento de seus determinantes, representa um importante campo de estudo em Saúde Pública e no planejamento da atenção em saúde. Entretanto, estudos que analisaram tanto a mudança na prevalência de DCV na última década, como os determinantes individuais e contextuais das doenças cardiovasculares em idosos ainda são escassos no Brasil. Esta tese será apresentada sob a forma de três artigos científicos. O primeiro analisou o efeito dos determinantes individuais e contextuais na morbidade por DCV em idosos residentes do município de São Paulo em 2010. Foi observada uma maior presença de DCV entre os idosos que residiam em áreas com desigualdade de renda média-baixa (OR=1,35 IC95 por cento=1,15-1,59), média-alta (OR=2,71 IC95 por cento=2,18-3,36) e alta (OR=1,43 IC95 por cento=1,14-1,79), comparada ao nível mais baixo de desigualdade. Em relação às áreas com menor área verde por habitante, viver em áreas com maior cobertura vegetal esteve significantemente associado a uma menor chance de presença de DCV, mesmo após o ajuste estatístico para os fatores individuais e contextuais. O segundo artigo analisou a mudança na prevalência de DCV entre 2000 e 2010 e sua associação com os fatores socioeconômicos e fatores de risco em idosos. A prevalência de DCV em idosos foi igual a 17,9 por cento em 2000, 22,2 por cento em 2006 e 22,9 por cento em 2010. Em relação ao ano 2000, foi observado um aumento significativo da presença de DCV em 2006 (OR=3,20 IC95 por cento=1,93-5,31) e 2010 (OR=2,98 IC95 por cento=1,51-5,89). A presença de DCV também apresentou associação com maior faixa etária, histórico de tabagismo e presença de diabetes e hipertensão arterial, sendo observada uma associação inversa entre a presença de DCV e a ingestão de álcool. O terceiro artigo analisou a associação entre a força de preensão manual e a morbidade por doença cardiovascular em idosos. Foi observado que uma maior força de preensão manual esteve significativamente associada a uma menor presença de DCV em idosos (OR=0,47 IC95 por cento = 0,24 0,91), mesmo após o controle para as características individuais. / Cardiovascular disease morbidity (CVD) is a growing concern in Public Health. An increase in the burden of CVD has been recently observed, especially in low- and middle-income countries, due to increases in life expectancy and the longer exposure period to risk factors of chronic diseases. The increase of total years lived with a chronic disease is now considered as one of the main public health concerns, especially regarding cardiovascular diseases, the highest contributor to disability-adjusted life years among the elderly. Therefore, the assessment of the total burden of chronic diseases in the population and the identification of its determinants represents an important area of concern in Public Health and healthcare policies. However, studies that have analyzed both the evolution of the CVD prevalence in the last decade and the individual and contextual determinants of cardiovascular diseases among the elderly are still scarce in Brazil. This thesis is presented in the form of three papers. The first one analyzed the effect of individual and contextual determinants of morbidity of CVD in elderly residents of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in 2010. In comparison to elderly residents in areas with the lowest level of income inequality, higher odds of CVD presence was observed among those living in areas in the mediumlow (OR=1.35, 95 per cent CI 1.15 to 1.59), mediumhigh (OR=2.71, 95 per cent CI 2.18 to 3.36) and high (OR=1.43, 95 per cent CI 1.14 to 1.79) quartiles of income inequality. Regarding green spaces, those who live in areas with highest levels of vegetation coverage had a significantly lower risk of CVD, even after controlling for individual and contextual factors. The second paper analyzed the differences in the prevalence of CVD between 2000 and 2010 and its association with socioeconomic factors and risk factors among the elderly. The prevalence of CVD in the elderly was estimated to be 17.9 per cent in 2000, 22.2 per cent in 2006 and 22.9 per cent in 2010. Regarding the prevalence observed in 2000, there was a significant increase in presence of CVD in 2006 (OR = 3.20 95 per centCI = 1.93 to 5.31) and 2010 (OR = 2.98 95 per centCI = 1.51 to 5.89). The presence of CVD was also associated with older age, smoking history, presence of diabetes and hypertension, and an inverse association was observed between CVD presence and alcohol intake. The third paper analyzed the association between grip strength and cardiovascular disease morbidity in the elderly. A significantly lower presence of CVD was observed among the elderly with higher grip strength (OR = 0.47 95 per centCI = 0.24 to 0.91), even after controlling for individual characteristics.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T17:32:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELO ANDERSON BRACHT.pdf: 528517 bytes, checksum: fda430f0ee52869b14f2380311059025 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neck pain is a highly prevalent disease that leads to disability; individuals with neck pain experience changes in pressure pain threshold, latency activation of the neck muscles and in grip force control. However, there are few studies investigating the effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions on these changes, for example, cervical manipulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cervical manipulation on pain and upper limb motor control in subjects with neck pain. Thirty subjects with neck pain were instructed to grasp an object that was placed on a table, pre and post intervention, which consisted of or cervical manipulation (n = 15) or sham manipulation (n = 15). The data of the pain threshold, grip force and electrical activity of the upper limb muscles were collected during the task. A blinded evaluator assessed the variables of grip force control and latency of muscles in relation to the object lifting. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) identified a statistically significant difference (F = 7.46, P = 0.01) between groups for pressure pain threshold in the upper trapezius region, no significant differences were found for the other variables. The results of this study showed that cervical manipulation causes immediate local hypoalgesia, without however, change the motor control of the upper limb muscles. These results encourage future studies to investigate the cervical manipulation effects on motor control, in the medium and long term, using this and other dynamic tasks. / A cervicalgia é uma doença de alta prevalência que leva a incapacidade funcional; indivíduos com cervicalgia apresentam alterações no limiar de dor à pressão, na latência de ativação dos músculos cervicais e no controle da força de preensão manual. No entanto, são escassos os estudos que investigam a efetividade de intervenções fisioterapêuticas sobre essas alterações, por exemplo, a manipulação cervical. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos da manipulação cervical sobre a dor e o controle motor do membro superior em indivíduos com cervicalgia. Trinta sujeitos com cervicalgia foram instruídos a pegar e levantar um objeto que foi posicionado sobre uma mesa, pré e pós intervenção, que consistiu de ou manipulação cervical (n=15) ou manipulação placebo (n=15). Os dados do limiar de dor, da força de preensão e da atividade elétrica dos músculos do membro superior foram coletados durante a tarefa. Um avaliador cego analisou as variáveis de controle de força de preensão e a latência dos músculos em relação ao levantamento do objeto. Através da análise de covariância (ANCOVA) identificou-se uma diferença estatisticamente significativa (F= 7.46, p=0.01) entre os grupos para o limiar de dor à pressão na região do trapézio superior; não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para as demais variáveis estudadas. Os resultados desse estudo mostraram que a manipulação cervical provoca hipoalgesia imediata local, sem no entanto, alterar o controle motor dos músculos do membro superior. Esses resultados incentivam futuros estudos a investigar os efeitos da manipulação cervical a médio e longo prazo sobre o controle motor, mediante essa e outras tarefas dinâmicas.

The work has been carried out mainly for Tetra Pak within the project "A New Model for Deformation of Carton boardPackages by Manual Handling". Tetra Pak is specialized in food packaging, its processing and distribution. The purpose of this thesis was to implement a new carton board model for the finite element method which describes both the elastic and plastic deformation, this is called Hill’s model.This model is used to describe orthotropic materials, which a carton board is. Next, examine the differences that occurred in terms of principal stress and force-displacement diagram for different carton board packages when loaded with different objects. Simulations were performed in the finite element program Ansys APDL. To start with, a literature study was performed to cover the theory of the problem, problem causes and other work carried out in the same area. Then the material model was constructed and the simulations were performed. After this, all the data was gathered and analyzes performed. The introduction of the new material model was successful. The result shows how the carton board packages act until the maximum force the package can engage, in some cases also what happens after this state. The results also show how the principal stresses develop and the size of these. / Examensarbetet har utförts för i huvudsak Tetra Pak inom projektet "A New Model for Deformation of Carton Board Packages by Manual Handling". Tetra Pak är specialister på livsmedelsförpackningar, dess bearbetning och distribution. Syftet för detta examensarbete var att införa en kartongmodell för finita elementmetoden som beskriver både elastiskt och plastiskt tillstånd, denna kallas Hills modell. Modellen används för att beskriva ortotropa material, vilket kartong är. Därefter undersöka skillnader som uppstod vad gäller huvudspänningar och kraftförskjutningsdiagram för olika kartongförpackningar när dessa utsattes för olika tryckande objekt. Simuleringar utfördes i finita elementprogrammet, Ansys APDL. Till att börja med utfördes en litteraturstudie för att täcka teorin om problemet, problemorsaker och andra utförda arbeten inom samma område. Därefter gjordes materialmodellen var på simuleringarna utfördes. Efter detta samlades all data in och analyser utfördes. Införandet av den nya materialmodellen lyckades. Resultatet visar hur kartongförpackningarna agerar fram till den maximala kraften som förpackningen kan ta upp, i vissa fall även vad som händer efter detta tillstånd. Resultaten visar också hur huvudspänningarna utbreder sig och storleken på dessa.

The purpose of this study was (1) to review programs directed towards students defined "at risk" in the literature, (2) to construct a profile of the at-risk population served by the Gang Risk Intervention Program (GRIP) in Riverside County, and (3) to make future recommendations towards enhanced service delivery to the same.

L’avancée de l’âge entraîne une diminution du contrôle moteur ainsi que l’apparition de troubles de la marche et de l'équilibre. Ces difficultés affectent la capacité des personnes âgées à accomplir les activités de la vie quotidienne et à maintenir leur indépendance (Salthouse, 2000 ; Seidler et al., 2010). Dans le cadre des théories de la simulation, de nombreuses études ont révélé des similitudes, tant au niveau comportemental que neuronal, entre exécution et simulation motrice (Decety & Jeannerod, 1995 ; Grezes & Decety, 2001). Selon Jeannerod (2001), ce processus cognitif permet de simuler mentalement une action, tandis qu’un mécanisme d’inhibition est mis en place pour contrôler toute exécution motrice externe (Bonnet et al., 1997 ; Jeannerod, 1994). Il est toutefois difficile de caractériser ce processus et d’ainsi révéler les troubles de simulation. Par ailleurs, peu d’études se sont intéressées à stimuler le processus de simulation motrice, notamment par l’utilisation de stimuli odorants. En effet, il a été rapporté que les odeurs avaient de nombreux effets sur la cognition (Millot et al., 2002), les émotions (Matsunaga et al., 2012), mais également l’exécution motrice (Castiello et al., 2006). Ce travail de thèse vise à évaluer l’effet de l’environnement odorant sur la simulation motrice lors de tâches d’observation et d’imagerie d’actions motrices chez des participants jeunes et âgés sains. Dans une première partie, nous avons révélé la simulation motrice à l’aide d’une cellule de force, lors de l’observation d’actions. Une amplitude plus importante des variations de la force de préhension a été observée lors du visionnage de scènes vidéo d’actions chez des sujets jeunes (étude 1), reflet de la mise en place du processus de simulation motrice. Ces résultats ont été retrouvés lors de la présentation de photos représentant des activités de faible (marche) ou forte (course) intensité (étude 2). Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’effet des odeurs sur le processus de simulation motrice, la cognition et les émotions. En effet, les odeurs sont fortement liées à la mémoire, qu’elle soit émotionnelle (souvenirs) ou sémantique (catégorisation d’une odeur). Placés dans un environnement odorant, les participants ressentaient une sensation de bien-être lorsque les odeurs rappelaient des souvenirs autobiographiques (étude 3). En nous basant sur le modèle d’Act-in (Versace et al.,2014), sentir une odeur entrainerait une réactivation des traces en mémoire et permettrait de se représenter les caractéristiques perceptuelles d’un objet. Ainsi, sentir une orange (gros fruit) ou une fraise (petit fruit) impliquerait une simulation et une exécution motrice différente en fonction de leurs caractéristiques propres. Nous avons ainsi évalué l’influence des odeurs de fraise et d’orange sur la simulation d’actions impliquant la manipulation de fruits (Etude 4). Il était observé un relâchement de la contraction musculaire lorsqu’une odeur de fraise était présentée. L’odeur d’orange entrainait en revanche une plus importante contraction musculaire, et cela même si les participants devaient s’imaginer manipuler une fraise. Ces études ouvrent la question de la représentation perceptuelle évoquée par l’odeur et pouvant influencer la simulation et donc l’exécution. Utiliser des odeurs pourrait, dès lors, être utile lors la prise en soin des personnes ayant des troubles de la motricité en augmentant la sensation de bien-être ressenti et en stimulant le processus de simulation motrice par l’évocation des caractéristiques de perception par l’odeur. Un ensemble de perspectives de recherches et d’applications cliniques s’ouvrent au regard de ces résultats, et seront discutées dans cette thèse. / With advanced age, a decline in fine motor control, gait and balance is observed. These difficulties affect the elderly’s ability to perform daily activities and maintain their independence (Salthouse, 2000; Seidler et al., 2010). In the context of simulation theories, numerous studies revealed similarities between motor execution and simulation, both at a behavioral and a neural level, in neuronal behavioral behavior (Decety and Jeannerod 1995, Grezes and Decety 2001). According to Jeannerod (2001), this cognitive process permits to simulate an action, while a mechanism of inhibition operates to control any external motor execution (Bonnet et al., 1997, Jeannerod, 1994). However, it is difficult to characterize this process and thus reveal the simulation disorders. In addition, few studies were interesting in the stimulation of the motor simulation process, especially by using odorant stimuli. Indeed, odors can have effects on cognition (Millot et al., 2002), emotions (Matsunaga et al., 2012), and motor execution (Castiello et al., 2006). This thesis aims to evaluate the effect of the odorant environment on motor simulation during action observation and motor imagery task in healthy young and elderly participants. In the first part, we revealed the motor simulation by using a grip-force sensor during action observation and motor imagery tasks. A higher amplitude of the grip force variations was observed in young participants when they were watching video scenes of actions (study 1), reflecting the involving of motor simulation process. These results were also found when pictures depicting either a low (walk) or high (race) intensity of force were presented to young participants (study 2). In the same way, these variations were observed in elderly participants when they were watching video of reach-to-grasp actions (study 3). In the second part, we were interested in the effect of odors on the motor simulation process, cognition and emotions. Indeed, odors are strongly related to memory, either in an emotional (memories) or in a semantic (categorization of an odor) way. Placed in an odorant environment, participants felt more positive affects when the odors recalling autobiographical memories were diffused (Study 4). Based on the Act-in model (Versace et al., 2014), perceiving an odor would lead to a reactivation of memory traces implying the perceptual characteristics of this odor. Thus, smelling an orange (large fruit) or a strawberry (small fruit) would lead to a different motor simulation and execution according to their own characteristics. We thus evaluated the influence of strawberry and orange odors on the simulation of reaching-grasping actions involving fruit handling (Study 4). A size-congruence effect was found when a strawberry odor was diffused, as revealed with the muscular release observed. On the other hand, the orange odor led to a more important muscular contraction, especially when the participants had to imagine handle a strawberry. These studies open the question of the perceptual representation evoked by the odors that can influence the simulation process and thus the execution. Using odors could be relevant in clinical settings for people who are suffering from motor disorders by improving the well-being feeling and also stimulate the motor simulation process by evoking perceptual characteristics with the odors. A set of research perspectives and clinical applications will be opened considering these results and will be discussed in this thesis.