1 Abstract Slavery and its modern aspects This diploma thesis deals with the current and controversial topic. Aim of this thesis is to put attention to the speeches, forms and incredible frequency of modern slavery - phenomenon that would be at first glance wrongly seen as just historical issue. First chapter of the thesis speaks about historical excursion of slavery. Because of the limited scope is history focused on the main areas of ancient Greece and Rome, the area of the American continent with its huge business of African slaves, the period of Second World War and finally on the brief history at Czech territory. After the historical chapter is focus stressed on theoretical presentation of the problem - the nature of this phenomenon. Slavery is especially considered as part of International Guardianship of Human Rights. Theoretical part is followed by examples of most frequent real forms of modern slavery. These forms include sexual slavery and human trafficking, forced labor, forced marriage and child slavery as probably the most serious form of modern slavery. Chapter about international regulation of slavery is divided into few parts. After a brief history of the international perception of the slavery is attention paid to the general international law, then the law concerning the protection of...

The thesis explores the impact of the new Children’s Act 38 of 2005 on the acquisition of parental responsibilities and rights within a newly proposed framework designed for the purpose of reflecting the various ways in which parental responsibilities and rights can be acquired. The research has shown that the Children’s Act has fundamentally transformed the way in which parental responsibilities and rights are acquired. The transformation has created a scheme for the acquisition of parental responsibilities and rights that is for the most part constitutionally compliant and progressive insofar as it gives recognition to the different family forms found in South Africa. To this end the Children’s Act has considerably expanded the ways in which parental responsibilities and rights can be acquired. Whereas previously exclusively the preserve of heterosexual married parents in a nuclear family, parental responsibilities and rights can now automatically be acquired by a committed biological father and a married lesbian couple conceiving by artificial means. Apart from authorising courts to assign parental responsibilities and rights, the Children’s Act allows any holder of parental responsibilities and rights to confer responsibilities and rights on another by prior approved agreement. The Act also includes specific provisions to regulate the acquisition of parental responsibilities and rights by commissioning parents in the case of a surrogate motherhood agreement. The structure developed for the research topic reflects the transformation of the law in this regard by making the application of the best interests-standard, rather than the marital status of the child’s parents, the distinguishing feature of the subdivision between automatic and assigned acquisition. In this way the structure is an embodiment of the paramountcy of the best interests principle in section 28(2) of the Constitution. Insofar as the law still requires a distinction to be made between biological mothers and fathers, on the one hand, and naturally and artificially conceived children, on the other, the structure also highlights the remaining shortcomings of the law in this regard. The structure is, furthermore, necessarily complicated by the need to distinguish between the acquisition of care, on the one hand, and guardianship, on the other. As far as fathers are still not treated the same as mothers in the automatic allocation of parental responsibilities and rights, the Act is deemed not to have been progressive enough. Conferring full parental responsibilities and rights on both parents based on their biological link to the child would not only be in line with worldwide trends, but would also meet the constitutional demands of substantive sex and gender equality. It will further place the focus on the best interests of the child, which emphasises the importance of both parents for the child. While the research shows that tensions between the biological and social constructs of parenthood may possibly hamper the legal recognition of de facto care-givers or other persons with whom the child has developed a psychological bond, the greatest weakness of the Act would seem to lie in the failure to implement an integrated family court structure. Please cite as follows: Louw, AS 2009, Acquisition of parental responsibilities and rights, PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewedyymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09102009-170707/ > Copyright / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Private Law / unrestricted

Étude théorique sur les institutions de la tutelle officieuse et de l'adoption sous l'application du Code civil de 1804. C'est une étude théorique car la tutelle officieuse n'a pas connue de nombreuses pratiques. Au travers de l'institution de l'adoption, il est analysé et supposé les applications théoriques de l'institution de la tutelle officieuse. Cette étude est à la fois historique et théorique, les liens de filiation fictive y sont analysés afin de permettre une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes d'adoption et d'attachement d'un mineur à l'apparition de l'adoption sous l'application du Code civil de 1804. / Theoretical study on the institutions of the unofficial supervision(guardianship) and the adoption under the application of the Civil code of 1804. It is a theoretical study because the unofficial supervision(guardianship) did not know of numerous practices. Through the institution of the adoption, are analyzed and supposed the theoretical applications of the institution of the unofficial supervision(guardianship). This study is historic and theoretical at once(at the same time), the links of fictitious filiation are analyzed there to allow a better understanding of the mechanisms of adoption and attachment of a minor(miner) the appearance of the adoption under the application of the Civil code of 1804.

本研究以民國97年5月23日總統公布民法總則編修正條文第14條、15條，增訂第15條之1及第15條之2，民法親屬編第4章監護與輔助制度之新規定，以及法院實務運作為探討重心，輔以分析比較大陸法系國家--德國成年照護制度與日本成年後見制度，以及英美法系國家--英國2005年意思能力法案與美國2006年統一代理權授與授權法之制度，以針對我國學者對於新成年監護制度之見解與目前實務運作所產生之問題為之探討，以提出以下結論與建議：一、基於尊重本人自主權之理念，未來應制定意定監護制度。二、法定監護制度之修正：(1)意思能力之判斷原則應有明確規範，並以英國2005年意思能力法五項指導原則為判斷守則。(2)不應一律剝奪受監護宣告人之行為能力。(3)監護聲請權人應增列未成年監護人、同居人與同性生活伴侶。(4)受破產宣告之人雖不可為財產管理之監護人，但可為身上照護之監護人。(5)監護事務方面，關於重大醫療照護等身上監護事項應明文規定交由法院審查。(6)受監護人之自主權與保護受監護人之利益應有所平衡。(7)建議增列繼任監護人，以及解決監護關係相對終了，因監護人無繼承人時，無人管理受監護人財產移交與結算事項等問題。(8)輔助宣告方面：因輔助人只有同意權無代理權可代受輔助人行使所物返還請求權，為保護受輔助人，可由法院賦予輔助人行使特定財產行為之代理權。(9)最佳利益原則：法院應鼓勵受監護人參與監護事務之決定，並考量受監護宣告之人過去、現在願望與感受，以及受監護宣告之人之價值觀和信仰如何影響其決定，亦即受監護人即便現在欠缺意思能力，其意見仍應予以尊重。三、監護監督制度是監護制度成功與否之重要機制，鑒於國外成年監護制度均設有監護監督機構，以支援法院為監護監督工作，又考量監護品質之維護，我國未來應設立協助法院監督之機關。 / This research is intended to study the amendments of Civil Code, Article 14, Article 15, Article 15-1, Article 15-2, and Section 2 Guardianship and Assistantship over Adults of Chapter IV announced by the President on May 23, 2008, and to investigate the adult guardianship cases. Furthermore, this research chooses four advanced countries--Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States to compare and analyze their legal systems of adult guardianship. Those countries’ adult guardianship legal systems and the scholars’ viewpoint provide the following conclusions and suggestions: First, according to the underlying philosophy of respecting decision-making power of the ward, we should establish the voluntarily nominated guardian model. Secondly, the Adult Guardianship Act should be amended：(1) A definite standard for a person’s capacity of evaluation should be clarified. We can adopt the UK Mental Capacity Act 2005, the five statutory principles to help evaluate if a person lacks capacity. (2) The Act should not deprive a person of all his legal capacity, when once a person is declared incapacity by the family court. (3) The Act’s applicants should include minor guardian and civil partnership. (4) Guardians who are bankrupt will no longer be allowed to act as guardians for property and affairs but can still act as guardians for personal welfare. (5) The ward’s personal welfare decisions on serious healthcare and treatment should be put before the family court for approval. (6) The act should aim to balance an individual’s right to make decisions for themselves with their right to be protected from harm if they lack capacity to make decisions to protect themselves. (7) The guardian’s authority terminates when the guardian dies. However, a problem will arise from it. The problem is that if the guardian does not have a successor, the guardian cannot transfer the ward’s property to a new guardian. To solve the problem, adopting a successor guardian may be a good method. (8)The assistance (advisory) system：Because assistants do not have authority to take actions to ask the third person to give back the person’s property, the authority should be granted to assistants by the family court in order to protect their interests. (9) Best interests: The family court must consider the ward’s past and present wishes, feelings, beliefs and values that would be likely to influence his/her decision if he or she had capacity. Thirdly, monitoring guardian system can help adult guardianship system to operate successfully, and protect those wards. Many countries such as Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States are all devoted to developing their monitoring guardian system. In taking the quality of the adult guardianship into consideration, our country should establish monitoring guardian system in the future.

Depuis l’entrée en vigueur de la loi n° 68-5 du 3 janvier 1968 portant réforme du droit des incapables,la sous-population des majeurs protégés s’est fortement modifiée, aussi bien au niveau de son effectifqu’au niveau de sa structure. Toutefois, par manque de données statistiques, cette sous-population estde nos jours encore méconnue. Afin d’améliorer la connaissance de la sous-population des majeursprotégés nous avons réalisé une analyse démographique de sa dynamique. L’objectif était de comblerun certain nombre de lacunes concernant d’une part le stock de majeurs sous tutelle, curatelle ousauvegarde de justice (effectif, répartition par sexe et par âge...) et d’autre part les caractéristiques desouvertures, des fins et des changements de régime de protection (fréquence, décomposition desflux...). Ce travail de recherche mené grâce à une approche multi-sources, a permis de distinguer cequi dans les évolutions observées, tenait à la modification des comportements de mise sous protectionet ce qui tenait aux changements de composition de la population française du point de vue de l’âge etde l’état de santé. Il a conduit à mettre en évidence la liaison forte, mais en transformation, entre typede mesure de protection et caractéristiques des majeurs bénéficiaires. Enfin, ce travail de recherchepourra servir de base pour appréhender ultérieurement le devenir de la sous-population des majeursprotégés dans un contexte de modification législative. / The sub-population of wards in France has changed significantly, both in size and composition, sinceLaw no. 68-5 of 3 January 1968 on incapacitated adults came into force. However, a lack a statisticaldata means it is still badly known. To improve our knowledge of the sub-population of wards, ademographic analysis of its dynamics was conducted. The purpose was to fill knowledge gaps relatingto the existing population of vulnerable adults under guardianship (e.g. number, sex, age) and to thecharacteristics of the court orders establishing, amending or ending guardianship (e.g. frequency,flows). Thanks to a multi-source approach the study identifies what derives from the changes inbehaviour relating to the establishment of guardianship and from the changes undergone by the Frenchpopulation in terms of age structure and health. The study highlights a strong but changing relationshipbetween the type of guardianship and the characteristics of individual wards. The study may also serveas a starting point for further analysis of the sub-population of wards following recent changes in thelaw.

The thesis is focused on pedagogical problem children from primary schools, which are in the care of tutelage. The theoretical part explains who are educationally troubled children and what measures can be taken elementary school. Here are inappropriate family environment, special attention is paid to the developmental specificities of these children. The theoretical part of the work is concluded with a chapter on social tutelage, which explains in detail the activities of the social worker for children and youth in the social and legal protection of children. The empirical part of the thesis is composed of a qualitative research focused on these children. Using case studies shows the specific process of tutelage in solving the problem educate primary school children.

Submitted by PPG Direito (ppgdir@pucrs.br) on 2018-03-06T20:47:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIEGO_GONCALVES_ DA_ SILVA_DIS.pdf: 929164 bytes, checksum: 0b9d5f73bda3144775889f93b4af7304 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2018-03-07T14:39:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DIEGO_GONCALVES_ DA_ SILVA_DIS.pdf: 929164 bytes, checksum: 0b9d5f73bda3144775889f93b4af7304 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-07T14:45:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIEGO_GONCALVES_ DA_ SILVA_DIS.pdf: 929164 bytes, checksum: 0b9d5f73bda3144775889f93b4af7304 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The pregnancy foods, drafted by Law 11.804/2008, consists of values provided by the alleged father whose main purpose is to guarantee the livelihood of the mother and the unborn child, dependents of the aid, given the risks of gestation. In spite of the relevance, it is not uncommon that the holder of rights of this nature to seek the Judicial system to implement them. Thus, the judicial process plays a decisive role, representing the last alternative for the achievement of the material right to food. In this scenario, in which life is at risk, the concession for temporary tutelage of urgency and its application in the gestational feeding lawsuit has high importance, and is indispensable that its exercise be carried out in accordance with the fundamental procedural rights of the parties. In this context, the present work aims to address the provisional tutelage of pregnancy foods lawsuit from the perspective of the fundamental rights of the parties, considering the object of the law discussed in claims of this kind, as well as the existing asymmetry between the parties that integrate this procedural relationship. Therefore, this dissertation is divided into two parts. At the first one, it is intended to contextualize the phenomenon of constitutionalisation of the process as a pillar to understand the process by the fundamental rights perspective, as well to approach the aspects related to pregnancy foods itself, analyzing the principles underlying Law 11804/2008, which regulates this very law, and peculiarities regarding it. In the second part, there will be a critical reading about the legal regime of the temporary tutelage of urgency in the action of pregnancy foods and their application in the light of the fundamental rights of the parties projections, namely: the inseparability of the judicial control, the right to the contradictory, to the proof, legal safety and the reasonable length of the proceedings. / Os alimentos grav?dicos, redigidos pela Lei 11.804/2008, consistem em valores prestados pelo suposto genitor cujo escopo principal ? o de garantir a subsist?ncia da genitora e do nascituro, dependentes do aux?lio, face aos riscos da gesta??o. Em que pese essa relev?ncia, n?o ? nada incomum que a titular de direito dessa natureza busque o Poder Judici?rio para concretiz?-los. Assim, o processo judicial assume papel decisivo, representando a ?ltima alternativa para a consecu??o do direito material de natureza alimentar. Nesse cen?rio, no qual o que est? em risco ? a vida, o instituto da tutela provis?ria de urg?ncia e sua aplica??o na a??o alimentar gestacional tem import?ncia elevada, sendo indispens?vel que seu exerc?cio ocorra em conson?ncia com os ditames dos Direitos fundamentais das partes. Dentro desse contexto, a presente disserta??o tem como objetivo abordar a tutela provis?ria de urg?ncia na a??o de alimentos grav?dicos na perspectiva dos direitos fundamentais processuais das partes, considerando o objeto do direito discutido em demandas dessa natureza, bem como a assimetria existente entre as partes que integram essa rela??o processual. Para tanto, a disserta??o est? dividida em duas partes. Na primeira, subdividida em dois cap?tulos, pretende-se contextualizar o fen?meno da constitucionaliza??o do processo como pilar para compreens?o do processo na perspectiva dos direitos fundamentais processuais, bem como abordar aspectos relativos aos alimentos grav?dicos, analisando os dispositivos da Lei 11.804/2008 que disciplina o direito em quest?o, bem como as peculiaridades que cercam a lei. Na segunda parte, subdividida em cinco cap?tulos, farar-se-? uma leitura cr?tica acerca do regime jur?dico da tutela provis?ria de urg?ncia na a??o de alimentos grav?dicos e sua aplica??o ? luz de proje??es dos direitos fundamentais das partes, quais sejam: a inafastabilidade do controle judicial, o direito ao contradit?rio, ? prova, ? seguran?a jur?dica e a dura??o razo?vel do processo.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:32:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIA ABADIA DE CARVALHO.pdf: 941044 bytes, checksum: 456ccdd8221b11a346517273bd9da6ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-16 / This work sets up a general characterization of the Guardianship Councils (CTS) in Goiânia-GO and it investigates the actions of such boards. This study chose as the empirical unit CTS, by understanding them as legitimate bodies responsible for care of the rights of children and adolescents in the municipality. The goal is to delineate the professional and socio-economical profile and to exam the internal dynamics provided by CTS. It identifies the operation, expertise, political legitimacy and greater incidence of the demands made in a context of denial of social rights and continued violation of the rights of children and adolescents. It takes into account that the CTS have the precepts of the Statute of Children and Adolescents (ACE), the guiding principle of his actions and that the creation of the CTS is scheduled in its title V, 131. The ECA is understood as the result of collective struggle of mobilized sectors of civil society (National Movement of Street Boys and Girls, National Movement for Human Rights and others), in defending the rights of children and adolescents, as part of a broad process of efforts, actions and disputes in the construction of democracy and extended citizenship. The survey conducted revealed that, despite the advances and achievements, some of CTS in Goiânia-GO are away from ethical and political commitment as guardians of the rights of the segments at risk and social vulnerability. It is understood that this condition results from a vulnerable inhuman and unequal concentration of wealth that exposes, weakens and penalizes hundreds of families of low purchasing power which, by the situation of poverty (extreme or relative), have no power to enforce the vocalization of their rights before the authorities. Such Councils, however, are in continuous danger of being protected by the municipal executive, which in turn is assumed as a priority the zeal for the rights of children and adolescents in the municipality. These processes have produced a great gap in the field of rights, especially between what is legal (rights guaranteed by law) and situation (right denied) in Goiânia. Finally, having as the horizon the consolidation of citizenship rights of these segments, it is understood as one of the challenges that civil society must mobilize itself to ensure effectiveness of the mechanisms of democratic control, including the performance of CTS. It is expected that civil society strengthen the CTS, in the light of the principles of the ECA, including them as instances of building participatory democracy. / Neste trabalho define-se a caracterização geral dos Conselhos Tutelares (CTs) em Goiânia-GO e se investiga a atuação desses conselhos. Este estudo elegeu como unidade de análise os CTs, por entendê-los como legítimas instâncias responsáveis pelo zelo dos direitos da criança e do adolescente no município. Objetiva-se traçar o perfil profissional e socioeconômico dos conselheiros tutelares, e se analisa a dinâmica interna apresentada pelos CTs. Identificam-se as condições de funcionamento, competências, legitimidade política e a maior incidência das demandas apresentadas, em um contexto de negação dos direitos sociais e de contínua violação dos direitos da criança e do adolescente. Leva-se em conta que os CTs têm, nos preceitos do Estatuto da Criança e Adolescente (ECA), o princípio norteador de suas ações e que a criação dos CTs está prevista em seu título V, artigo 131. O ECA é compreendido como resultado da luta coletiva de setores mobilizados da sociedade civil (Movimento Nacional de Meninos e Meninas de Rua MNMMR, Movimento Nacional dos Direitos Humanos MDH, e outros), em defesa dos direitos da criança e do adolescente, e como parte de um amplo processo de esforços, ações e embates na construção da democracia participativa e da cidadania ampliada. A pesquisa realizada revelou que, apesar dos avanços e conquistas, alguns CTs de Goiânia-GO estão se distanciando do compromisso ético-político, como guardiões dos direitos de segmentos em situação de risco e de vulnerabilidade social. Entende-se que essa condição vulnerável resulta de uma desumana e desigual concentração de renda que expõe, fragiliza e penaliza centenas de famílias de baixo poder aquisitivo que, pela própria situação de pobreza (extrema ou relativa), não têm poder de vocalização para fazer valer seus direitos ante o poder público. Esses conselhos, no entanto, estão em contínuo risco de se tornarem tutelados pelo executivo municipal, que, por seu turno, não tem assumido como prioridade o zelo pelos direitos das crianças e adolescentes no município. Esses processos têm produzido uma grande lacuna no campo dos direitos, especialmente entre o que é legal (direito assegurado em lei) e a situação real (direito negado), em Goiânia. Por fim, tem-se como horizonte a consolidação dos direitos de cidadania desses segmentos, que a sociedade civil deve mobilizar-se para garantir a efetividade dos mecanismos de controle democrático, incluindo a atuação dos CTs. Espera-se que a sociedade civil goianiense fortaleça os CTs, à luz dos princípios do ECA, compreendendo-os como instâncias de construção da democracia participativa.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-02-15T10:33:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ CARLOS DA SILVA CARDOZO_.pdf: 3897863 bytes, checksum: 6181d90a8193cc1db9a964e819188843 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-15T10:33:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ CARLOS DA SILVA CARDOZO_.pdf: 3897863 bytes, checksum: 6181d90a8193cc1db9a964e819188843 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-10 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo tem por finalidade analisar não somente a situação dos menores de idade e de suas famílias que, na cidade de Porto Alegre da segunda metade do século XIX (então capital da Província/Estado mais meridional do Brasil), recorreram ao instituto legal da tutela para dirimir, por meio legal, algum infortúnio que tenha sobrevindo a eles ou a suas famílias, mas também a instituição que era responsável por julgar os processos judiciais – o Juízo dos Órfãos de Porto Alegre. Essa instituição zelava pelos direitos das crianças que se encontrassem em situação de dissolução familiar decorrente de maus-tratos, doenças, incapacidade – ou morte – dos pais, encarregando-se de designar um adulto legalmente constituído como responsável para cada criança que necessitasse de um tutor. Para realizar este estudo, utilizamos a História Social como fundamentação teórico-metodológica, com o propósito de refletir sobre determinados aspectos relacionados à instituição, como aqueles que operavam o Direito, os agentes sociais que recorriam a ela apresentando um menor de idade que necessitasse de um responsável legal sobre si e, principalmente, as crianças, adolescentes e jovens que tiveram suas histórias preservadas pelas folhas dos autos judiciais de tutela. Dessa forma, conseguimos compreender as dinâmicas familiares nas quais as estruturas político-econômico-sociais acabaram por intervir por meio do Juízo Distrital da Vara de Órfãos de Porto Alegre. / This study aims to analyze not only the situation of minors and their families that, in the city of Porto Alegre in the last half of XIX century (then the capital city of the province/ the southernmost Brazilian state), called on the legal guardianship mechanism to settle, through legal means, any misfortune that has happened to them or their families, but also the institution that was responsible for trying the judicial proceedings - The Orphans Court of Porto Alegre. That institution protected the rights of children living without a family because of parents’ maltreatment, diseases, incapability – or death - , being in charge of designating an adult to be responsible for each child who needed a guardian. This paper used Social History as theoretical methodological framework in order to reflect on given aspects related to the institution, as those who enforce the law, the social agents who appealed to it introducing a minor in need of a legal guardian and, mainly, the children, adolescent and the young who had their history preserved in the Guardianship Court records. Therefore, we were able to comprehend the family dynamics in which the social political and economic structure ended up interceding through the District Court of Orphans of Porto Alegre.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-10T11:31:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Paiva Gouveia.pdf: 1241231 bytes, checksum: adae7583265cee12166cf1d394dab2f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-10T11:31:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Paiva Gouveia.pdf: 1241231 bytes, checksum: adae7583265cee12166cf1d394dab2f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-14 / An evolution of procedural law was necessary to adapt to the new needs of the contemporary world in order to ensure the effective protection of interests that go beyond the limits of interindividual relations. In the Brazilian scenario, showing concern about the increasing mass conflicts, the importance of collective tutelage was verified and a collective process microsystem was created, contributing in a significant way to the consecration of Brazilian collective procedural law. There are three essential characteristics of collective actions: the defense of collective rights (lato sensu); A system of differentiated legitimacy; And a special scheme of res judicata. The New Code of Civil Procedure (NCPC) has chosen to increase the techniques of multi-individual tutelage over collective guardianship. The legislator's option was to develop techniques for collective resolution of repetitive demands, through judgments made in the so-called sample judgments, perfecting the discipline of the already existing special and extraordinary repetitive resources and creating the incident of resolution of repetitive demands. These mechanisms for judging repetitive demands are criticized for showing greater concern about reducing the number of cases, regardless of the quality of judicial decisions and ensuring access to justice, which can pose serious risks to the civil procedural system Brazilian / Foi necessária uma evolução do direito processual para adaptar-se às novas necessidades do mundo contemporâneo, a fim de assegurar a tutela efetiva de interesses que extrapolam os limites das relações interindividuais. No cenário brasileiro, demonstrando preocupação com os crescentes conflitos de massa, verificou-se a importância da tutela coletiva e criou-se um microssistema processual coletivo, contribuindo de forma significativa para a consagração do direito processual coletivo brasileiro. São três as características essências das ações coletivas: a defesa de direito coletivo (lato sensu); um sistema de legitimidade diferenciado; e um regime especial da coisa julgada. O Novo Código de Processo Civil (NCPC) optou pelo incremento das técnicas de tutela pluri-individual em detrimento das de tutela coletiva. A opção do legislador foi de desenvolver técnicas de resolução coletiva de demandas repetitivas, por meio de decisões proferidas nos denominados julgamentos por amostragem, aperfeiçoando a disciplina dos já existentes recursos especial e extraordinário repetitivos e criando o incidente de resolução de demandas repetitivas. Esses mecanismos de julgamento de demandas repetitivas, são alvo de críticas por demonstrarem maior preocupação com a redução do número de processos, independentemente da qualidade das decisões judiciais e da efetivação da garantia de acesso à justiça, o que pode trazer graves riscos ao sistema processual civil brasileiro