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In 2012, the first state lottery began to sell its product over the internet. The additional digital delivery method represents a new era for a product that has been in the market for over three decades. Permitting a potentially competing delivery method for the same product presents an opportunity to examine the impact internet lottery sales have on traditional lottery sales. The thesis builds on work that explored what motivates policy makers to approve innovative policy solutions, such as a new internet delivery method for lottery sales, and how that decision impacts the overall viability of the existing product. By analyzing sales, profits, and growth rates, I sought to determine if market cannibalization or revenue displacement occurred when the new delivery method was added. My findings show that state lotteries experienced sales growth prior to internet sales. Prior to internet sales, only one state experienced flat gross domestic product growth in the year preceding internet sales, while the five others analyzed experienced declining GDP growth. This suggests that poor economic indicators may have led decision makes to approve a new policy for a product that otherwise was growing to address fiscal stress. After internet sales were introduced, profits and in-person lottery sales at retail locations were higher than before internet sales. Total lottery sales grew in all states that permitted internet sales; however, not all states saw sales growth grow as fast as before internet sales. This suggests that internet lottery sales have a positive impact but might dilute what could have been higher sales growth rates. / Master of Arts / Lotteries date back to ancient times. They originated out of necessity for the primary reason we use them today - leaders need money to fund public works and programs. Often, voluntary taxes like lotteries are a more politically effective way to raise funds than mandatory taxes. Modern lotteries in the United States reemerged as a legitimate state funding source in the mid-1960s. In 2020, 45 states had lotteries. My findings show lotteries continue to see growth in sales, many to benefit public education. Yet some seek to innovate the method of delivery by allowing lottery purchases over the internet. When this is permitted, how does the ability to purchase lottery over the internet impact traditional lottery sales at retail store locations? This thesis analyzed sales data from the six states that permit internet sales to show that internet sales increased lottery profits, retail sales, and total sales. However, after implementing internet sales, two of the four states with at least three years of internet sales experienced sales growth that was slower than before internet sales were permitted. This may mean some revenue displacement occured when the additional delivery method was implemented. It is rational for lotteries to want to increase sales and respond to rising customer demands in this digital age. However, legislators who may be interested in growing lottery sales as a way to combat other fiscal stress should consider whether any cannibalization may occur by permitting additional lottery delivery methods.

Spel om pengar och dess konsekvenser för individ och samhälle har kommit att bli ett mycket omdiskuterat samtalsämne under 2019. Den svenska spelmarknaden omreglerades 2019 med motivet att motverka spelets skadeverkningar och att skydda konsumenterna. Folkhälsoperspektivet genomsyrar utvärderingar av spelproblematik och spelmarknaden och omfattande samhällsekonomiska konsekvensanalyser saknas, delvis på grund av internationell oenighet om hur spelproblemens samhällsekonomiska kostnader ska estimeras. Den här uppsatsen syftar till att estimera de svenska samhällsekonomiska kostnaderna som uppstår till följd av spelproblem. Metoden som använts i uppsatsen består dels av en samhällsekonomisk kalkyl där kostnaderna för spelproblem i Sverige 2018 beräknats men den består också av en översikt samt diskussion av tidigare studier som genomförts på området. Metoderna är starkt kopplade till varandra där översikten och diskussionen av de tidigare studierna lagt grunden för den metod som använts vid estimeringen. I översikten av tidigare studier identifierades och diskuterades metodproblematiken främst kring intangibla kostnader och teoretisk tolkning vilket underbyggde uppsatsens metodval vid estimeringen. Den samhällsekonomiska kostnaden för spelproblem i Sverige år 2018 estimerades till att vara ca 9,5 - 20,2 miljarder kronor. För att förbättra estimeringens precision och relevans behövs ytterligare metodutveckling vilket uppsatsen ger ett antal förslag på. Förslagen baseras på den identifierade metodproblematiken och tillhörande diskussion. / Gambling and gambling related problems for individuals and society have come to be a highly debated topic in Sweden during 2019. A new regulation of the Swedish gambling market has been implemented during 2019 with the motive to counteract gambling problems and protect consumers. A public health approach has been dominating evaluations of the gambling sector and there is a lack of evaluations with a welfare economical approach. This is partly due to an international disagreement on how the welfare economical costs of problems with gambling should be estimated. This paper aims to estimate the social costs of gambling problems. The method used in this paper consists partly of the method used for estimating the social costs that arise as a result of gambling problems. However it also consists of an overview and discussion of previous studies conducted within this area. The methods are strongly connected to each other where the overview and discussion of previous studies laid the foundation for the method used in the estimation. The overview of previous studies identified and discussed methodological issues mainly regarding intangible costs and theoretical interpretation which supported the paper’s methodological considerations when performing the estimation. The social costs of gambling in Sweden 2018 was estimated to be between 9.5-20.2 billion SEK. In order to improve the accuracy and relevance of the estimation, further methodological development is needed. This paper provides a number of suggestions based on the methodological issues that have been identified.

Electronic commerce and the internet provide greater opportunities for companies and individual person to be involved in commercial activities; the involved parties may not know or trust each other or may even be mutually suspicious of each other. The issue of fairness becomes more critical and must be well addressed. The aim of this thesis is to investigate security solutions with fairness for on-line transactions. A fair trading protocol with credit payment is proposed. The proof of equivalence of discrete logarithm to discrete loglogarithm is employed as the main tool to construct the protocol. The scheme provides a unique link between payment and gambling outcome so that the winner can be ensured to get the payment. Since an optimal fair exchange method is used in gambling message exchange, the proposed system guarantees that no one can successfully cheat during a gambling process. Our system requires an off-line Trusted Third Party (TTP). If cheating occurs, the TTP can resolve the problem and make the gambling process fair. An efficient and secure poker scheme is proposed. It is based on multiple encryption and decryption of individual cards. The protocol satisfies all major security requirements of a real mental poker. It gets rid of the Card Salesman and guarantees minimal effect due to collusion. The protocol is secure and more efficient compared with other known protocols. The strategies of players can be kept confidential with the introduction of a Dealer. The protocol is suitable to be implemented in an on-line gambling card game. The implementation of the fair on-line gambling protocol has been demonstrated and all utility classes for the implementation have been defined. / Master of Science (Hons)

With the exception of horse racing, any form of gambling was criminalised in South Africa until the dawn of constitutional democracy in 1994. In the same year, the Lotteries and Gambling Board Act, 1993, came into force decriminalising, amongst others, casinos and gambling games within the Republic. This Act has since been repealed and gambling is governed by the National Gambling Act, 2004, as well as by provincial gambling laws. Interactive / online gambling is illegal pending authorisation by a national legislation. Such legislation, the National Gambling Amendment Act, 2008, seeking to regulate interactive gambling awaits proclamation of the date of its commencement by the President. The National Gambling Policy, 2016, dashes any hope of regulation of interactive gambling, however, as it seeks to embargo the introduction of (new) forms of gambling, including but not limited to interactive gambling. The scourge of problem gambling and the protection of traditional forms of gambling, that is, casinos, are the main reasons for advocating for the continued prohibition of interactive gambling. Problem gambling is not unique to interactive gambling, but affects all modes of gambling. South Africa is among countries with a high rate of problem gambling. It is feared that interactive gambling will exacerbate the scourge of problem gambling as gamblers with access to the internet will now have unlimited gambling opportunities around the clock. On the other hand, interactive gambling offers practical solutions to the implementation of harm minimisation strategies to deal with problem gambling such as limitations on gambling deposits, losses and time. Prohibition of interactive gambling is difficult to enforce and deprives the country of an opportunity to control, through licensing, this mode of gambling and possible benefit from taxation and licensing fees. It further exposes gamblers – who despite prohibition choose this mode of gambling – to unregulated and illegal gambling websites. This thesis attempts to provide safeguards for regulation of interactive gambling and to embrace the benefits of the technological development that makes interactive gambling a reality. The United Kingdom (UK) is a prime example of a country that has successfully legalised and licensed interactive gambling in its jurisdiction. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. D.

For many individuals, gambling is regarded as a recreational activity, a socially encompassed pastime. For the individuals who partook in the present study, gambling is an Achilles heel at which the individuals were hopelessly at the mercy of. Initially a ‘fun’ activity, gambling emerged as an activity that provided both an aspect of enjoyment and escapism. Later, as the behaviour increased, interpersonal and intrapersonal consequences emerged; which eventually led participants to take action and break free from the activity once experienced as recreational and now as a “monster”. The aim of the study was to explore the lived experience of six South African individuals who met the criteria for a gambling disorder. Both a phenomenological approach and ecological perspective were used to elicit the essence of this particular phenomenon as experienced by the participants. Purposive sampling procedures were implemented. Data was collected through the use of a biographical questionnaire and individual, open ended conversations with six gamblers. The data was processed and analysed according to qualitative data processing and analysis procedures. Due to the gap in qualitative research in this particular area, specifically in the South African context, this research study has the potential to create a better understanding of the lived experience of gambling addiction through the shared experiences of participants.

Problem gambling is a public health issue that affects gamblers, relatives and society in general. The Swedish National Gambling Helpline, Stödlinjen, operates as a primary help to people with problems related to gambling. The 22,260 calls made to the helpline from 2009 to 2016 were studied with regards to gender, age, online gambling, psychosocial problems, and crime. Comparison between gamblers and relatives revealed gender and age differences. Reports of online gambling increased for both groups as time progressed, while crime declined. The results are discussed, and it is concluded that more research on the connection between gambling and crime is needed, as well as further develop a crime-aspect in the counsellors’ documentation of helpline callers.

L’histoire normative française comme l’histoire normative sarde, démontre une certaine ambivalence vis-à-vis des jeux de hasard, exprimée dans les textes répressifs (le décret du 24 juin 1806 et les articles 410 et 475 du Code pénal de 1810). Le cadre répressif dominant, au travers des lois du 21 mai et du 18 juillet 1836, révèle de nouveau cette ambivalence. En effet, l’article 4 du décret de 1806 et l’article 5 de la loi du 21 mai 1836, traduisent déjà une tolérance de l’administration supérieure vis-à-vis de la progression des jeux. Aussi, les autorités préfectorales confirment une tolérance progressive vis-à-vis des jeux de hasard. Localement, des casinos sont autorisés, après l’annexion à la France en 1860, ils suscitent des controverses de la presse et d’une partie de l’opinion publique. Néanmoins, face à la concurrence d’un État limitrophe (la principauté de Monaco), les pouvoirs publics des Alpes-Maritimes encouragent une politique d’exploitation des jeux, car favorable au développement urbain, généré par la villégiature, puis le tourisme. Un droit empirique des jeux de hasard se développe alors dans la zone de villégiature du département. La réforme nationale normative du 15 juin 1907, en légalisant alors les casinos-cercles dans les stations balnéaires, thermales et climatiques, est particulièrement favorable aux Alpes-Maritimes. Dorénavant, les intérêts économiques prévalent sur des considérations morales. La sphère des jeux devient un élément convoité. L’attraction financière, notamment vis-à-vis du prélèvement communal sur le produit des jeux, laisse entrevoir un droit utilitariste conforté par la réforme de la loi de finances en 1953. / The French normative history, just like the Sardian normative history shows a certain ambivalence when it comes to gambling games, as it’s expressed in repressive texts (the June 24th 1804 bill and the 410 and 475 articles from the 1810 criminal Code). The dominant repressive framework, through the laws of May 21st and July 18th 1836, reveals again that ambivalence. Indeed, the article 4 from the 1806’s bill and the 5 from the May 21st 1836’law, already translate a progressive tolerance of the games progression from the superior administration. Also, the prefectural authorities confirm a progressive tolerance about gambling games. Locally, some casinos are allowed, after the annexion to France in 1860, they bring up some controversial reactions from the press and the public opinion. However, because of the concurrence coming from a neighboring state (the principality of Monaco), the public authorities of the Alpes-Maritimes, encourage the game exploitation, because of their favorable impact on the urban development, generated by resorts then tourism. An empirical right to gambling games is then developing in the resort area of the department. The national reform of June, which legalized the casinos in the seaside, health and thermal stations is especially beneficial to the Alpes-Maritimes. From now on, the economic interests prevail on moral considerations. The gambling sphere becomes a much coveted domain. The financial attraction, especially from the communal tax on gambling games, shows a glimpse of the utilitarian law later confronted by the financial reform in 1953.

This study focuses on how gambling disorder is a part of the investigation at the social office. Gambling disorder is a part of Socialtjänstlagen. This new law came into effect 1/1-2018. The purpose of this study is to examine how the economic aid, in the social office, works with gambling disorder. The study was made from a qualitative approach and was conducted through semi-structured interviews, the results of which were consequently analyzed by using a theory about social constructionism and social construction. The results indicated that there were some problems in how to ask questions about gaming disorder when meeting with the clients. The study also showed that the investigation are suppose to include the child perspective, but not to which extend this investigation should be made. This study shows the importance of knowledge and understanding in how to help clients with a gambling disorder. The study also shows that social workers might not have enough qualification to investigate gambling disorder among their clients.