Orientador: Charlotte Marie Chambelland Galves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T00:49:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silveira_DamarisMatias_M.pdf: 1438611 bytes, checksum: 4b295492d8cc20de61171e5c77b9ec6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa investiga diacronicamente as sentenças utilizadas para focalizar constituintes sintáticos, as Clivadas e Pseudo-clivadas, sob o ponto de vista da Gramática Gerativa, através de 16 textos do Corpus Histórico do Português Anotado Tycho Brahe. Tais sentenças caracterizam-se pelas sequências Cópula+Foco+que+IP (clivadas canônicas) e SentençaWh+Cópula+Foco (pseudo-clivadas canônicas). Porém, outras sentenças de mesma sequência podem ser confundidas com clivadas e, por isso, apresentamos uma série de requisitos para que tais sequências sejam analisadas como resultado do recurso da clivagem. O período considerado para a busca dessas sentenças é o que se estende do século 16 ao19, indo do Português Clássico ao Português Moderno e incluindo a fase transição entre os dois períodos. Seguindo a argumentação de diversos autores, assumimos que, até o momento dessa transição, o Português tem um funcionamento de língua V2, ou seja, licencia o movimento do verbo para uma posição alta na periferia esquerda da sentença (Cf. Torres Moraes (1995), Galves (1997), Paixão de Sousa (2004), Galves, Brito e Paixão de Sousa (2005), Cavalcante, Galves e Paixão de Sousa (2010), Gibrail (2010), Antonelli (2011), Galves e Gibrail (2013) e Galves e Paixão de Sousa (2013)). De acordo com Kato e Ribeiro (2005), Kato e Ribeiro (2006) e Kato (2009), o padrão Canônico de Clivadas inexistia no período em que o Português era uma gramática V2, por restrição desse sistema gramatical. Para as autoras, este é o único padrão incompatível com V2. Porém, o licenciamento de estruturas V1 nesse período nos leva a questionar tal restrição, uma vez que sentenças clivadas são estruturas V1. O que fazemos neste estudo é, portanto, sintetizar tanto as características sintáticas dessas construções quanto as do sistema gramatical dos períodos relevantes, observar a ocorrência das estruturas clivadas nos textos do corpus e, por fim, traçar um paralelo analítico entre esses pontos, buscando apresentar evidências de que a ausência das clivadas canônicas não ocorre por restrição para seu licenciamento, mas por opção do falante, uma vez que a sua língua disponibiliza outro recurso gramatical de focalização / Abstract: This research investigates diachronically the sentences used to focus syntactic constituents, the Cleft and Pseudo-cleft ones under the Generative Grammar point of view, through 16 texts from Tycho Brahe Parsed Corpus of Historical Portuguese. Such sentences are characterized by the sequence copula+Focus+que+IP (canonic clefts) and wh sentence+Copula+Focus (canonic pseudo-clefts). However, other sentences of the same sequence can be confused with the cleft ones and, therefore, a number of requisites is shown so that such sequences can be analyzed as a result of a cleavage resource. The period considered to the search of such sentences is the one which goes from the 16th to the 19th centuries, from Classic Portuguese to the Modern one and it includes the transition phase between these two periods. By following the argumentation of several authors it is assumed that up to the time of this transition, Portuguese had presented a V2 language functioning, that is, it permits the verb movement to a high position on the left peripheral of the sentence (Cf. Torres Moraes (1995), Galves (1997), Paixão de Sousa (2004), Galves, Brito and Paixão de Sousa (2005), Cavalcante, Galves and Paixão de Sousa (2010), Gibrail (2010), Antonelli (2011), Galves and Gibrail (2013) and Galves and Paixão de Sousa (2013)). According to Kato and Ribeiro (2005), Kato and Ribeiro (2006) and Kato (2009) the Canonic Clefts pattern was inexistent in the period when Portuguese was a V2 grammar because of this grammatical system. To the authors cited this is the only incompatible pattern with V2. However, the license of V1 structures in this period takes one to question such restriction since such cleft sentences are V1 structures. Therefore, what this study does is to synthesize syntactic characteristics of these constructions as well as the grammatical system of the relevant periods, observe the occurrence of the cleft structures in the corpus texts and, finally, trace an analytical parallel among these points, and it presents evidence that the absence of canonic clefts do not occur by restriction of license, but by the speaker¿s choice, since his/her language makes it available another grammatical resource of focusing / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística

Orientador: Ruth Elisabeth Vasconcellos Lopes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T20:07:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sancassani_Maisa_M.pdf: 3562931 bytes, checksum: ac041df9cb5848219cb23f520dccff1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A literatura (Tanenhaus et al., 1995) aponta que adultos, quando apresentados a contextos referenciais tendenciosos, utilizam informações extralinguísticas para processar ambiguidades sintáticas, demonstrando sensibilidade ao Princípio do Suporte Referencial (Altmann & Steedman, 1985). Quando crianças são submetidas a teste semelhante (Trueswell et al., 1999), elas baseiam suas decisões de processamento em princípios estruturais ou em propriedades lexicais e desconsideram informações de ordem referencial. Neste trabalho, testamos o efeito do contexto visual e do viés lexical durante o processamento de ambiguidades. 36 crianças e 31 adultos foram solicitados a manipular brinquedos em resposta a instruções verbais ambíguas como "limpe a zebra com o pincel", em que o sintagma preposicionado pode ser interpretado como instrumento da ação (adjunção-VP) ou modificador do objeto (adjunção-NP). Empregamos a técnica do paradigma do mundo visual em que gestos e olhares dos participantes são monitorados para observação do processamento on-line e off-line. Nossos resultados demonstram que informações globais de alto nível (contexto referencial) influenciam o processamento em tempo real de adultos e crianças igualmente, enquanto informações locais de baixo nível (viés lexical) exercem influência apenas com estímulos tendenciosos. Na presença de propriedades lexicais neutras, adultos executam ações correspondentes a estruturas de adjunto adnominal nos contextos referencias competitivos e crianças optam pela interpretação de adjunto adverbial em todos os casos. Consideramos que a neutralidade lexical permite a manifestação do Princípio do Suporte Referencial em adultos e, para crianças, manifesta-se um efeito (ainda a ser definido) em que estruturas de adjunto adverbial são preferidas. Esses achados se alinham a teorias lexicalistas, como a de Satisfação de Condições, em que múltiplas informações competem para a geração de uma única estrutura e preveem que, no curso do desenvolvimento linguístico, informações estruturais emergem mais cedo e de forma mais robusta do que outras menos confiáveis como as discursivo-pragmáticas / Abstract: Tanenhaus et al. (1995), among many others, point out that adults, when presented to biased visual contexts, use extralinguistics information in order to process syntactic ambiguities, showing that they are sensitive to the Principle of Referential Support (Altmann & Steedman, 1985). When five-year-old children undergo similar tests (Trueswell et al., 1999), however, they rely on syntactically based parsing principles or on the lexical properties of the input and ignore referential information. Here, we tested the effect of visual context and lexical bias during the processing of ambiguities. 36 children and 31 adults were asked to manipulate toys in response to globally ambiguous verbal instructions like "clean the zebra with the brush", in which the prepositional phrase can be interpreted as an instrument of the action (VP-attachment) or modifier of the object (NP-attachment). We used the technique of the Visual World Paradigm in which eye-gazes and gestures are monitored in order to obtain measures of the final processing of the sentences and measures of the real-time processing. High-level global cues (reference bias) influence real-time processing equally in adults and children, while low-level local cues (lexical bias) interfere with biased stimuli. In the presence of neutral lexical properties, adults perform actions that correspond to NP-attachment only in competitive referential contexts and children prefer VP-attachment interpretation in all cases. We concluded that the lexical neutrality allows for the manifestation of the Principle of Referential Support in adults; children, on the other hand, manifest a certain effect (still to be defined) in which VP-attachment structures are preferred. These findings align with the lexicalist theories such as the constraint-satisfaction, in which multiple information compete for generating a single interpretation. This theory predicts that during the development of the parser, structural information such as verbs bias emerge earlier and more robustly than less reliable ones such as the discourse-pragmatic cues / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística

Orientadores: Ruth Elisabeth Vasconcellos Lopes, Charlotte Marie Chamberlland Galves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T00:21:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Faria_Pablo_D.pdf: 2488292 bytes, checksum: c75ee78601e9b73c790d12ce7e2d414e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, o fenômeno de aquisição de uma língua natural é investigado através de uma modelagem computacional. O aprendiz modelado - apelidado de IASMIM - se caracteriza como um modelo computacional integrado de aquisição de primeira língua, visto que integra os processos de aquisição lexical e sintática. Além disso, o modelo foi concebido de modo a atender certos critérios de plausibilidade empírica e psicológica. A perspectiva teórica que norteia a investigação é a da Gramática Gerativa (cf. Chomsky, 1986) e este é um modelo voltado para a competência linguística, não um modelo de processamento ou de performance (i.e., de uso do conhecimento linguístico). O aprendiz modelado é capaz de adquirir um conhecimento gramatical relativamente abrangente e demonstra algum potencial translinguístico, particularmente no que diz respeito a variações de ordem. As simulações para avaliação do modelo permitem observar a emergência de padrões de adjunção e de recursividade na gramática, considerados aqui como as principais evidências de um conhecimento sintático mais elaborado. Finalmente, o modelo incorpora algumas noções caras à teoria sintática no âmbito do Programa Minimalista (cf. Chomsky, 1995b), tais como set- Merge, pair-Merge, "traço seletor" (cf. Chomsky, 1998), em conjunto com assunções sobre a binariedade das representações sintáticas e a hipótese de que a ordem linear não tem papel na sintaxe (cf. Uriagereka, 1999). O modelo incorpora, ainda, uma versão da representação semântico-conceitual proposta em Jackendoff (1990). Nesta modelagem, estas noções e assunções ganham uma interpretação concreta e integrada, interagindo na determinação das propriedades do conhecimento adquirido / Abstract: In the present work, the acquisition of natural languages is investigated through a computer simulation. The modelled learner - dubbed IASMIM - is characterized as an integrated computational model of first language acquisition, in the sense that it integrates the processes of lexical and syntactic acquisition. Furthermore, the model was conceived in order to be empirically and psychologically plausible. The theoretical perspective of this enterprise is that of Generative Grammar (cf. Chomsky, 1986) and this is a model concerned with linguistic competence, rather than language processing or performance (i.e., how the acquired knowledge is put to use). The modelled learner is capable of acquiring a relatively broad grammatical knowledge and shows some crosslinguistic abilities, in particular, the ability to handle languages with distinct word orders. In the simulations for evaluation of the model we can observe the emergence of adjunction and recursive patterns in the grammar, taken here as the main pieces of evidence of a more elaborated syntactic knowledge. Finally, the model embodies some central notions for syntactic theory under the Minimalist Program (cf. Chomsky, 1995b), such as set-Merge, pair-Merge and "selector feature" (cf. Chomsky, 1998), together with the assumptions that syntactic representations are strictly binary branching and that linear word order has no significant role in syntactic phenomena (cf. Uriagereka, 1999). The model also embodies a version of the semantic-conceptual representation proposed in Jackendoff (1990). They take a concrete and integrated existence in this model, interacting with one another to determine the properties of the acquired grammatical knowledge / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

Premièrement, ce travail de recherche a pour objet d’esquisser une étude syntaxique des wh-questions, et d’analyser les aspects de la formation des wh-questions dans deux langues différentes : l’anglais et l’arabe , dans le cadre de la Grammaire Générative et de l’Approche Minimaliste. Il sera démontré et allégué que dans les deux langues respectives, le wh-mot qui se trouve au début de la phrase interrogative est déplacé vers le [Spec, CP] et que le wh-movement est visible.Deuxièmement, cette thèse tente d’examiner et d’analyser la traduction des wh-questions de l’anglais vers l’arabe par trois systèmes de traduction automatique, employant différentes méthodes de traduction selon trois méthodes d’évaluation. Nous décrirons les problèmes liés aux différences linguistiques entre les deux langues. Ces problèmes ont une grande influence sur la qualité et l’acceptabilité de l’output. L’évaluation de l’output nous permettra de présenter les informations concernant les aspects positifs à conserver et les aspects négatifs à faire évoluer des systèmes. En se basant sur l’étude syntaxique préalable des wh-questions, nous fournirons une étude comparative qui déterminera le meilleur système quant à la qualité de la traduction et à la performance de ce système. A travers l’analyse des résultats de l’évaluation, nous spécifierons les raisons pour lesquelles le système produit des traductions de mauvaise qualité. Enfin, nous proposerons quelques recommandations qui pourraient être nécessaires aux concepteurs et aux développeurs de systèmes de traduction afin de résoudre les problèmes linguistiques et opérationnels susceptibles d’entraver le processus de traduction. / Firstly, this research aims to outline a syntactic study of the wh-questions, and analyse aspects of wh-question formation in typologically two different languages: Arabic and English within the framework of Generative Grammar and Minimalist Approach. It will be shown and argued that in both languages, the wh-phrase, which is in initial position, is moved to [Spec, CP] and that wh-movement applies overtly.Secondly, the thesis attempts to discuss and analyse the translation of English wh-questions into Arabic by three machine translation systems using different methods of translation through different methods of evaluation. We describe a set of important problems related to linguistic differences between the two languages. These problems have great influence not only on the quality of the output but also on its acceptability. The evaluation of the output will help us to present a diagnostic information about where a given system succeeds or needs improvement, relative to its intended users and use based on the syntactic study of wh-questions, to provide a comparative information which allows identifying the best system with respect to the translation quality and performance, to specify through the analysis of the results of evaluation the sources of problems that are responsible for producing ill-formed translations and inadequate systems’ performance and finally to outline some recommendations that are useful for system’s designers and developers to overcome various linguistic and operational problems that might impede the translation process.

Orientadores: Mary Aizawa Kato, Maria Cecilia Perroni / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T21:34:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Xavier_GildeteRocha_D.pdf: 1279433 bytes, checksum: 16b8a9f21d756dac70208dc8ab02e2b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este estudo objetiva investigar como se dá a aquisição do sujeito nulo do português brasileiro (PB) como segunda língua (L2) por adultos estrangeiros, falantes nativos de Inglês e Italiano em situação de imersão total. A pesquisa desenvolve-se no âmbito da gramática gerativa, dentro do quadro da Teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros (Chomsky 1981,1986) e do Programa Minimalista (Chomsky, 1993, 1995, 2000). As questões da pesquisa estão relacionadas à questão do acesso à Gramática Universal (GU), por aprendizes de L2. Mais especificamente, procurou-se investigar se os sujeitos aqui analisados têm acesso à GU e, em caso afirmativo, qual seria a forma desse acesso. Os resultados da análise dos dados confirmaram a) a hipótese de acesso direto à GU, através do uso do valor default do parâmetro pro-drop = sujeitos nulos ou preenchidos + a forma verbal unipessoal, nas produções dos falantes de inglês e italiano em fase inicial de aquisição e, b) a hipótese do acesso indireto à GU, via LI, nas produções dos sujeitos falantes de inglês e italiano em fase não inicial de aquisição. Além disso, considerando que as línguas pro-drop não constituem um único tipo, levantou-se a hipótese de que, com base nos dados do input, os aprendizes vão apresentar o pro-drop do PB, a partir da aquisição da concordância dessa língua, o que se confirmou. A tese confirma a hipótese do "bilingüismo universal" de Roeper (1999), não apenas para o estágio inicial, mas para os estágios intermediário e final / Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the acquisition of the null subject in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) as a second language (L2) by native adult speakers of English and Italian in a situation of total immersion. The research was developed within the framework of the Principles and Parameters Theory (Chomsky 1981, 1986) and the Minimalist Program, Chomsky, 1993, 1995,2000). The research attempted to investigate whether the L2 leaders have access to Universal Grammar (UG) and what the form of that access would be. The results of the analysis confirmed a) the hypothesis of direct access to UG, through the use of the prcxlrop parameter's default value = null or overt subjects + the one-person agreement verbal form, in the production of English and Italian speakers in the initial phase of acquisition and, b) the hypothesis of indirect access to UG through LI, in the production of the English and Italian speakers in the non-initial phase of acquisition. Considering that prodrop languages do not constitute a single type, it was hypothesized that, based upon data from the input, the leamers would present the prcxlrop of BP, starting by the acquisition of the agreement in that language, which was confirmed. The analysis confirms the "universal bilingualism" hypothesis (Roeper, 1999), not only for the initial stage of acquisition, but also for the intermediate and final stages / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

Orientador: Ruth Elisabeth Vasconcellos Lopes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T03:33:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes_Fernanda_D.pdf: 6435015 bytes, checksum: dd66221b24cf9005f43c82ecc56266d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Examinando a aquisição de estruturas possessivas inalienáveis em português brasileiro (PB), a presente pesquisa, baseada na Teoria Gerativa e, consequentemente, na Hipótese Inatista, estabelece um paralelo com outras línguas, tais como francês, espanhol e inglês. É interessante notar que, neste contexto, o PB parece apresentar um padrão oposto ao do inglês ¿ ao menos no que diz respeito à coocorrência entre nomes de partes do corpo e determinantes definidos ¿, porém tampouco exibe um comportamento similar às outras línguas românicas, tais como o francês e o espanhol, mostrando uma maneira única de realizar estruturas de posse inalienável. Baseando-se, entre outros, em Guéron (1985), Vergnaud e Zubizarreta (1992), Pérez-Leroux et al. (2002a,b), Floripi e Nunes (2009) e Mendes (2010), o presente estudo testa a aquisição de estruturas de posse inalienável em PB e inglês, assumindo que crianças falantes nativas de inglês teriam disponível, num primeiro momento, a mesma gramática disponível para crianças falantes nativas de PB, em que a leitura inalienável poderia ser vinculada tanto na presença de pronomes possessivos quanto na presença de determinantes definidos com qualquer tipo de nome ¿ seja de parte do corpo, seja relacional. O estudo experimental foi constituído por duas séries de testes, uma contendo nomes de partes do corpo, em que foram aplicados os métodos de Tarefa de Julgamento de Valor de Verdade e Tarefa de Seleção de Figura; e outra contando nomes relacionais, em que foi aplicado apenas o método de Tarefa de Julgamento de Valor de Verdade, sendo ambos métodos que permitem que se extraia julgamentos interpretativos indiretamente, o que se coloca como indispensável quando os participantes envolvem crianças. De fato, a distinção entre as gramáticas das duas línguas apareceu por volta dos 6;0 anos de idade, quando crianças falantes de inglês restringiram o uso do determinante definido de acordo com a gramática alvo, não permitindo o seu uso nas estruturas contendo nomes de partes do corpo, quando foi veiculada a interpretação inalienável. Neste caso, o determinante definido foi substituído pelo pronome possessivo. Em relação ao mesmo uso com nomes relacionais, também examinados nesta tese, observou-se que estes, diferentemente dos nomes de partes do corpo, podem coocorrer, inclusive na gramática adulta do inglês, vinculando a leitura inalienável. Isso indica, portanto, que, nesta língua, o estatuto dos determinantes definidos que constituem tais estruturas é diferente, sendo determinantes definidos substantivos, no caso em que há um nome de parte do corpo envolvido, e determinantes definidos expletivos, no caso em que há um nome relacional envolvido. Já em PB, esses determinantes poderiam ser expletivos em ambos os casos / Abstract: In order to examine the acquisition of inalienable possessive structures in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), this research, based on the Generative Grammar approach and, consequently, on the Innateness Hypotesis, establishes a parallel with other languages, such as French, Spanish and English. It is an interesting fact that, in this context, BP seems to present the opposite pattern found in English ¿ at least in which concerns to cooccurrences of body-parts names and definite determiners ¿ and also does not behave similarly to Spanish and French, showing a unique way of building inalienable possession constructions. Following, among others, Guéron (1985), Vergnaud and Zubizarreta (1992), Pérez-Leroux et al. (2002a,b), Floripi and Nunes (2009), and Mendes (2010), the current study tests the acquisition of inalienable possessive structures in BP and English, assuming that English-speaking children start with the same grammar as BP-speaking children do. This first grammar would allow inalienable interpretation being carried by possessive pronouns as well as definite determiners introducing any kind of name ¿ body-parts names or relationship names. The experimental study consisted of two sets of tests, one of them with body-parts names under Truth Value Judgment Task and Picture Selection Task, and another one with relationship names under Truth Value Judgment Task. Both types are techniques that allow one to obtain interpretational judgments indirectly, which is indispensable when it comes to trials involving children. Confirming the literature findings, the difference between BP grammar and English grammar appeared around the age of 6;0, when English-speaking children approach the target grammar, in which the presence of the possessive pronoun is what allows the inalienable interpretation and the use of definite determiners is restricted to alienable possession constructions with body-parts names. In other hand, when relationship names are present in the structure, it was noted that they can cooccour with definite determiners even when carrying inalienable interpretation. Therefore, it indicates a difference in the status of definite determiners in such language: there are substantive definite determiners occurring with body-parts names, while there are expletive definite determiners occourring with relationship names. In BP, however, in both cases it could be the case in which there are expletive definite determiners occurring / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutora em Linguística

This thesis is essentially a portfolio of four disjoint yet thematically related articles that deal with some semantic aspect or another of natural language conditionals. The thesis opens with a brief introductory chapter that offers a short yet opinionated historical overview and a theoretical background of several important semantic issues of conditionals. The second chapter then deals with the issue of truth values and conditions of indicative conditionals. So-called Gibbard Phenomenon cases have been used to argue that indicative conditionals construed in terms of the Ramsey Test cannot have truth values. Since that conclusion is somewhat incredible, several alternative options are explored. Finally, a contextualised revision of the Ramsey Test is offered which successfully avoids the threats of the Gibbard Phenomenon. The third chapter deals with the question of where to draw the so-called indicative/ subjunctive line. Natural language conditionals are commonly believed to be of two semantically distinct types: indicative and subjunctive. Although this distinction is central to many semantic analyses of natural conditionals, there seems to be no consensus on the details of its nature. While trying to uncover the grounds for the distinction, we will argue our way through several plausible proposals found in the literature. Upon discovering that none of these proposals seem entirely suited, we will reconsider our position and make several helpful observations into the nature of conditional sentences. And finally, in light of our observations, we shall propose and argue for plausible grounds for the indicative/subjunctive distinction.distinction. The fourth chapter offers semantics for modal and amodal natural language conditionals based on the distinction proposed in the previous chapter. First, the nature of modal and amodal suppositions will be explored. Armed with an analysis of modal and amodal suppositions, the corresponding conditionals will be examined further. Consequently, the syntax of conditionals in English will be uncovered for the purpose of providing input for our semantics. And finally, compositional semantics in generative grammar will be offered for modal and amodal conditionals. The fifth and final chapter defends Modus Ponens from alleged counterexamples. In particular, the chapter offers a solution to McGee’s infamous counterexamples. First, several solutions offered to the counterexamples hitherto are all argued to be inadequate. After a couple of observations on the counterexamples’ nature, a solution is offered and demonstrated. the solution suggests that the semantics of embedded natural language conditionals is more sophisticated than their surface syntax indicates. The heart of the solution is a translation function from the surface form of natural language conditionals to their logical form. Finally, the thesis ends with a conclusion that briefly summarises the main conclusions drawn in its preceding chapters.

Cette thèse se situe à l’intersection des domaines de la recherche en linguistique et du traitement automatique de la langue. Ces deux domaines se croisent pour la construction d’outils de traitement de texte, et des applications industrielles intégrant des solutions de désambiguïsation et d’interprétation de la langue.Une tâche difficile et très peu abordée et appliqué est arrivée sur les travaux de l’entreprise Techlimed, celle de l’analyse automatique des textes écrits en arabe. De nouvelles ressources sont apparues comme les lexiques de langues et les réseaux sémantiques permettant à la création de grammaires formelles d’accomplir cette tâche.Une métadonnée importante pour l’analyse de texte est de savoir « qu’est-ce qui est dit, et que signifie-t-il ? ». Le domaine de linguistique computationnelle propose des méthodes très diverses et souvent partielle pour permettre à l’ordinateur de répondre à de telles questions.L’introduction et l’application des règles de grammaire descriptives de langues dans les langages formels spécifiques au traitement de langues par ordinateur est l’objet principal de cette thèse.Au-delà de la réalisation d’un système de traitement et d’interprétation de textes en langue arabe, basé aussi sur la modélisation informatique, notre intérêt s’est porté sur l’évaluation des phénomènes linguistiques relevés par la littérature et les méthodes de leur formalisation en informatique.Dans tous les cas, nos travaux de recherche ont été testés et validés dans un cadre expérimental rigoureux autour de plusieurs formalismes et outils informatiques.Nos expérimentations concernant l'apport de la grammaire syntaxico-sémantique, a priori, ont montré une réduction importante de l’ambiguïté linguistique dans le cas de l'utilisation d’une grammaire à état fini écrite en Java et une grammaire générativetransformationnelle écrite en Prolog, intégrant des composants morphologiques, syntaxiques et sémantiques.La mise en place de notre étude a requis la construction d’outils de traitement de texte et d’outils de recherche d’information. Ces outils ont été construits par nos soins et sont disponible en Open-source.La réussite de l’application de nos travaux à grande échelle s’est conclue par la condition d’avoir de ressources sémantiques riches et exhaustives. Nous travaux ont été redirigés vers une démarche de production de telles ressources, en termes de recherche d’informations et d’extraction de connaissances. Les tests menés pour cette nouvelle perspective ont étéfavorables à d’avantage de recherche et d’expérimentation. / This thesis lies at the frontier of the fields of linguistic research and the automatic processing of language. These two fields intersect for the construction of natural language processing tools, and industrial applications integrating solutions for disambiguation and interpretation of texts.A challenging task, briefly approached and applied, has come to the work of the Techlimed company, that of the automatic analysis of texts written in Arabic. Novel resources have emerged as language lexicons and semantic networks allowing the creation of formal grammars to accomplish this task.An important meta-data for text analysis is "what is being said, and what does it mean". The field of computational linguistics offers very diverse and, mostly, partial methods to allow the computer to answer such questions.The main purpose of this thesis is to introduce and apply the rules of descriptive language grammar in formal languages specific to computer language processing.Beyond the realization of a system of processing and interpretation of texts in Arabic language based on computer modeling, our interest has been devoted to the evaluation of the linguistic phenomena described by the literature and the methods of their formalization in computer science.In all cases, our research was tested and validated in a rigorous experimental framework around several formalisms and computer tools.The experiments concerning the contribution of syntaxico-semantic grammar, a priori, have demonstrated a significant reduction of linguistic ambiguity in the case of the use of a finite-state grammar written in Java and a transformational generative grammarwritten in Prolog, integrating morphological, syntactic and semantic components.The implementation of our study required the construction of tools for word processing, information retrieval tools. These tools were built by us and are available in Open-source.The success of the application of our work in large scale was concluded by the requirement of having rich and comprehensive semantic resources. Our work has been redirected towards a process of production of such resources, in terms of informationretrieval and knowledge extraction. The tests for this new perspective were favorable to further research and experimentation.

韓(1999)提出祈使句是指句中主要動詞是祈使情態(imperative mood)的句子，與其他句型相較下，在其他語言中祈使句具有特別的動詞構詞或句法表現；然而，中文祈使句並無任何構詞或句法機制以表現祈使情態，因此，中文祈使句的句法表現和直述句相似。本論文動機為觀察到中文祈使句與其他語言祈使句的相異處，進而研究中文如何區別中文祈使句與其他句型的差異。同時，前人對於中文祈使句的研究多從描述性觀點出發，缺理論辯證，以致分析上產生缺失；因此，本文試從衍生句法的觀點分析中文祈使句的句法結構。 本論文主要有三個研究目的: 首先，本論文研究中文祈使句的句法特徵。其次，本論文研究如何區別中文祈使句與其他句型的差異，並發現中文的附加問句可以用來區別祈使句與直述句。並且，本論文發現中文的否定祈使句“別”字句與義務性情態詞“要/不要”在句法表現上雖有相同處，但亦表現出多方面的句法相異處。再者，本論文從衍生句法的觀點研究中文祈使句的句法結構。因為中文缺乏句法標記與構詞變化，因此無法從句法層面看出中文祈使句的話語效力 (force)與情態(mood), 但藉由時制定位(tense anchoring)與祈使句的關係，本論文提出中文祈使句結構中具有祈使算子(imperative operator)。 / Han (1999) proposes imperatives are sentences whose main verbs are in the form of the imperative mood. Imperative sentences possess a distinct morphology within the verb or may be distinguished by their syntactic realization from other clause types. However, Chinese imperatives do not demonstrate verb-inflection nor do they impose morphological mechanisms to indicate mood; thus, it seems that imperatives in Chinese are similar to declaratives. This thesis observes the differences between imperatives in Chinese and in other languages, and these differences lead us to conduct a study on how Chinese distinguishes imperatives from other clause types. Moreover, this thesis finds that the previous analyses of Chinese imperatives lack theoretical grounds, as several problems and wrong prediction arise under those analyses. Thus, this study researches on the structure of Chinese imperatives from the perspective of generative grammar. The thesis has three main goals. First, this thesis investigates the syntactic characteristics of Chinese imperatives. Second, this thesis seeks to discern how Chinese distinguishes imperatives from other clause types. This study utilizes tag questions to distinguish imperatives and declaratives. Furthermore, this study finds that the imperatives bie1 and deontic Modalsobligation yao sentences are alike in some ways, but different in other ways. Third, from a generative perspective, this thesis proposes a syntactic structure of imperatives in Chinese. Although it seems difficult to find syntactic evidence of the imperative force and mood as well as a structure of imperatives because Chinese imperatives lack a morpho-syntatic strategy, this thesis proposes that Chinese possesses an imperative operator in imperatives, by examining the evidence from tense anchoring and imperatives.

This licentiate thesis investigates the case and the syntactic position of the direct object in South Saami. The focus is on plural direct objects, which have Differential Object Marking, a phenomenon in which the case alternates between different types of direct objects. In South Saami, some direct objects carry the accusative case form in the plural, while others only carry the plural marker. This variation of suffix displayed on the direct object is contingent on definiteness; definite direct objects consistently display the accusative case form in the plural while indefinite direct objects, specific and nonspecific alike, lack accusative morphology. In addition to case marking, the study presents an analysis of the alternation of the syntactic position of some direct objects. Definite and indefinite specific direct objects can be realized in two positions: as the complement of the verb or in a position as specifier of the light verb projection. By contrast, indefinite nonspecific direct objects obligatorily surface in the complement position of the verb. This variability in syntactic position of some direct objects is analyzed by means of a Specificity Operator, adjoined to the DP-level of every specific NP, definite and indefinite. The operator moves as an instance of quantifier raising in order to take scope over Existential Closure (EC). EC binds NPs in its domain and give them an existential reading. Therefore, when the Specificity Operator raises, it anchors the DP it is adjoined to in a domain, which is unbound by EC and therefore facilitates a specific interpretation. The operator, void of phonological content, can raise alone to the specifier of vP as an instance of covert movement. The operator can also Pied-pipe the DP it is adjoined to, which results in overt movement of the DP. Indefinite nonspecific direct objects lack the Specificity Operator and therefore they remain in-situ in the VP, where they are bound by EC. In addition to its theoretical value, the thesis will be of use for teachers, students and others with an interest in a better understanding of the case form and the position of the direct object in South Saami. / Daennie licentiaatetjaalegisnie gïehtjedem guktie Åarjelsamien direkte objeekth gelliengiertesne kaasushgïetjieh åadtjoeh. Manne gelliengiertem veeljeme juktie åarjelaemien gïele Differential Object Marking åtna. Naakenh direkte objeekth dam giehtjiem -idie guedtieh, mij ackusatijvem gelliengïertesne muana. Jeatjah direkte objeekth barre låhkoegiehtjiem -h guedtieh, mij ajve gelliengïertem muana, menh ij kaasusem. Dan åvteste direkte objeekti kaasushaamoeh molsedieh. Mov gïehtjidimmie vuesehte ahte definijte direkteobjeekth gelliengiertesne dam ackusatijvegïehtjiem. Eah indefinijte direkte objeekth dam gïethjiem utnieh, valla barre gelliengierehaamoem utnieh. Manne vielie gïehtjedem gusnie, dennie raaje- sisnie, leah dej direkte objeekti sijjieh. Gaavneme ahte joekehtsh leah aaj ovmessie direkte objeekti gaskoeh. Definijte jïh indefinijte specifijke direkte objeekth utnieh göökte sijjieh gusnie maehtieh jïjhtedh, valla indefinite ovspecifijke direkte objeekth utnieh ajve aktem sijjiem gusnie maehtieh årrodh. Gaajhkh dah golme ovmessie direkte objeekth maehtieh maadthsijjesne årrodh goh verben komplemeente, valla definijte jïh indefinijte specifijke direkte objeekth maehtieh aaj aktene vP:n specificeerijisnie jïjhtedh. Manne daam joekehtehtem jïh vuesehtem mannasinie naemhtie jis. Mov innovasjovne lea akte specifijkeoperatovre. Dïhte lea adjungeradamme fïerhten DP:se mij lea definijte jallh indefinijte specifijke. Dïhte operatovre iktesth bæjjene DP:n sistie vP specificeerijen sïjse, men dïhte maahta aaj dam DP:m buektedh Pied-pipingen tjïrrh. Dïhte specifijkeoperatovre bæjjene juktie edtja baataridh Existential Closuren (EC) jaksoste. Gosse operatovre bæjjene, dïhte dan sov DP:m dïbrehte akten domeenese, gusnie specifijke guarkoe daerpies sjædta. Dah direkte objeekt mah eah specifijkeoperatovrem utnieh tjoerieh baetsedh VP:n sijse, jïh dannasinie EC dejtie veadta. Dannasinie existentielle guarkoem åadtjoeh. Daate tjaalege vihkeles lingvistihke teorijese, valla aaj lohkehtæjjide, learoehkidie jïh jeatjide guhth sïjhth buerebe guarkedh mij kaasusidie lea direkte objeekten jïh gusnie, dennie raajesisnie, dïhte objeekte jæjhta. / I den här licentiatavhandling undersöks kasusformen hos de direkta objekten och deras syntaktiska position i sydsamiskan. Fokus ligger på direkta objekt i pluralis, vilka uppvisar fenomenet differentiell objektsmarkering, som innebär att vissa direkta objekt bär ackusativsuffixet i plural medan andra endast bär pluralsuffixet. Denna variation i objektsmarkering är känslig för definithet. Definita direkta objekt har accusativändelsen medan indefinita, både specifika och icke-specifika direkta objekt, saknar den. Utöver själva realiseringen av kasussuffix undersöks också de direkta objektens syntaktiska position. En analys presenteras som definierar olika typer av nominalfraser och skiljer definita och specifika direkta objekt från icke-specifika direkta objekt. Den första typen uppvisar variation i sin syntaktiska placering och har möjligheten att dyka upp både i komplementställning till verbet och i en den lilla verbfrasens specificerare, det vill säga vid gränsen för den lexikala fasen. Indefinita icke-specifika direkta objekt, som utgör den andra typen, kan bara uppträda i en position som komplement till verbet. På basis av den analys som inkluderar min innovation Specifikhetsoperatorn, vilken är adjungerad till alla definita och specifika direkta objekts DP-nivå, kan de två positionerna förklaras. Specifikhetsoperatorn flyttar alltid till vP:s specifierare som en kvantifierarinteraktion, där Specifikhetstoperatorn får räckvidd över Existential Closure (EC) och förankrar sin DP i en domän där en specifik tolkning blir nödvändig. Detta är en typ av osynlig flytt. Flytten kan också vara synlig. I det fallet sker medfraktning (Pied-piping) när Specifikhetsoperatorn tar med sig den DP den är adjungerad till när den flyttar till vPs specifierare. Direkta object som saknar Specifikhetsoperatorn stannar i positionen som komplement till verbet och binds därför av EC, vilket leder till att de får en existentiell tolkning. Bortom sitt värde för lingvistisk teoribildning kommer avhandlingen också att bli viktig för lärare, studenter och elever såväl som för andra med ett intresse av att bättre förstå vilket kasus som uppträder på sydsamiska direkta objekt och dessa objekts position i satsen.