Hommage zwischen den Generationen - Sebastian Liebold über ein Chemnitzer Frauenleben

This article discusses ambiguous tactics of German Communist resisters in the Third Reich. The official historiography of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) portrayed Communist resisters as unfaltering heroes. By contrast, revisionist studies published after 1990 presented Communists as traitors and renegades. This study transcends these approaches that revolve around legitimation or de-legitimation of the dictatorship, and examines the dubious manoeuvring of three German Communists who strategically collaborated with the Nazis, namely Theodor Bottländer, Friedrich Schlotterbeck and Wilhelm Knöchel. While Knöchel’s attempts to outwit the Gestapo failed and could not prevent his execution, Schlotterbeck and Bottl€ander found ways to survive - largely without betraying their comrades. Even so, the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD), as well as its successor in the GDR, the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED), reprimanded venturesome, inventive and obstinate Communists, excluded them from the party and brought them to court. The harsh reactions are indicative of the inability of Communist historiography to acknowledge ‘Eigen-Sinn’, and highlight a central shortcoming of the antifascist doctrine. Likewise, more recent revisionist approaches have failed to recognise various attempts of Communists to minimise harm and survive in the grey zone between betrayal and loyalty.

No description available.

Un ensemble territorial qui a perdu son statut d’État, divisé en quatre zones d’occupation : telle est l’Allemagne d’après 1945. La reconstitution d’un enseignement artistique rentre dans le cadre d’un renouveau général. On peut s’interroger sur son importance dans un contexte éthique, historique et idéologique très difficile. Mais il apparaît qu’il a amené un exceptionnel foisonnement culturel et artistique avec la réouverture de nombreuses institutions supérieures d’art. Certains artistes qui avaient perdu leur droit d’exercer sous le Troisième Reich, acceptent de venir y enseigner. La présente étude s’attache à ceux d’entre-eux qui ont les conceptions pédagogiques et les méthodes les plus innovantes dans onze institutions réparties dans les quatre zones puis en RFA et en RDA. Pour cela, la consultation des archives ainsi qu’une abondante bibliographie ont été complétées par des entretiens avec d’anciens étudiants devenus enseignants et/ou artistes. Ces derniers ont témoigné de l’importance de la relation maître-élève dans la transmission mais également du rôle déterminant de la liberté artistique dont ils ont bénéficié. Ainsi la majorité des artistes allemands, ayant une renommée internationale aujourd’hui, ont étudié dans une ou plusieurs Écoles supérieures d’art ou Académie d’art de la zone orientale ou occidentale d’occupation après 1945. Cette formation constitue un atout essentiel de leur réussite. / Germany after 1945 was a territorial unity that had lost its status as a State and which was divided into four zones of occupation. The program of reform of art education is part of the widespread political and cultural renewal that took place during the subsequent post-War years. The importance of these reforms is a question to consider, with respect to the difficult ethical, historical and ideological context that shaped them. To all appearances, the reopening of many artistic institutions gave birth to an exceptional period of cultural and artistic activity. Indeed, some artists who had lost their right to practice under the Third Reich agreed to come back and teach art at these newly reopened institutions. The present study will focus on those artist-educators who developed the most innovative pedagogical concepts and methods, for example Willi Baumeister (Art Academy in Stuttgart), Karl Otto Götz (Art Academy in Düsseldorf) and Georg Meistermann (Art Academy in Karlsruhe). In total, the group I wish to investigate taught in eleven higher education institutions across all the four occupation zones; their work continued later, in the post-War states, FRG and GDR. My research methodology includes bibliographic research, archival research, and interviews with former students, many of whom have become artist-educators themselves. My correspondents were the benefactors of an extraordinary kind of teacher-student relationship that stressed an attitude of freedom that contrasted strongly with the previous historical period of the mid-1930s to 1945. The vast majority of German artists who now have an international reputation — including Georg Baselitz, Otto Piene, Gerhard Richter, Günter Uecker — studied in one or several higher art schools or art academies in the occupied zones (East or West) after 1945. / Die Etablierung einer institutionellen künstlerischen Ausbildung ist Teil des deutschen Wiederaufbaus nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Die Promotion zeigt diese Entwicklung auf, in der Arbeit untersucht wird die Bedeutung der künstlerischen Ausbildung in ihrem unterschiedlichen ethischen, historischen und ideologischen Kontext. Hinsichtlich der Untersuchung zur Künstlerausbildung in Deutschland nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg muss die Aufteilung Deutschlands in zunächst vier Besatzungszonen und nach 1945 die Teilung Deutschlands in die Bundesrepublik und die Deutsche Demokratische Republik berücksichtigt werden. Viele der während des Dritten Reiches verfolgten und ins Exil geflüchteten Künstler und Kunstpädagogen, kehrten nach Kriegsende nach Deutschland zurück und erhielten einen Lehrauftrag an einer Kunsthochschule oder –akademie. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht innovative pädagogische Konzepte an elf ausgewählten Institutionen. Die Untersuchung basiert auf einer intensiven Literaturrecherche und stützt sich auf Interviews mit ehemaligen Kunststudenten, die später Künstler und/ oder Dozenten werden. Die Interviews zeigen, wie wichtig die Kommunikation zwischen Schüler und Lehrer war und welche Rolle die Idee der künstlerischen Freiheit in ihrer persönlichen Entwicklung gespielt hat. Nach 1945 wurden viele deutsche Künstler, die heute einen international annerkten Ruf genießen, an einer oder mehreren deutschen Kunsthochschulen bzw. Kunstakademien in der östlichen oder westlichen Besatzungszone ausgebildet: Georg Baselitz, Otto Piene, Gerhard Richter, Günter Uecker. Die Ausbildung hat einen wesentlichen Vorteil an ihrem Erfolg.

UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH VĚD Institut komunikačních studií a žurnalistiky Ondřej Šafář Odraz národních povstání v NDR, Polsku a Maďarsku v letech 1953-1956 v soudobém československém tisku se zaměřením na deníky Rudé právo a Mladá fronta Diplomová práce Praha 2016 Abstract The thesis "Reflection of national uprisings in East Germany, Poland and Hungary in the years 1953-1956 in contemporary press in Czechoslovakia, focusing the study on daily newspapers Rude právo and Mladá fronta" concentrates on the way, how the media reflected uprisings that took place in the 50s in neighbouring countries under the Soviet sphere of influence. The thesis describes the political development in Czechoslovakia from the end of World War II until 1956. The thesis also describes the development, structure and governance of the Czechoslovakia media in this period of time, including the history of the monitored dailies Rudé právo and Mladá fronta. The thesis also focuses on the background and the process of the three uprisings in East Germany, Poland and Hungary. Following part introduces basic theoretical concepts (including ideology, propaganda, hegemony and discourse) as a background for the practical part, which is a qualitative research of journals Rudé právo and Mladá fronta at selected periods of time...

The main aim of the thesis is to give a complex overview of different types of financial sources, from which new federated states can take benefits, and to give an opinion on the created effectiveness. Additional aims are to sum up the situation of the East German economy after WW2 and also the progress in its reforming during the 90s. Different historical development of the both former divided parts of nowadays Germany is essential because of understanding the economic situation of East Germany in 1990 and the nowadays problems. The first chapter sums up the economic consequences of the post war period, the influence of reparations, demontages and their dimension. In the second chapter follows an evaluation of the main topics of the beginning in the 90s - monetary reform and privatization. The third chapter goes on with the topic of economic reforms in the 90s and defines basic financial programs which are a long-term support to new federated states. Fourth chapter compares main chosen macroeconomic indicators of Germany and EU-27 and then of the old and new federated states. First, economic level of the whole Germany is being analysed and then its regional disparities. The last, fifth, chapter monitors the situation of Germany and its new federated states in the point of structural funds of the European Union.

In 1990, Germany once again became a reunited country after the collapse of the socialistic German Democratic Republic [GDR]. Although most of the East Germans were positive about the reunification, the consequences of their transformation into the West German system came as a shock to many. The current study examines what successful and unsuccessful socialization processes look like, how identities are constructed, and why work, family, and free-time activities are important. More specifically, the study focuses on what these elements looked like in the GDR. Research shows that many East Germans had troubles adjusting to the new type of society after the reunification. Together, the results of this study demonstrate that there are still significant differences on several factors between East and West Germans today. Discrepancies continue to exist in integration and work, with the unemployment rate in the East of Germany still being higher than in the West. In terms of identity construction, even after 20 years since the reunification (in 2009) over 50% of the East Germans still identified themselves as “East Germans” rather than “Germans”. Values also differ, with East Germans tending to value social security more than West Germans and maintaining higher expectations for the involvement of the government. These differences can be traced back to socialistic socialization processes in East Germans and shows how the GDR continues to affect the identities and integration of East Germans.

Im Frühjahr 1956 bildete sich in Leipzig auf private Initiative hin eine Gruppe junger Fotografen und Fotografinnen unter dem kämpferischen Namen „action fotografie“. Fast alle waren Studierende oder Absolventen der Leipziger Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst in Fotografie. Nur zwei Ausstellungen veranstaltete die Gruppe 1956 und 1957 in Leipzig, doch bis heute ist sie in der Literatur und Fotografiegeschichte der DDR präsent. Eine Retrospektive der Bildenden Künste in Leipzig vom Beginn der deutschen Teilung bis in die Gegenwart, die für Oktober 2009 als Ausstellungsprojekt im Museum der bildenden Künste Leipzig geplant war, bot die Gelegenheit, sich nach gut fünfzig Jahren mit der Gruppe auseinander zu setzen, nach ihren Zielen zu fragen und Gründe für die kurze Existenz zu suchen. Bei der Recherche im Staatsarchiv und in privaten Künstlernachlässen sowie in zahlreichen Gesprächen mit den Beteiligten ergab sich das komplexe Bild einer sehr heterogenen Fotografengruppe, die engagierte Ziele hatte, sie jedoch nicht auf Dauer frei artikulieren oder künstlerisch umsetzen konnte.

The Federal Republic of Germany (F.R.G.) used the Hallstein Doctrine from 1955-1970 to prevent the worldwide recognition of the German Democratic Republic (G.D.R.). By denying the existence of a separate German state and thus the de facto division of Germany, the F.R.G. sought to perpetuate the idea of one German nation and to ease reunification. In addition, the F.R.G. claimed to be the sole, legitimate representative of German interests, and hoped to prevent the G.D.R. from acting as a separate Germany in world affairs. As a sanction, the Doctrine effectively prevented the international recognition of the G.D.R.. Also, the G.D.R.'s trade with Third World nations, from whom recognition was most likely, was severely limited. Unfortunately, the Doctrine also prevented the reunification of Germany.

The thesis "Comparison of Status of Displaced German Inhabitants after the World War II in German Democratic Republic and Federal Republic of Germany" focuses on status of German inhabitants forcedly displaced from Czechoslovakia. In the first part is concerned with the process of transfer itself, its theoretical background and the development of plans of different actors. Next part covers the process of the displacement and the case of problematic numerical expression of scale of the process. The following chapters analyze the status of displaced German inhabitants on the political, economic and social level in Allied occupied Germany as well in the latter both German's republics. The aim is to compare how divided Germany faced the influx of big amount of new inhabitants. Keywords Displacement, Germany, German democratic republic, Federal republic of Germany, Central Europe, Europe after WWII, forced migration, integration