本研究旨在探討國民中學中輟學生返校復學成功之案例，主要研究目的有四：一、分析中輟學生復學的原因與過程；二、探討中輟復學生之需求；三、了解學校幫助中輟復學生之安置措施及其困境；四、探析成功輔導中輟復學生之輔導策略，以供輔導國民中學輔導中輟復學生參考。 研究方法採用半結構式的訪談和焦點團體之質性研究，首先以文獻探討與本研究有關之理論與相關研究，以作為論文研究架構之基礎；本研究以台北縣某國中八位中輟復學生為研究對象，另再進行兩場教師焦點團體，深入探討學生中輟復學的相關因素。 本研究的研究結果歸納如下： 一、中輟復學生整體復學原因與過程 1、安置回原班的穩定效果；2、設計溫暖及接納的學習環境；3、畢業證書的誘因；4、案主的自覺；5、同儕團體的協助；6、家庭功能的改善；7、外在誘因的消失等等。 二、中輟復學生需求 1、家庭功能改善；2、能接納、包容的導師；3、他人的認同、尊重、關懷與包容；4、課業方面的協助；5、正向示範引導的友伴等等。 三、中輟復學生之安置措施及其困境 在中輟復學生返校復學後，學校經常有的安置措施：1、中輟復學生返回原班；2、以專案輔導機制協助，如邀請參加認輔制度、技藝班或是高關懷班；3、專任輔導老師長期協助；4、轉介請社會局或是鄰近醫院協助處理。在安置困境方面：1、教師輔導知能專業不足；2、輔導黃金時段無法掌握；3、家庭功能不健全；4、學校課程設計的不利因素；5、社會誘因仍大等等。 四、成功輔導中輟學生復學的輔導策略 1、協助復學生做好心理建設；2、建立學校協助父母的諮詢及輔導管道；3、提供讓中輟生具成就感的教學，開發復學生的潛能；4、師生關係平日即能建立情感，老師對學生一視同仁；5、〈1〉、把握契機〈2〉、耐心陪伴、等待個案成熟〈3〉、與復學生一起設定目標等策略運用；6、建立復學生正向楷模的同儕關係；7、家庭訪問等等。 最後，本研究針對上述研究發現加以討論，並提出具體性建議，供各國民中學輔導中輟復學生之參考，及未來後續研究之建議。 / The purpose of this research is to discuss the successful cases of drop out junior high school students to go back to school, and the four major research purposes are: 1. Analyzing the reasons and process for drop out school students to go back to school; 2. Discussing the needs of them; 3. Realizing school’s arrangement measures and difficulty in assisting them; 4. Analyzing the assistance strategy that assist them successfully, and propose to junior high schools as the reference to assist them. The research methods are semistructured interviewing and qualitative research of focus group. First step is to discuss the theory relevant to this research and relevant researches by literature, and as the basis of the framework of thesis research. The research objects are 8 drop out school students of one junior high school in Taipei County; furthermore, two teacher focus groups are held to discuss factors relevant to drop out school students’ back to school. The research results are concluded as below: 1. Reasons and process for drop out school students to go back to school 1.1 Stability effect of arrange them to original classes; 1.2 Designing warm and accepting learning environments; 1.3 Attraction of diploma; 1.4 Self-awareness of them; 1.5 Assistance from same generation group; 1.6 Improvement of family function; 1.7 Elimination of outside attraction. 2. The needs of them 2.1 Improvement of family function; 2.2 Teachers that could accept and tolerate them; 2.3 Identification, respect, care and tolerance from others; 2.4 Assistance in study; 2.5 Friends that could guide them positively. 3. Arrangement measures and difficulty in assisting them Frequent arrangement measures by schools after they back to school: 3.1 Arrange them to original classes; 3.2 Offer project assistance system, such as inviting them to join assistance system, skill training class or class with high care; 3.3 Long term assistance by specialized assistance teacher 3.4 Introduce and transfer them to department of social welfare or nearby hospitals for assistance. For the difficulty in arrangement: 3.5 Teachers do not have enough specialized assistance knowledge; 3.6 Could not handle the best time for assistance; 3.7 Family function is not complete; 3.8 Disadvantage factors of school’s course design; 3.9 Social attraction is still high. 4. Assistance strategy that assist them successfully 4.1 Assist them to establish their psychology; 4.2 Establish consulting and assistance channel to help parents; 4.3 Provide teaching that could make them feel accomplished and develop their potential; 4.4 Establish emotion between teachers and students in daily life, and teachers shall treat all students alike; 4.5 (1) Hold the turning point, (2) Accompany them patiently and waiting them to become mature, (3) Set up goals with them; 4.6 Establishing their relation with same generation of positive example; 4.7 Family interview. Finally, specific suggestions are addressed after the discussion of the above research results, and propose to junior high schools as the reference for assisting drop out school students and suggestion for follow-up researches.

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse portent sur l’étude et la conception de lentilles continues en guide d’ondes à plans parallèles (PPW) pour des applications multi-faisceaux. La conversion du front d'onde est assurée par une lentille formée d’une lame et d'une cavité transversale. Ce concept, proposant une approche mécanique simplifiée et possiblement purement métallique, est particulièrement attractif pour les futurs systèmes de communications par satellites (GEO/LEO) requérants des solutions à moindre coût tout en maintenant de hautes performances. La première partie de cette thèse présente la réalisation d’un outil d’analyse numérique basée sur l’optique géométrique (GO). Une prédiction rapide et précise des performances en rayonnement est obtenue. En combinant cet outil avec des processus d’optimisation, des performances en dépointage sur un large secteur angulaire sont ensuite démontrées, incluant une stabilité des diagrammes en rayonnement (ouverture à mi-puissance, niveaux de lobes secondaires et pertes en dépointage). Un prototype fonctionnant dans la bande Ka est réalisé, validant les performances précédemment obtenues. De hautes efficacités de rayonnement sont également mises en avant sur l’ensemble de la plage de fréquence. Enfin un second prototype plus compact basé sur de multiples lentilles est proposé et étudié, démontrant des performances similaires à la première solution fabriquée et mesurée. / The activities presented in this PhD focus on the study and development of continuous parallel plate waveguide (PPW) lenses for multiple beam applications. The wave front conversion is ensured by a PPW transversal ridge and cavity. The proposed concept, based on a simplified mechanical approach and possibly full-metal, is particularly suitable for future satellite communication systems (GO/LEO) requiring low-cost antennas while maintaining high performances. The first part of the thesis deals with the development of a numerical analysis tool based on geometrical optics (GO). A fast and accurate prediction of the radiation performance is provided.Combining the tool with optimization processes, large scanning performances have been demonstrated, including a stability of the radiation pattern performance (HPBW, SLL, scan loss). A prototype working at Ka band has been manufactured, validating the performances demonstrated previously. High radiation efficiencies are also proved over the entire frequency range. Finally, a second prototype targeting performances in compactness and based on multiple lenses is proposed and studied, showing similar performances as the first solution fabricated and measured.

Depuis son introduction pour le jeu de Go, Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) a été appliqué avec succès à d'autres jeux et a ouvert la voie à une famille de nouvelles méthodes comme Mutilple-MCTS ou Nested Monte Carlo. MCTS évalue un ensemble de situations de jeu à partir de milliers de fins de parties générées aléatoirement. À mesure que les simulations sont produites, le programme oriente dynamiquement sa recherche vers les coups les plus prometteurs. En particulier, MCTS a suscité l'intérêt de la communauté car elle obtient de remarquables performances sans avoir pour autant recours à de nombreuses connaissances expertes a priori. Dans cette thèse, nous avons choisi d'aborder MCTS comme un système apprenant à part entière. Les simulations sont alors autant d'expériences vécues par le système et les résultats sont autant de renforcements. L'apprentissage du système résulte alors de la complexe interaction entre deux composantes : l'acquisition progressive de représentations et la mobilisation de celles-ci lors des futures simulations. Dans cette optique, nous proposons deux approches indépendantes agissant sur chacune de ces composantes. La première approche accumule des représentations complémentaires pour améliorer la vraisemblance des simulations. La deuxième approche concentre la recherche autour d'objectifs intermédiaires afin de renforcer la qualité des représentations acquises. Les méthodes proposées ont été appliquées aux jeu de Go et du Clobber solitaire impartial. La dynamique acquise par le système lors des expérimentations illustre la relation entre ces deux composantes-clés de l'apprentissage / Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) has been initially introduced for the game of Go but has now been applied successfully to other games and opens the way to a range of new methods such as Multiple-MCTS or Nested Monte Carlo. MCTS evaluates game states through thousands of random simulations. As the simulations are carried out, the program guides the search towards the most promising moves. MCTS achieves impressive results by this dynamic, without an extensive need for prior knowledge. In this thesis, we choose to tackle MCTS as a full learning system. As a consequence, each random simulation turns into a simulated experience and its outcome corresponds to the resulting reinforcement observed. Following this perspective, the learning of the system results from the complex interaction of two processes : the incremental acquisition of new representations and their exploitation in the consecutive simulations. From this point of view, we propose two different approaches to enhance both processes. The first approach gathers complementary representations in order to enhance the relevance of the simulations. The second approach focuses the search on local sub-goals in order to improve the quality of the representations acquired. The methods presented in this work have been applied to the games of Go and Impartial Solitaire Clobber. The results obtained in our experiments highlight the significance of these processes in the learning dynamic and draw up new perspectives to enhance further learning systems such as MCTS

Cette dissertation de doctorat développe des contributions importantes à la littérature sur la négociation salariale. Nous introduisons des taux d’actualisation variant dans le temps pour les modèles de négociation salariale afin de modéliser des situations réelles d’une manière plus précise. Dans le Chapitre 1, nous présentons les objectifs principaux de cette dissertation. Dans le Chapitre 2, nous offrons un bref aperçu de la littérature sur les modèles de négociation, plus précisément des modèles de négociation salariale. Nous rappelons les approches axiomatiques et stratégiques des modèles de négociation et étudions en détail l’approche stratégique des modèles de négociation salariale. Dans le Chapitre 3, nous étudions le modèle de négociation salariale avec des préférences qui varient dans le temps. Tout d’abord, nous analysons les équilibres en sous-jeu parfait dans le modèle, d’autre part, nous déterminons les gains d’équilibre en sous-jeux parfaits des parties. Par ailleurs, nous étudions les équilibres inefficaces dans le modèle. Dans le Chapitre 4, nous étudions quelques extensions du modèle de négociation salariale généralisé. Premièrement, nous analysons les négociations salariales avec les actions de “go-slow” et étudions les gains d’équilibre en sous-jeux parfaits. Par ailleurs, nous étudions un modèle de négociation salariale où la firme a l’option de “lockouts”. Dans le Chapitre 5, nous appliquons les modèles de négociation de salaires généralisés aux problèmes de la vie réelle, comme les négociations de prix. Dans le Chapitre 6, nous présentons les conclusions et donnons de nouvelles perspectives à nos recherches futures. / This Ph.D. dissertation develops important contributions to the literature on wage bargaining. We introduce discount rates varying in time to the wage bargaining models in order to model real life situations in a more accurate way. In Chapter 1, we state the main objectives of this dissertation. In Chapter 2, we deliver a brief literature overview of bargaining models, more precisely wage bargaining models. We recall axiomatic and strategic approaches to bargaining and then describe in details strategic approach to wage bargaining models. In Chapter 3, we investigate the wage bargaining model with preferences varying in time. First, we analyze subgame perfect equilibria in the model and then determine the subgame perfect equilibria payoffs of the parties. Furthermore, we study the inefficient equilibria in the model. In Chapter 4, we investigate some extensions of the generalized wage bargaining model. First, we analyze wage bargaining with the go-slow actions of the union and study the subgame perfect equilibrium payoffs. Next, we investigate a wage bargaining model where the firm has the lockout option. In Chapter 5, we apply the generalized wage bargaining models to real life problems, such as price negotiations. In Chapter 6, we present conclusions and give new insights to our future research.

O envenenamento crotálico é responsável por, aproximadamente, 10% dos acidentes causados por serpentes peçonhentas no Brasil. A peçonha crotálica possui ação neurotóxica, miotóxica, nefrotóxica e coagulante. Insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) é a principal complicação nas vítimas que sobrevivem aos efeitos iniciais da peçonha, sendo importante causa de óbito para esses pacientes. Os objetivos deste estudo foram determinar prospectivamente a prevalência e os fatores de risco relacionados ao desenvolvimento de IRA após envenenamento crotálico. Foram estudadas 100 vítimas de acidente crotálico admitidas no Hospital Doenças Tropicais (HDT) de Goiânia-GO, no período de 07/1998 a 05/2000 e de 08/2001 a 03/2003 (43 meses). Os pacientes foram tratados com soro antiofídico específico (SAC) e estudados desde a admissão até alta hospitalar ou óbito. IRA foi definida como depuração de creatinina endógena (FG) < 60 mL/min/1,73m² nas primeiras 72 horas após o acidente. Os dados foram expressos como mediana (faixa de variação) ou % e analisados pelos testes de Mann-Whitney e Fisher e por regressão logística (RL). Vinte e nove pacientes desenvolveram IRA (29%) e 7 (24% dos pacientes com IRA) realizaram diálise. Ocorreram 3 óbitos, todos no grupo de pacientes com IRA. Comparando-se os pacientes que desenvolveram IRA e os que mantiveram FG = 60 mL/min/1,73m², constatou-se que os primeiros apresentaram menor superfície corpórea [1,55 (0,6-2,3) vs 1,7 (0,6-2,1) m², p= 0,0097], receberam SAC mais tardiamente [12 (2-48) vs 2 (1-14) h, p < 0,0001] e em maior quantidade [190 (90,4-536) vs 158 (75-500) mg/m², p < 0,0001], apresentaram maior prevalência de acidentes graves [26 (90%) vs 38 (54%), p = 0,0005], maior prevalência de ptose palpebral [29 (100%) vs 50 (70%), p = 0,0003], maior prevalência de tempo de coagulação (TC) anormal [24 (83%) vs 36 (51%), p = 0,003], menor diurese na admissão [62,4 (0-182) vs 99,6 (24,6-325) mL/h, p = 0,0004], menor valor de FG mínima [39 (0-54) vs 85 (61-110) mL/min/1,73m², p < 0,0001], maior elevação de creatinoquinase (CK) [50.250 (69-424.120) vs 1.108 (88-133.170) U/L, p < 0,0001] e menor FG de alta [87,5 (22-105) vs 102,1 (91-145) mL/min/1,73m², p < 0,0001]. Apesar de não ter havido significância estatística, pacientes com IRA também eram mais jovens [24 (3-59) vs 32 (3-61) anos, p = 0,09]. Os dois grupos receberam quantidade similar de hidratação. O modelo de RL foi baseado em TC anormal, idade ( 50 anos), tempo para receber SAC (> 120 min), CK de admissão (> 2.000 U/L) e diurese na admissão (> 90 mL/h). Idade < 12 anos (OR: 5,6, p = 0,026), tempo para receber SAC (OR: 11,1, p = 0,032), CK de admissão (OR: 12,7, p = 0,0009) foram identificados como fatores de risco independentes para o desenvolvimento de IRA, enquanto que diurese na admissão (OR: 0,20, p = 0,014) foi um fator independente associado à proteção. Estes resultados revelaram que IRA por envenenamento crotálico tem alta prevalência (29%). Demora em receber SAC, CK de admissão superior a 2.000 U/L e idade inferior a 12 anos foram fatores de risco independentes para desenvolver IRA. Diurese na admissão acima de 90 mL/h foi um fator protetor. / Approximately 10% of poisonous snakebites in Brazil are caused by Crotalus snakes. Its venom is neurotoxic, myotoxic, coagulant and causes renal injury. In fact, acute renal failure (ARF) is the major complication in patients surviving the early effects of the venom and a significant cause of death for these patients. The objectives of the present study were to assess prospectively the prevalence and risk factors for Crotalus venom-induced ARF. One hundred Crotalus snakebite patients admitted at Goiania\'s Tropical Diseases Hospital - GO, Brazil from July 1998 to May 2000 and August 2001 to March 2003 (43 months) were studied. The patients received specific antivenom (AV) and were evaluated from hospital admission until discharge or death. ARF was defined as creatinine clearance (GFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73m2 in the first 72 hours following the snakebite. Data are median (variation range) or % and were analyzed by Mann-Whitney\'s or Fisher\'s test and by logistic regression. ARF developed in 29 patients (29%) and 7 (24% of ARF patients) received dialysis. There were 3 deaths, all in the ARF group. When ARF patients were compared to patients that preserved GFR = 60 mL/min/1.73m2, it was found that ARF patients had smaller body surface area [1.55 (0.6-2.3) vs 1.7 (0.6-2.1) m², p = 0.0097], received AV therapy later [12 (2-48) vs 2 (1-14) hours, p < 0.0001], received larger AV amount [190 (90-536) vs 158 (75-500) mg/m², p < 0.0001], had higher % of accidents classified as severe [26(90%) vs 38 (54%), p = 0.0005], more palpebral ptosis [29(100%) vs 50 (70%), p = 0.0003], more cases with abnormal coagulation time (CT) [24 (83%) vs 36 (51%), p = 0.003], lower diuresis at admission [62.4 (0-182) vs 99.6 (24.6-325) mL/h, p = 0.0004], lower GFR nadir [39 (0-54) vs 85 (61-110)mL/min/1.73m², p< 0.0001], higher creatine kinase (CK) [50,250(69-424,120) vs 1,108 (88-133,170) U/L, p < 0.0001] and lower GFR at discharge [87.5 (22-105) vs 102.1 (91-145) mL/min/1.73m², p < 0.0001]. Patients with ARF were younger, but this difference did not reach statistical significance [24 (3-59) vs 32 (3-61) years, p= 0.09]. Both groups received similar amount of hydration. Logistic regression model was based on abnormal CT, age ( 50 years), time to AV administration (>120 min), CK at admission (> 2,000 U/L) and diuresis at admission (> 90mL/h). Age < 12 years (OR: 5.6, p = 0.026), time to AV administration (OR: 11.1, p= 0.032), CK at admission (OR: 12.7, p= 0.0009) were identified as independent risk factors for ARF, while diuresis at admission (OR: 0.20, p = 0.014) was an independent protective factor for renal function. These results showed that Crotalus venom-induced ARF has a high prevalence (29%) and that delay for AV treatment, CK values higher than 2,000 U/L at admission and age lower than 12 years were independent risk factors for the development of ARF. Diuresis at admission above 90 mL/h was a protective factor.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CD 1 - EHPS - Sandra Elaine Aires de Abreu.pdf: 825728 bytes, checksum: d34dc47ba939173a853f45c20e7dfa24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / History is constructed/reconstructed from traces preserved through time. The relationship between the historian and the sources is one of the bases upon which historical research is built up since the sources are the historian s basic material essential to the reconstitution of the past. These sources are constructed by the historian and so they are part of the historiographical operation. The historian makes use of the archives where the testimonies of the past are kept and preserved. So it has become a central matter to this work to know what kind of sources there are in the archives of Goiás which make it possible to write the history of the primary school in Goiás in the 19th century. The challenge of this research was to identify and put together a variety of sources about the primary school in Goiás in the 19th century. Brazilian educational historiographical production has experienced a process of renewal and widening of the research field. It has reviewed old themes, rebuilt new objects of study, incorporated new themes and new theoretical bases, assimilated new patterns of research and document critique and problematized the sources, besides the interlocution of history of education with other disciplinary fields. This research is located in this context. After analyzing the existing sources and educational historiographical production in Goiás in the 19th century, the primary public instruction in Goiàs in that period was set up as our object of study. The research aims were to analyze the process of creation and expansion of the elementary schools as well as the establishment of the teaching career and the teaching practice. The period from 1835 to 1893 was delimited for the research. The sources of research used in this study were the reports of the presidents of the Province of Goiás, the reports of the inspectors of instruction, swearing- in terms of teachers, examination terms of teachers and students, class maps of teachers, school exercises and other documents. The primary schools in Go iás in the 19th century were re-designed , the teaching career was constituted and the process of institutionalization of primary instruction was closely related to the extent of the social demand for the acquisition of the abilities of reading, writing, counting and praying / É partir dos vestígios preservados pelo tempo que a história é construída/reconstruída. A relação do historiador com as fontes é uma das bases sobre as quais se edifica a pesquisa histórica, pois as fontes são a matéria-prima básica do historiador, são indispensáveis para a reconstituição do passado. Elas (as fontes) são uma construção do historiador e, portanto, uma parte da operação historiográfica. Nestes termos, o historiador recorre aos arquivos onde estão guardados e preservados os testemunhos do passado. Assim, tornou-se questão central para este trabalho saber que tipos de fontes existem nos arquivos de Goiás que possibilitam escrever a história da instrução primária goiana no século XIX. Esta pesquisa nos desafiou a identificar e reunir uma variedade de fontes sobre a instrução primária em Goiás no século XIX. A produção historiográfica educacional brasileira vem passando por um processo de renovação e ampliação do campo de pesquisa, por isso tem revisto antigas temáticas, reconstruído novos objetos de estudo, incorporado novas temáticas, novos referenciais teóricos, assimilado novos padrões de pesquisa e crítica documental e problematizado as fontes, além da interlocução da história da educação com outros campos disciplinares. É neste contexto que se insere a presente pesquisa. Analisando as fontes existentes e a produção historiográfica educacional goiana, delimitou-se como objeto de estudo a instrução pública primária em Goiás no século XIX, e foram estabelecidos como objetivos analisar o processo de criação e expansão das escolas de primeiras letras, o processo de constituição da carreira docente e o exercício do magistério. O período delimitado para a pesquisa é o que ocorre entre 1835 e 1893. As fontes de pesquisa privilegiadas neste estudo foram os relatórios dos presidentes da província de Goiás, os relatórios de inspetores de instrução pública, a legislação educacional, atestados emitidos por inspetores de instrução, termos de juramentos de professores, termos de exames de professores e alunos, mapas de aulas dos professores, exercícios escolares e outros. As escolas de primeiras letras em Goiás no século XIX foram redesenhadas , e a carreira docente constituída e o processo de institucionalização da instrução primária esteve diretamente relacionado com a extensão da demanda social pela aquisição das habilidades de ler, escrever, contar e rezar

Cette thèse porte sur le traitement rapide des scènes naturelles par les hommes et les singes. Elle est<br />composée de trois chapitres, chacun abordant un aspect particulier de la construction des<br />représentations visuelles précoces utilisées pour catégoriser rapidement les objets.<br />Nous montrons dans le premier chapitre que les informations magnocellulaires sont probablement très<br />impliquées dans la construction des représentations visuelles précoces. Ces représentations<br />rudimentaires de la scène visuelle pourraient servir à guider les traitements effectués sur les<br />informations parvocellulaires accessibles plus tardivement.<br />Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous nous intéressons à la chronométrie des traitements visuels, en<br />analysant les résultats de tâches conçues pour diminuer le temps de réaction des sujets ainsi que la<br />latence de l'activité différentielle cérébrale. Nous étudions également la dynamique fine de ces<br />traitements grâce à un protocole de masquage dans lequel l'information n'est accessible à l'écran que<br />pendant une période de temps très courte et nous montrons ainsi toute l'importance des 20-40<br />premières millisecondes de traitement.<br />Le troisième chapitre traite de la nature des représentations visuelles précoces et des tâches qu'elles<br />permettent de réaliser. Des expériences dans lesquelles les sujets doivent catégoriser des animaux à<br />différents niveaux montrent que le premier niveau auquel le système visuel accède n'est pas le niveau<br />de base mais le niveau superordonné. Ces résultats vont à l'encontre de l'architecture classiquement<br />admise sur la base de travaux utilisant des processus lexicaux et met en évidence l'importance de<br />facteurs comme l'expertise et la diagnosticité des indices visuels pour expliquer la vitesse d'accès aux<br />différents niveaux de catégorie.<br />Ces différents résultats permettent de caractériser les représentations précoces que le système visuel<br />utilise pour extraire le sens des informations qui lui parviennent et faire émerger la représentation<br />interne du monde telle que nous la percevons.

With the ever increase in biomedical literature, text-mining has emerged as an important technology to support bio-curation and search. Word sense disambiguation (WSD), the correct identification of terms in text in the light of ambiguity, is an important problem in text-mining. Since the late 1940s many approaches based on supervised (decision trees, naive Bayes, neural networks, support vector machines) and unsupervised machine learning (context-clustering, word-clustering, co-occurrence graphs) have been developed. Knowledge-based methods that make use of the WordNet computational lexicon have also been developed. But only few make use of ontologies, i.e. hierarchical controlled vocabularies, to solve the problem and none exploit inference over ontologies and the use of metadata from publications. This thesis addresses the WSD problem in biomedical ontologies by suggesting different approaches for word sense disambiguation that use ontologies and metadata. The "Closest Sense" method assumes that the ontology defines multiple senses of the term; it computes the shortest path of co-occurring terms in the document to one of these senses. The "Term Cooc" method defines a log-odds ratio for co-occurring terms including inferred co-occurrences. The "MetaData" approach trains a classifier on metadata; it does not require any ontology, but requires training data, which the other methods do not. These approaches are compared to each other when applied to a manually curated training corpus of 2600 documents for seven ambiguous terms from the Gene Ontology and MeSH. All approaches over all conditions achieve 80% success rate on average. The MetaData approach performs best with 96%, when trained on high-quality data. Its performance deteriorates as quality of the training data decreases. The Term Cooc approach performs better on Gene Ontology (92% success) than on MeSH (73% success) as MeSH is not a strict is-a/part-of, but rather a loose is-related-to hierarchy. The Closest Sense approach achieves on average 80% success rate. Furthermore, the thesis showcases applications ranging from ontology design to semantic search where WSD is important.

This work was proposed research the historical study of the Agricultural College of Rio Verde, which became operational in May 1967, in southwest Goiás, with the cut out the year 1967 with it s creation, and 1979, when the college was transformed into Agrotechnical School. The objective of the research is to analyze the trajectory of the Agricultural College of Rio Verde, emphasizing the process of creation, installation and consolidation in the period between 1967 and 1979, seeking to understand the implementation of this technical-vocational institution in the 1960 features such as approach, three stages, namely: the socioeconomic context of the area where the school was installed, justifying the need for professional training for agricultural work, and hand of local and regional skilled workforce, whose economic development was basically agricultural; a reflection on the history of agricultural vocational education in the region and in the country, emphasizing political and social aspects in their advances and retreats; and also the installation of the institution; and start of operations, their organizers and agents subject. The methodological path followed had as a starting point the documentary research, prioritizing the identification, selection, analysis and description of the Agricultural College documents Rio Verde, 1967-1979, are: Decrees, Laws, reports, letters, photographs, books registration tests of selection and registration, point of books, minutes of meetings, and visits to private collections in search of newspapers highlighted time, photographs, documents and school records. Correspondingly, the bibliographic reference analysis on the subject studied. These studies allowed the perception of the creation of the school as part of a political-economic planning deployed to meet regional and local needs, highlighting the uniqueness of the agricultural school culture in the institution that reveal stories, facts and relationships between all those involved in the processes of construction, implementation and consolidation of the college, among these relations, we find that the agricultural vocation of the region was essential for this institution to consolidate. / Este trabalho teve como proposta de pesquisa o estudo histórico do Colégio Agrícola de Rio Verde - GO, que passou a funcionar em maio de 1967, no sudoeste goiano, tendo como recorte o ano de 1967, com sua criação, e 1979, quando o colégio foi transformado em Escola Agrotécnica. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar a trajetória do Colégio Agrícola de Rio Verde, enfatizando seu processo de criação, instalação e consolidação, no período entre 1967 e 1979, buscando a compreensão da implantação desta instituição técnico-profissionalizante na década de 1960. Apresenta, como enfoque, três momentos, a saber: o contexto socioeconômico da região onde a escola foi instalada, justificando a necessidade da formação do profissional para o trabalho agrícola, ou seja, mão de obra qualificada local e regional, cujo desenvolvimento econômico era basicamente agrícola; uma reflexão sobre a história da educação profissional agrícola na região e no país, enfatizando aspectos políticos e sociais em seus avanços e retrocessos; e, ainda, a instalação da instituição e início das atividades, seus agentes articuladores e sujeitos. O caminho metodológico percorrido teve como ponto de partida a pesquisa documental, priorizando a identificação, seleção, análise e descrição dos documentos do Colégio Agrícola de Rio Verde, de 1967 a 1979, sejam: Decretos, Leis, relatórios, ofícios, fotografias, livros de registro de exames de seleção e matrícula, livros de ponto, atas de reuniões, e visitas a acervos particulares em busca de jornais da época destacada, fotografias, documentos e registros escolares. Em consonância, a análise de referencial bibliográfico sobre o tema estudado. Estes estudos possibilitaram a percepção da criação do colégio como parte de um planejamento político-econômico implantado para atender as necessidades regionais e locais, evidenciando as singularidades da cultura escolar agrícola na instituição que revelam histórias, fatos e relações entre todos os agentes envolvidos nos processos de construção, implantação e consolidação do colégio, dentre as estas relações, constatamos que a vocação agrícola da região foi fundamental para que essa instituição se consolidasse. / Mestre em Educação

This PhD thesis investigated the role of the basal ganglia in memory and motor inhibition. Recent neuroimaging evidence suggests a supramodal network of inhibition involving the lateral prefrontal cortex. Here we examined whether this supramodal network also includes subcortical structures, such as the basal ganglia. Despite their well-established role in motor control, the basal ganglia are repeatedly activated but never interpreted during memory inhibition. We first used a series of meta-analyses to confirm the consistent involvement of the basal ganglia across studies using memory and motor inhibition tasks (including the Go/No-Go, Think/No-Think, and Stop-signal tasks), and discovered that there may be different subprocesses of inhibition. For instance, while the Go/No-Go task may require preventing a response from taking place, the Think/No-Think and Stop-signal tasks may require cancelling an emerging or ongoing response. We then conducted an fMRI study to examine how the basal ganglia interact with other putative supramodal regions (e.g., DLPFC) to achieve memory and motor inhibition during prevention and cancellation. Through dynamic causal modelling (DCM), we found that both DLPFC and basal ganglia play effective roles to achieve inhibition in the task-specific regions (hippocampus for memory inhibition; primary motor cortex (M1) for motor inhibition). Specifically, memory inhibition requires a DLPFC-basal ganglia-hippocampus pathway, whereas motor inhibition requires a basal ganglia-DLPFC-M1 pathway. We correlated DCM coupling parameters with behavioural indices to examine the relationship between network dynamics during prevention and cancellation and the successfulness of inhibition. However, due to constraints with DCM parameter estimates, caution is necessary when interpreting these results. Finally, we used diffusion weighted imaging to explore the anatomical connections supporting functions and behaviour. Unfortunately, we were unable to detect any white matter variability in relation to effective connectivity or behaviour during the prevention or cancellation processes of memory and motor inhibition at this stage. This PhD thesis provides essential INITIAL evidence that not only are the basal ganglia consistently involved in memory and motor inhibition, but these structures are effectively engaged in these tasks, achieving inhibition through task-specific pathways. We will discuss our findings, interpretations, and future directions in the relevant chapters.