Diante da crescente prevalência do Diabetes Mellitus (DM) na população mundial, a educação em saúde tem sido foco de estudos que buscam estratégias para a efetivação do autocuidado por parte de pessoas que possuem essa doença. O presente estudo foi realizado no contexto das atividades de um Centro de Pesquisa e Extensão Universitário, onde são realizadas atividades educativas em grupo para pessoas com DM, por meio de equipe multiprofissional, composta por enfermeiros, psicólogos, nutricionistas e educadores físicos. O objetivo foi investigar as contribuições de um grupo de apoio na aprendizagem voltada para o autocuidado em Diabetes, segundo os participantes. A coleta de dados foi realizada durante seis meses, com audiogravação de quatro reuniões coordenadas por três psicólogos e uma enfermeira, em que participaram 16 pessoas. Os dados foram transcritos e submetidos à análise temática, dos quais emergiram as seguintes categorias: Faço parte de um serviço de apoio em Diabetes; Tenho diabetes, sentimentos e desafios relacionados à doença; Desmistificando a singularidade: o poder das trocas de experiências no grupo e Avaliações realizadas pelos participantes durante as sessões grupais. As três primeiras foram divididas em subcategorias que possibilitaram uma maior exploração dos temas abordados. Nos encontros emergiram demandas emocionais dos participantes frente ao DM e seu tratamento, principalmente quanto à mudança de hábitos. Os participantes problematizaram e discutiram as recomendações dos profissionais, produzindo coletivamente formas de enfrentamento da doença. Percebemos o desenvolvimento do grupo ao longo dos encontros. Mudanças se apresentaram tanto em termos do processo grupal, quanto com relação à progressiva apropriação de conhecimentos e incorporação de novas atitudes frente ao DM. / Given the increasing prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in the world population, health education has been the focus of studies seeking strategies for effective selfcare by people who have this illness. The present study was conducted in the context of the activities of a University Centre for Research and Extension, where educational activities are conducted in a group for people with diabetes through multidisciplinary team, comprising nurses, psychologists, dietitians and physical trainers. The objective was to investigate the contributions of a support group in learning for self-care in diabetes, according to participants. Data collection was performed during six months, with four audio recording of meetings coordinated by three psychologists and a nurse, attended by 16 persons. The data were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis, from which emerged the following categories: I belong to a support service in diabetes; I\'m a diabetic, feelings and challenges related to illness; Demystifying the singularity: the power of exchanging experience in group and assessments made by participants during the group sessions. The first three were divided into subcategories that enabled a greater exploration of the themes. In these meetings have emerged emotional demands of the participants about the DM and its treatment, especially regarding the change of habits. Participants problematized and discussed the professionals recommendations, collectively producing forms of fighting the illness. We perceive the group\'s development over the meetings. Changes are presented in terms of group process, as compared with the gradual acquisition of knowledge and incorporation of new attitudes toward DM

This study is based on the theoretical assumption that a detailed understanding of the nature of stereotypes entails more than an analysis of the content of stereotype descriptions. It must also include a study of the range of target group members, situations, and behaviours to which people generalize their stereotypes (referential attributions), and an examination of judgements regarding the causes of stereotype traits (causal attributions). A check list stereotyping task was combined with a multivariate judgement task in order to examine the causal and referential attributions underlying individuals' stereotype descriptions. Two hundred and forty respondents, forming four distinct subgroups, described either an outgroup or a target group to which they belonged. They then made a number of attributions about their descriptions. The target groups, defined broadly in environmental terms, were: Big City People, Small Town People, Conservation-rninded People, and Development-minded People. The results indicated that the referential attributions provided by the respondents did not vary with the changes in content between the different stereotypes. They were unrelated to the causal attributions, and they were unaffected by the respondents' membership status vis-a-vis the target groups. Rather, the referential attributions reflected the use of a representativeness rule and a distinctiveness criterion in the selection of trait descriptors. The respondents attributed their stereotype traits to a large proportion of target members, to many of their behaviours, and to many situations involving target members. The individuals judged these stereotype traits to be characteristics that distinguished the targets from people in general. Learning was rated as having a greater effect than inheritance as a causal agent in trait development. There were reliable sub-sample differences in the magnitude of this outcome. The study contained a replication condition. Two different types of target groups were employed and the data related to each type were analyzed independently. While the findings regarding the referential and causal attributions generalized across these two sets of analyses for the most part, the traditionally measured content-related results did not replicate. A review of this disparity indicated that caution should be exercised in the selection of targets for stereotype research and appropriate efforts should be made to ensure that the measuring instruments employed best suit the theoretical issue being addressed. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

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Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka till vilken grad studenter som använder Facebook och som studerar vid Uppsala universitet uppfattar att vissa grupprocesser (kommunikation, samarbete och koordination) stöds av Facebook och hur det i sin tur påverkar gruppen och det arbete den utför. Undersökningen är baserad på en enkät som besvarats av studenter på Uppsala universitet som använder Facebook och kvantitativa data som samlades in har legat som grund för undersökningen. Resultatet av undersökningen är en utvärdering av hur de deltagande studenterna uppfattar att Facebook stödjer de olika grupprocesserna. Undersökningen visar att studenterna tycker att Facebook är ett bra hjälpmedel i grupparbeten och att kommunikationen stödjs till stor del. Men koordinationen och samarbetet stödjs inte till så stor del av Facebook, men studenterna uppfattar ändå det som ett bra hjälpmedel. / The purpose with this essay is to examine the degree to which students, who are using Facebook, at Uppsala University perceive that some group processes (communication, collaboration and coordination) is supported by Facebook and how this in return affects the group and the work performance. The study is based on a survey answered by students who are using Facebook at Uppsala universities and the quantitative data that was collected has been the basis for the study. The result of the study is an evaluation of how these students perceive that Facebook supports the various group processes. The study shows that the students think that Facebook is a good tool in group work and communication is supported to a great extent. But coordination and cooperation are not supported in large part by Facebook, but students still perceive it as a good tool.

The overall aim was to elucidate the effects of vehicle passengers on young drivers. This generated two specific aims and four papers. The first aim was to investigate the crash risk for young drivers with passengers and to establish whether such accidents involve any special circumstances compared to those that occur without passengers. This goal was achieved by analysing accident and exposure data from two registers. The second objective was to analyse the group processes that develop between four young men in a vehicle and to ascertain how those interactions affect driving behaviour. Those issues were addressed by performing an observational study of twelve young men driving an instrumented vehicle in real traffic with and without passengers. The interactions between the vehicle occupants were video and audio recorded, and the driving behaviour was registered in various ways. The results show that drivers with passengers have a lower crash risk compared to those driving alone regardless of the driver’s age, although this effect is weaker for young drivers (especially males) than for other age groups. Compared to driving alone, driving with passengers for young drivers is more extensively associated with single-vehicle crashes that occur at night, on weekends, and in rural areas on roads with higher speed limits, and it leads to more severe outcomes. It has also been found that the passengers sometimes try to induce the young drivers to act in either safer or more dangerous ways, although the drivers very often resist urging and coaxing from their passengers. Cohesion is another factor that affect the driver-passenger group: a high level of cohesion, especially task cohesion, is associated with a low number of unsafe driving actions. Consequently, it seems that the presence of passengers is not enough to ensure safe driving—substantial group cohesion is also necessary for such behaviour. / Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att studera passagerares effekt på unga förare, vilket genererade två delsyften och fyra delarbeten. Det första delsyftet var att undersöka olycksrisken för unga förare med passagerare och att ta reda på om dessa olyckor skedde under några speciella omständigheter. För att få svar på syftet gjordes en registerstudie där olycks- och exponeringsdata från två olika register analyserades. Det andra delsyftet var att analysera de grupprocesser som utvecklas mellan fyra unga män i en bil och att studera hur dessa interaktioner påverkar körbeteendet. Detta undersöktes med en observationsstudie där tolv unga män fick köra en instrumenterad bil i verklig trafik, både med och utan passagerare. Interaktionerna som uppstod i bilen spelades in med hjälp av videokameror och mikrofoner och körbeteendet registrerades med olika mätinstrument. Resultatet visar att förare med passagerare har en lägre olycksrisk jämfört med förare utan passagerare oavsett förarens ålder. Denna effekt är inte lika stark för unga förare (speciellt inte unga män) som den är för övriga åldersgrupper. Unga förares olyckor med passagerare är också mer vanligt förekommande under speciella omständigheter. Jämfört med olyckor utan passagerare sker de i större utsträckning under nattetid, under veckoslut, i tätbebyggt område, på vägar med hög hastighetsbegränsning, de är oftare singelolyckor och de får mer allvarliga konsekvenser. Vidare visar resultaten att passagerare ibland, på olika sätt, försöker få den unga föraren att köra på ett annat sätt än vad de gör vilket kan betyda ett säkrare eller ett mer trafikfarligt beteende. Det verkar dock som att förarna oftast står emot dessa övertalningsförsök och förolämpningar. En annan faktor som påverkar gruppen är kohesion: en hög grad av kohesion, speciellt uppgiftskohesion, visar sig leda till färre trafikfarliga körbeteenden. Med andra ord verkar det som att blotta närvaron av passagerare inte räcker för att få ett säkert körbeteende; det behövs även en betydande grad av kohesion.

According to social psychologists, we as a species are inequity averse. We prefer conditions that foster fairness and reject injustice against common good. At the same time, however, unequal power and status hierarchies color almost every aspect of our lives. Advantages are distributed asymmetrically based on hierarchical status processes. Life, in other words, is systematically unfair in addition to being populated by free riders. Are the outcomes of potential free riders correlated with status as well? Does status affect the individual’s ability to successfully free ride? Are higher status actors typically granted a greater degree of social leniency than lower status actors? Are they less likely to be marked as free riders? I conducted a simple vignette study to in which participants were presented with a hypothetical, one-shot interaction, involving a collectively oriented, task in order to investigate the relationship between status and free riding.

The study aimed to identify and understand the phenomenon of group processes comparing two Personal Development (PD) group modalities. One group mainly used verbalisation and the other mainly used movement for interaction and self-expression. Group processes were expressed through the analysis of the participant's non-verbal movements and the verbal expressions of their experience in the group. The thesis of this study was that group processes can be expressed and identified through movement and verbal expressions. This study built on previous studies that have explored group processes in both Dance Movement Psychotherapy (DMP) and in Verbal Group Psychotherapy fields in relation to PD groups. Two theoretical frameworks that underpinned this study were: DMP as group work and Group Psychotherapy with the primary focus on group processes in PD groups. These theories were selected for their pertinence to the understanding of group processes and PD groups. The comparison between the groups intended to answer the study's question: which group processes as expressed verbally and non-verbally in movement can be identified in a dance movement PD group compared with a verbal PD group? Qualitative hermeneutic phenomenology methodology was employed in this study in order to answer the above question using two collection and analysis methods: movement observation using Laban Movement Analysis (LMA) and a thematic analysis of participants' verbal reflections in semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study have shown which group process developed in each of the PD groups identified through the two collections methods. For instance, they were conflict, rivalry, trust, intimacy and cohesion. The analysis of the DM PD group has shown differences in findings between that which the movement observation identified and that which participants described in the interviews. The study aimed to contribute to the body of knowledge regarding group processes in DMP and group psychotherapy theory and research. Exploring group processes through the use of movement and verbalisation adds to the professional development and training in both fields. The study outcome offers an original contribution to practice, through the development of a group work guide for facilitators, derived from the group processes conceptual model. It represents a new way of understanding group processes and dynamics through the observation of a group's movements and verbal reflections by participants. This guide is aimed at supporting facilitators of PD groups when considering interventions both when leading groups and when reflecting on the groups' processes.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the proposition that group members use help-seeking as a strategic tool for managing and enhancing the ingroup’s image in the eyes of outgroups. The theoretical introduction outlines and assesses the history of helping-transaction research, beginning with the rich and multi-faceted work carried out by anthropologists and sociologists, before considering how social psychology has addressed this topic. The conclusion from this assessment is that the academic contribution of much of the social psychological helping-transaction research from the 1960s onwards was limited, due to its failure to address: i) the relevance of social groups, and ii) the idea that engagement in helping transactions can be motivated by desires to achieve underlying goals that relate to personal improvement or gain. Although more recent social psychological work investigated these issues, they remain under-studied. Attempting to address these neglected areas, this thesis adopts a social identity perspective, and conceptualises help-seeking as an image-management strategy. This concept is investigated in the context of a specific phenomenon with the potential to threaten the group’s image: a salient meta-stereotype. Meta-stereotypes are the stereotypes we believe to be held about our group by outgroups, and are context-dependent and often negative in valence. The prediction is thus made that group members will utilize the act of help-seeking strategically, to attempt to challenge salient negative meta-stereotypes. This is predicted to occur independently of levels of material need.This hypothesis is tested across seven experiments. Study 1 provides initial exploration of the concept, and suggests that the threat associated with help-seeking depends on how participants categorize themselves (and thus the help-giver). Studies 2 and 3 provide the first explicit manipulations of meta-stereotype salience in the thesis. Study 2 reveals that encouraging female participants to consider the idea that males perceive females as dependent leads to higher levels of perceived meta-stereotype unfairness than a purely interpersonal context, and that these perceptions of unfairness lead to reduced help-seeking from the outgroup. Study 3 strengthens this finding by shifting to an alternative identity (nationality: Scottish vs. English). It shows that, for participants who act strongly as Scots during the study, being encouraged to consider the idea that the English perceive the Scots as handout-dependent leads to less outgroup help-seeking than either an interpersonal context or an intergroup context without a salient meta-stereotype. This suggests salient meta-stereotypes have effects on help-seeking beyond those produced by a simple intergroup context. Study 4 shows these help-seeking-related effects can be obtained via a more naturalistic meta-stereotype manipulation, and also examines the relevance of the helpers’ group membership. Finally, Studies 5, 6 and 7 provide a more in-depth analysis of the key concept of strategy. Together, these last three studies show group members take heed of the contents of salient meta-stereotypes, and tailor their strategic stereotype-challenging behaviours depending on these specific contents. Moreover, these studies indicate that the nature of the meta-stereotype contents can sometimes increase participants’ help-seeking. The General Discussion summarises the thesis’ main findings and considers their contribution to the help-seeking literature and the real world.

Social psychological theorizing assumes that 1) members of dominant and oppressed racial groups subscribe to the same set of cultural beliefs regarding the racial hierarchy in the United States and 2) that patterns of deference in task groups reflect broader patterns of inequality in society. With the use white and black research participants at two research sites, this thesis examines these assumptions with regards to the proposed tri-racial hierarchy of the Latin Americanization Thesis, which asserts that the racial hierarchy in the U.S. is now primarily determined by phenotype, as opposed to traditional racial and ethnic boundaries. Do White and Black Americans associate similar perceptions of status with members of the proposed tri-racial hierarchy? In addition, skin tone is associated with socioeconomic status among blacks in the U.S., but do research participants defer to members of the pigmentocracy in a manner consistent with these broader patterns of inequality? These questions are assessed by matching white and black research participants with either a white, light-skinned black, or dark-skinned black partner for the completion of a joint task. The results of the multi-site experiment suggest that there is racial invariance with the perceived status associated with members of the pigmentocracy. More generally, whites exhibit patterns of active denial and report that most others believe dark-skinned blacks are more competent than light-skinned blacks, who most others believe are more competent than whites. Whites purportedly personally subscribe to these pattern of beliefs. Blacks, however, exhibit a pattern of active resistance to stigmatizing beliefs: while they report that oppressed members of the pigmentocracy are held in lower regard by most others in society, they refuse to personally endorse these stigmatizing beliefs. These attitudinal reactions had implications for the patterns of deference that emerged when jointly completing the group task. While patterns of influence emergent in group tasks generally reflect broader patterns of stratification in society, this failed to be the case when participants interacted with members of the pigmentocracy most phenotypically distinct from themselves. That is, when racial distinctions were most salient, research participants consciously reacted against the pigmentocracy, obstructing the activation of the status generalization process. The implications of these results for model testing and development, and for identifying racial biases in the current racial climate are discussed.

I denna uppsats är det övergripande syftet att studera grupprocesser och identitetsskapande inom supporterkulturen. De frågeställningar studien avser att besvara utgörs av supporterskapets betydelse för individens identitetsskapande, skapandet och upprätthållandet av supportergruppen och supportergruppens eventuella påverkan på individens moraliska förhållningssätt. Studien tillämpar ett kvalitativt angreppssätt baserat på intervjuer och en kortare observation. Uppsatsens teoretiska ram består av Erving Goffmans och George Herbert Meads identitetsteorier, Randall Collins teori om ”Interaction ritual chains” och Howard S. Beckers stämplingsteori. Studien visar att supporterskapet är av stor betydelse för supportrarnas identitetsskapande, detta bland annat då engagemanget med supporterkulturen påbörjades redan i ung ålder och har följt de under deras uppväxt. Vidare visar studien att supportergrupper skapas genom ett gemensamt intresse och engagemang för en förening och att denna grupp upprätthålls via kollektiva ritualer och handlingar inom gruppen. Det grupptryck och sinnestillstånd som uppstår när dessa handlingar utförs påverkar sedan till viss del supportrarnas moraliska förhållningssätt, även om man inte helt kan lägga över det moraliska ansvaret för sina handlingar på gruppen. Utöver detta identifieras även ett nytt begrepp för att kunna förklara identitets- och grupprocesser, såväl som gruppens påverkan på individens moraliska förhållningssätt. Detta begrepp har vi valt att kalla ”nivå av kulturella traditioner”. / In this essay, the overall aim is to study group processes and identity formation within the fan culture. The questions the essay intends to answer consists of the importance of fanship for the individual's identity, the creation and maintenance of groups of fans, and fan groups possible impact on the individual's moral attitudes. The essay uses a qualitative approach based on interviews and a shorter observation. The essay´s theoretical framework consists of the identity theories of Erving Goffman and George Herbert Mead, Randall Collins's theory of "Interaction Ritual Chains" and Howard S. Becker's labeling theory. The essay shows that the fanship is of great importance for the fans identity making. One of the main reasons is that the involvement with the fan culture began at a young age, and that the fellowship of this culture since then has been of great importance in their upbringing. Furthermore, the essay shows that fan groups are created by a common interest and commitment for a team, and that this group is maintained through collective rituals and acts within the group. The peer pressure and state of mind that occurs when these acts are performed, is to some extent affecting the fans moral attitude, even if you cannot fully pass on the moral responsibility for your actions on the group. In addition to this the essay also identifies a new concept to explain identity- and group processes, as well as the group's influence on individual moral behavior. This term we have chosen to call ”level of cultural traditions”.