Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana de Oliveira Dala Vedova.pdf: 589880 bytes, checksum: 50080069c73f8fc65696dbeaaebafa43 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-16 / Issues related to individual and group instruction have been studied indicating the need for research in contingencies analysis of programmed instruction in order to verify the possibility of employing them in group settings. The intention of this study was to compare the teaching of some concepts of Experimental Behavior Analysis in a programmed instruction situation, referred to as instruction condition 1 (C1), and teaching by means of reading and discussion, referred to as instruction condition 2 (C2). In both cases, teaching was carried out with small groups of students. Thirty-five psychology students from two different classes of a private institution participated in this study, sixteen of which had classes in the morning, and nineteen of them had classes in the evening. The teaching content was based on some concepts about reinforcement. All the students were alternately submitted to both instruction conditions, so that the experimental design was ABAB. The only difference between the two groups was the starting point: while one group started with A (C1), the other started with B (C2), and proceeded alternating conditions throughout the process. The students performance was analysed based on three different evaluations: an initial content test (in order to ascertain how much previous knowledge the students had of the subject), a test at the end of each of the instructional conditions (adding up to four tests), and a final contest test in order to verify changes in performance after the application of all the instructional conditions. Twenty-three students concluded all the research activities. Both groups performed better in C1 than in C2. However, the analysis of the performance of students individually reveals particular results when comparing procedures C1 and C2, as well as when comparing performance participants who studied in the morning and those who studied in the evening. The results obtained for C1 are consistent with those found in the literature regarding the efficacy of the analysis of contingencies in programmed instruction, which is also observed in group settings. As to C2, although student performance was relatively lower than in C1, student progress on an individual basis was significant / Questões relacionadas ao ensino individual e grupal vêm sendo estudadas sugerindo a necessidade de pesquisa em análise de contingências na programação de ensino para verificar a possibilidade de viabilizá-la em situações grupais. Pretendeu-se, neste estudo, comparar o ensino de alguns conceitos da Análise Experimental do Comportamento em situação de ensino programado nomeada como condição de ensino 1 (C1) e ensino através da leitura e discussão, nomeada como condição de ensino 2 (C2). Nas duas situações o ensino foi desenvolvido em pequenos grupos de alunos. Participaram deste estudo 35 alunos de duas turmas regulares de um curso de psicologia em uma instituição privada de ensino, sendo 16 do turno diurno e 19 do noturno. O conteúdo de ensino foi estabelecido a partir de alguns conceitos sobre o reforço. Todos os alunos passaram pelas duas condições de ensino de maneira alternada, desse modo o delineamento proposto foi o ABAB, sendo que a diferença entre os grupos foi apenas no ponto inicial: enquanto um começou em A (C1), o outro começou em B (C2), alternando ao longo do processo. O desempenho dos alunos foi analisado ao longo de três avaliações: uma avaliação inicial de conhecimentos, para medir o nível de conhecimento prévio do aluno acerca do conteúdo, uma avaliação ao final de cada uma das diferentes condições de ensino, somando um total de quatro avaliações e uma avaliação final de conhecimentos, para verificar mudanças no desempenho após a aplicação das distintas condições de ensino. Foram 23 alunos que concluíram todas as atividades da pesquisa. Para ambas as turmas o desempenho dos alunos foi melhor em C1 do que em C2. Porém, a análise de desempenho por aluno revela situações distintas tanto na comparação do procedimento C1 com C2, quanto na comparação de desempenho dos alunos observando os diferentes turnos. Em relação à C1, esses resultados são consistentes com os apresentados na literatura da área sobre a eficácia da análise de contingências na programação de ensino, que também é mantida em situações grupais. Em C2, apesar dos alunos apresentarem desempenho relativamente mais baixo do que em C1, as evoluções individuais dos alunos foram muito significativas

This dissertation thesis deals with a comparison of teaching of economic subjects at secondary special schools of economics in the Czech republic nad Germany. The thesis focuses on a different usage of conceptions and organizational forms of teaching that undoubtedly have a great impact on a teaching process. I also investigate other parameters such as the contentual aspect of education, didactic principles or the usage of didactic technics during the teaching process. It is a teacher, above all, who impacts the instruction by making a choice between traditional and problem-based teaching, and therefore fundamentally affects the teaching process, the extent to which students are involved in their lessons, as well as students' activity and motivation. The goal of my thesis is to compare teaching of economic subjects in the Czech Republic and Germany. The comparison is focused on an affirmation of differentiated instruction, on its impact on different levels of activity and motivation of students and the extent to which students are involved in their lessons. I would also like to refer to the fact that using of the problem-based teaching method leads to an assurance of meeting requested results grounded in crucial and professional competences of general educational programmes. To compare the types of teaching processes I have chosen to use a direct observation method that I have realised by making inspections of classes at business colleges, economic lyceums in the Czech Republic and at business grammar schools in two Federal Republics.

Bakgrunden till detta självständiga arbete ligger i mina erfarenheter av instrumentalundervisning i den svenska kulturskolan tillsammans med mitt intresse för interaktion mellan lärare och elev i likväl en-till-en-undervisning som gruppundervisning. Kulturskolan har gått igenom många förändringar genom historien. Ett tämligen färskt exempel på detta är en statlig utredning (SOU,2016:69) där gruppundervisning rekommenderas som norm för all musikundervisning i kulturskolan till skillnad från den mer traditionellt använda en-till-en-undervisningen.Studien syftar till att belysa hur instrumentalundervisning i kulturskolan kan ta sig uttryck och hur det kan förstås ha för betydelse för den enskilde elevens lärande. Genom ett kvalitativt metodval i observation och stimulerad intervju, framgår hur interaktionsmönster och iscensättning av instrumentalundervisning kan förstås påverka elevers lärande. Även uppfattningar om grupp- och enskild undervisning och iscensättandet av dessa undervisningsformer lyfts fram. Med socialsemiotiska begrepp och modeller som analysverktyg framgår av studiens resultat hur läraren i detta fall är den som styr lektionerna till i hög grad och elevernas påverkan och utrymme för eget initiativ är liten. Lektionerna var fokuserade kring att lära sig stycken på fiol enligt lärarens instruktioner och riktande av uppmärksamhetsfokus, med noter som huvudsakliga utgångspunkt. Lärarens verbala kommunikation var den betydande delenav all kommunikation som skedde under lektionerna och elevernas interaktion med varandra var nedtonad. Av lärarens beskrivningar framgår uppfattningar om att utveckling av elevernas analytiska förmåga när det kommer till inlärning via notläsning och speltekniska färdigheter är av stor vikt. Av resultatet framgår även uppfattningar om att kravet på gruppundervisning kan vara hämmande både för lärare och elever och en önskan om en kombination av enskild- och gruppundervisning framgår. Resultaten av föreliggande arbete liknar generellt andra studiers resultat om enskild- och gruppundervisning i kulturskolan och uppfattningar om hur kulturskolans mål påverkar praktiken. I vidare forskning föreslås att större vikt läggs vid elevernas perspektiv på detta ämne för att få en bättre förståelse och uppfattning om deras upplevelser och tankar. / The background to this thesis lies in my experiences of instrumental teaching in the Swedish voluntary cultural school (Kulturskolan) along with my interest in teacher-student interaction in both one-to-one-teaching and group teaching. The cultural school has been through a lot of changes historically. A recent example of this is a governmental investigation (SOU, 2016:69) recommending group teaching as a norm as opposed to the traditional one-to-one-teaching.The study aims to shed light on how instrumental teaching in the cultural school can take formand how it can be understood to have significance for the individual student's learning. Through qualitative methods as observation and stimulated recall interview, it is made clear in the results how patterns of interaction and design of the lessons can be understood to affect students' learning. Perceptions and comparisons of group teaching and one-to-one-teaching are also highlighted. With social semiotic concepts and models as analysis tools, it is clear from the results of the study how the teacher in this case is the one who primarily controls the lessons and the students' influence and the scope for their own initiative is minimal. The lessons were focused around learning pieces on the violin according to the teacher's instructions and directions of the students focus of attention, with sheet music as the main point of focus. Regarding interaction the results showed how the teacher’s verbal communication appeared to dominate communicationduring the lessons and the students' interaction with each other was downplayed. The teacher's descriptions show perceptions that developing the students' analytical ability when it comes to learning via music reading and playing technique skills are of great importance. The results also show the teacher’s opinions of how the requirement for group teaching can be inhibiting for both teachers and students and a desire for a combination of individual and group teaching is evident. The results of the present work are similar to general results of other studies on individual and group teaching in the culture school, and opinions and experiences of how the goals of the culture school affect teaching in a real-world scenario. In further research, it is suggested and emphasized that students' perspectives on this subject are considered in order to gain a better understanding and perception of their experiences and thoughts.