There is "no one-size-fits-all solution" to school safety (Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency, 2022. p. 7). The growing number of school shootings and health problems at schools raise serious questions about the dimensions of school safety that should be measured. Prior extensive surveys measuring elementary student's views of safety in relation to relevant safety issues have not been conducted. There were four objectives for this study: 1) to investigate relevant dimensions of school safety and understand safety procedures that are currently in use; 2) to formulate and organize questions that would be approved to gauge elementary students' perceptions about school safety; 3) to assess validity and reliability of expert's perceived school safety relevancy scores of the SPSS Scale's items and theoretical dimensions of school safety; and 4) to determine whether school guardians and law enforcement share the same concerns about school safety. A preliminary analysis using Q-Method was run which led to approximately 27% reduction of items; differences in officer and teacher ratings were found. The primary task called for law enforcement and school guardians' expert judgement on relevancy and suitability of the SPSS Scale. A series of tests were performed to examine the scores to assess the validity and reliability of the safety expert's ratings. A Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to evaluate target hardening to ascertain whether the safety experts have similar concerns regarding school safety. Findings concluded that there were no statistically significant differences among the experts' ratings of the items; they share the same view. Strong reliability was shown in the close correlation between the expert's judgments of the scale items and the theoretical constructs of school safety. The SPSS Scale's applicability to comprehensively evaluate school safety was raised by agreement over themes discovered on the relevant but unreported school safety issues.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_dp_me_ilha.pdf: 3197592 bytes, checksum: 6cba09873c8e0010fdf9a31310be23c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com a modernização da agricultura nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, houve uma substituição das sementes tradicionais cultivadas por sementes comerciais geneticamente melhoradas, geralmente associadas a pacotes tecnológicos que incluíam mecanização, fertilizantes sintéticos e agrotóxicos. As sementes crioulas permitem que o agricultor mantenha sua alimentação mesmo em épocas de adversidade climática, pois são adaptadas aos ecossistemas nos quais ocorre o cultivo e ampliam sua autonomia produtiva por serem menos exigentes em relação aos insumos externos. O Território Prof. Cory/Andradina (SP), apesar da sua característica histórica de alta concentração fundiária, apresentou avanços em termos de desconcentração com a criação de quase quarenta assentamentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um diagnóstico da produção de sementes crioulas, identificar os guardiões de sementes nos assentamentos rurais do Território Prof. Cory/Andradina (SP). Foram pesquisados os aspectos socioeconômicos dos guardiões, as variedades locais e tradicionais conservadas por eles, as práticas agrícolas utilizadas, destino da produção oriunda das sementes crioulas, métodos de obtenção e troca e a atuação de instituições públicas na conservação desses materiais. Foram visitados 28 assentamentos do Território, no período entre setembro de 2017 até junho de 2018. A primeira etapa constou da identificação alguns agricultores guardiões de sementes já conhecidos por meio de informantes chaves (técnicos da extensão rural e pesquisadores que atuam na área) para que a partir desses guardiões, pelo método “bola de neve”, fossem identificados outros guardiões. A coleta dos dados se deu por meio de registros fotográficos e de um questionário semiaberto (perguntas fechadas e abertas), aplicado na forma de entrevista junto aos produtores guardiões identificados. Para uma análise da atuação das instituições públicas na conservação da agrobiodiversidade, foram entrevistados três profissionais de entidades atuantes no Território. Constatou-se que o Território Prof. Cory/Andradina não apresenta uma forte tradição em relação à conservação de sementes crioulas, porém algumas famílias mantém o costume de ter sua própria semente, especialmente para cultivos visando o autoconsumo. Foram identificados 55 guardiões em 24 assentamentos rurais, sendo o feijão catador a semente mais frequentemente encontrada. O destino amplamente predominante da comercialização são os circuitos curtos, em que se destacam a venda avulsa ao consumidor e em feiras livres. A redução dos recursos destinados ao Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA) afetou negativamente na comercialização dos produtos das sementes crioulas. O engajamento de alguns pesquisadores e técnicos de extensão em projetos e/ou pesquisas, envolvendo sementes crioulas e em interação com os guardiões, se mostram promissores para uma maior conscientização dos agricultores e para a ampliação da utilização desse tipo recurso, muito importante para a conservação da agrobiodiversidade e para ampliar a autonomia dos agricultores familiares. / With the modernization of agriculture in the 1960s and 1970s, there was a substitution of landraces by commercially improved commercial seeds, usually associated with technological packages that included mechanization, synthetic fertilizers and agrochemicals. Landraces allow the farmer to maintain his or her diet even in times of climatic adversity, since they are adapted to the ecosystems in which cultivation takes place and increase their productive autonomy by being less demanding in relation to external inputs. The Território Prof. Cory/Andradina (SP) despite its historical characteristic of high concentration of land, presented advances in terms of deconcentration with the creation of almost forty rural settlements. The purpose of this study was to make a diagnosis of the production of landraces and to identify the landraces guardians in the rural settlements of the Território Prof. Cory/Andradina (SP). The socioeconomic aspects of the guardians, the local and traditional varieties conserved by them, the agricultural practices used, the destination of the production from the landraces, the methods of obtaining and exchanging them, and the performance of public institutions in the conservation of these materials were investigated. Were visited 28 rural settlements of the Territory, in the period between September 2017 and June 2018. The first stage consisted of the identification of some landraces guardians already known by means of key informants (extension technicians and researchers working in the area) so that from these guardians, by the "snowball" method, other guardians could be identified. The data collection was done through photographic records and a semi-open questionnaire (closed and opened questions), applied in the form of interviews with the identified guardians. For an analysis of the performance of public institutions in the conservation of agrobiodiversity, three professionals from entities operating in the Territory were interviewed. It was verified that the Território Prof. Cory/Andradina (SP) does not have a strong tradition regarding the conservation of landraces seeds, but some families maintain the habit of having their own seed, especially crops for self-consumption. A total of 55 guardians were identified in 24 rural settlements, with Cowpea bean being the most frequently found. The predominant destination of commercialization are the short circuits, in which stand out the individual sale to the consumer, the street market and. The reduction of resources allocated to the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) has negatively affected the comercialization of landraces products. The involvement of some researchers and extension technicians in projects and/or research, involving landraces and in interaction with the guardians, are promising for a greater awareness of the farmers and for the expansion of the use of this type of resource, very important for conservation of agrobiodiversity and to increase the autonomy of family farmers.

Orientador: Antonio Lázaro Sant'Ana / Resumo: Com a modernização da agricultura nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, houve uma substituição das sementes tradicionais cultivadas por sementes comerciais geneticamente melhoradas, geralmente associadas a pacotes tecnológicos que incluíam mecanização, fertilizantes sintéticos e agrotóxicos. As sementes crioulas permitem que o agricultor mantenha sua alimentação mesmo em épocas de adversidade climática, pois são adaptadas aos ecossistemas nos quais ocorre o cultivo e ampliam sua autonomia produtiva por serem menos exigentes em relação aos insumos externos. O Território Prof. Cory/Andradina (SP), apesar da sua característica histórica de alta concentração fundiária, apresentou avanços em termos de desconcentração com a criação de quase quarenta assentamentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um diagnóstico da produção de sementes crioulas, identificar os guardiões de sementes nos assentamentos rurais do Território Prof. Cory/Andradina (SP). Foram pesquisados os aspectos socioeconômicos dos guardiões, as variedades locais e tradicionais conservadas por eles, as práticas agrícolas utilizadas, destino da produção oriunda das sementes crioulas, métodos de obtenção e troca e a atuação de instituições públicas na conservação desses materiais. Foram visitados 28 assentamentos do Território, no período entre setembro de 2017 até junho de 2018. A primeira etapa constou da identificação alguns agricultores guardiões de sementes já conhecidos por meio de informantes chaves (técnicos da extensã... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: With the modernization of agriculture in the 1960s and 1970s, there was a substitution of landraces by commercially improved commercial seeds, usually associated with technological packages that included mechanization, synthetic fertilizers and agrochemicals. Landraces allow the farmer to maintain his or her diet even in times of climatic adversity, since they are adapted to the ecosystems in which cultivation takes place and increase their productive autonomy by being less demanding in relation to external inputs. The Território Prof. Cory/Andradina (SP) despite its historical characteristic of high concentration of land, presented advances in terms of deconcentration with the creation of almost forty rural settlements. The purpose of this study was to make a diagnosis of the production of landraces and to identify the landraces guardians in the rural settlements of the Território Prof. Cory/Andradina (SP). The socioeconomic aspects of the guardians, the local and traditional varieties conserved by them, the agricultural practices used, the destination of the production from the landraces, the methods of obtaining and exchanging them, and the performance of public institutions in the conservation of these materials were investigated. Were visited 28 rural settlements of the Territory, in the period between September 2017 and June 2018. The first stage consisted of the identification of some landraces guardians already known by means of key informants (extension technicians a... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A number of studies have been published concerning preschool teachers’ child perspectives. Over the past 50 years the construction of the preschool child in Swedish preschool policy documents have deve­loped from mainly depicting a dependent, immature, becoming child to a more rational, competent, being child. But what about the guardians’ child perspectives? Have they changed in a similar way? The aim of this study is to add to the understanding of the preschool-home cooperation, through exami­ning guardians’ constructions of the preschool child and how the constructions may influence their needs and expectations of what preschools have to offer. The method used to obtain data for analysis was qualitative interviews. Five guardians were interviewed and the audiotapes transcribed verbatim. Both audio and text were studied multiple times to discern pat-terns, expressions that could be interpreted as representing specific constructions of the preschool child. The theoretical framework for the study is social constructionism. In short, social constructionism is part of the post modern movement that unites in its’ critique of universal truths. Instead, knowledge is looked upon as constructed in a specific context, such as time and culture. In this study this means a belief in that there is no one, universal child but a number of views of what children are. The data was analyzed through different accepted constructions of children. The results showed four different constructions of the preschool child that could be interpreted from the interviews; the unchangeable, the curious knowledger, the social and the playing. In terms of needs and expectations, the guardians are likely to have very different views of what preschools should offer de­pending on which construction they express. Many of the quotes depict the child as a primarily social being, which is coherent with previous research on guardians’ views of preschool. The results of the study implicates that guardians come to the preschool context with a wide range of different constructions of what a preschool child is and what it needs. There is, at least in theory, often a gap between the perceived child that preschool is made for by policy documents and teachers and the percieved child by the guardians. To ensure that the cooperation between preschool and families works as good as possible, professionals in preschool need to be humble to this fact and understand that the different expectations and demands we experience from guardians are rooted in more than plain opinions and whimsicality. Namely, a firm belief in what is best for the children.

Bakgrund: Fler barn än någonsin överlever med kronisk sjukdom. När ett barn får en kronisk sjukdom påverkar det inte bara barnet i fråga, utan hela familjen. Det innebär att vårdpersonal är i mer behov än någonsin att kunna behandla och bemöta både det sjuka barnet så väl som veta hur bästa ta hand om familjen. Vårdnadshavarnas känslor och upplevelser i situationer kring barnets sjukdom, påverkar barnets välbefinnande. Därför är det viktigt att veta om vilka dessa känslor och upplevelser är för att kunna bemöta dem. Syfte: Att beskriva vårdnadshavarnas upplevelser av att leva med ett kroniskt sjukt barn. Metod: Litteraturöversikt där 9 kvalitativa artiklar, analyserade induktivt. Analysen gjordes med Fribergs 5-stegsmodell. Resultat: Det framkom fyra huvudsakliga teman. 1. Vårdnadshavarna upplevde ”Förändrade förhållanden i livet”. 2. Känslan av att ”Förlora kontrollen”. 3. Här presenteras vårdnadshavarnas upplevelser i “Det mellanmänskliga mötet”. 4. Vårdnadshavarna visade också “Lättnad”. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskans medvetenhet om vårdnadshavarnas påverkan och dennes förmåga att stötta dem i omvårdnaden av ett kroniskt sjukt barn är viktig. Familjecentrerad omvårdnad anses vara ett bra sätt för sjuksköterskan att involvera familjen i barnets vård. / Background: More child than ever survive a chronical illness. A chronical illness impacts the child in regard and the whole family. The healthcare workers are more required than ever to know how to treat the ill child and take care of the family. The guardians feelings and experiences related to the illness, have an impact on the child's well being. Therefore it is important to know those feelings and experiences, in order to attend them. Aim: This literature review aims to explore the experiences of guardians living with a chronically ill child. Method: Literature review of 9 qualitative articles, with inductive analysis. The analysis was done using Friberg's 5-step model. Results: There were found four main themes. 1. The guardians experienced "Changed relationships in Life". 2. The feeling of "Losing control". 3. Here the experiences of the “Interpersonal meeting” are presented. 4. The guardians also showed experiences of “Relief". Conclusion: The nurse's awareness of the impact on the guardians and her ability to support them in nursing a chronically ill child is important. Family-centered nursing is considered a good way to involve the family in the child's care.

Barnvaccination har varit en av de mest betydelsefulla åtgärderna för att främja folkhälsan och förebygga sjukdomsrelaterade dödsfall hos barn. Barnvaccinationstäckningen har emellertid minskat globalt med anledning av en ökad tveksamhet kring vaccinationer. Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur specialistsjuksköterskor främjar vårdnadshavares följsamhet till det allmänna barnvaccinationsprogrammet. Studien var empirisk med kvalitativ studiedesign. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med elva specialistsjuksköterskor inom barnhälsovården och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys, i enlighet med   Lundman och Hällgren Granheim (2017).   I resultatet framkom lokala riktlinjer och nationella riktlinjer för att främja följsamhet till barnvaccinationsprogrammet. Att ge vårdnadshavare generell information om barnvaccinationer var den viktigaste åtgärden för att främja vaccinationstäckningen. Vid tveksamheter till barnvaccination var det avgörande för specialistsjuksköterskan att ha ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt mot vårdnadshavare. Att ge kunskap samt använda ett tvärprofessionellt samarbete var också betydelsefullt. Vidare forskning kan fokusera på vårdnadshavares perspektiv på barnvaccination för att få ytterligare vägledning i hur barnvaccinationstäckningen kan främjas. Det kan också vara betydelsefullt med ytterligare forskning kring hur specialistsjuksköterskor kan bemöta vårdnadshavare som avstår vaccination för sitt barn. / Childhood immunizations have proven to be one of the most beneficial interventions to promote public health and prevent death among children, caused by diseases. The global coverage of childhood immunization has however decreased globally due to an increased hesitancy towards immunizations. The aim of this study was to examine how specialist nurses promote legal guardians’ adherence to the national childhood immunization program. This study was empirical with a qualitative study design. Semi-structured interviews with eleven specialist nurses in pediatric primary care were conducted. The interviews were analyzed using a qualitative content analysis.    The results showed both local guidelines and national guidelines to promote adherence to the childhood immunizations program. The main nursing intervention to promote childhood immunization coverage was to give legal guardians general information about the program. If hesitation, it was essential to have a person-centered approach towards the legal guardian. Educating guardians and using a multidisciplinary approach was also beneficial. Further research suggests focusing on the guardians’ perspective regarding childhood immunization as it may generate further guidance in how to promote immunization coverage. It may also be beneficial to conduct further research on how specialist nurses can respond to guardians who decline immunization for their child.

This is a scientific essay where I investigate and reflect on issues that have to do with conflicts and conflict management in school.The essay is based on a personal experience and is written from my professional experience in order to provide a greater understanding of the complex collaboration between educators and guardians. How do we best inform guardians when something happens to their children during the school day? Is it at drop-off and pick-up or are there other good contact routes? Conflicts are something we encounter throughout life, in many different contexts. Then it is important to learn how to handle difficult situations.School and leisure center are a social environment where large groups of people interact and integrate with each other. What do the governing documents say about the cooperation between the school and the home? My essay starts with a story about a self-experienced incident. It starts with a conflict in the schoolyard where the guardians afterwards needed to be informed about what happened to their child during the school day. The conversations with the guardians are completely different. One guardian is grateful for the information received about their child, while the other guardian directly assumes a defensive position. Why? How can we educators accommodate these "dissatisfied" guardians in a good way? I will examine myself and my own reflections. In the analysis I make use of my practical wisdom that I have accumulated through the experience I have. What can I become better atin the execution of my practical professional competence in the field? The conflict management models I use to reflect on my dilemma are “Cohan`s Conflict Pyramid” and “Mini Mediation” (Hakvoort & Friberg 2019). / Detta är en vetenskaplig essä där jag undersöker och reflekterar kring frågor som har med konflikter och konflikthantering att göra på skolan. Essän utgår från en egenupplevd situation och är skriven från min yrkeserfarenhet i syfte att ge en större förståelse för det komplexa samarbetet mellan pedagoger och vårdnadshavare. Hur informerar vi vårdnadshavare på bästa sätt när någonting hänt deras barn under skoldagen. Är det vid lämning och hämtning eller finns det andra bra kontaktvägar? Konflikter är något vi stöter på genom hela livet, i många olika sammanhang. Då är det viktigt att lärt sig hantera jobbiga situationer. Skola och fritidshem är en social miljö där stora grupper och människor samspelar och integrerar med varandra. Vad säger styrdokumenten om samarbetet mellan skola och hem? Min uppsats börjar med en berättelse om en egenupplevd händelse. Den startar med enkonflikt på skolgården där vårdnadshavarna efteråt behövde informeras om vad som häntderas barn under skoldagen. Samtalen med vårdnadshavarna skiljer sig helt och hållet åt. Den ena vårdnadshavaren är tacksam för information hen får kring sitt barn, medan den andra vårdnadshavaren direkt intar en försvarsställning. Varför? Hur kan vi pedagoger tillmötesgå dessa ”missnöjda” vårdnadshavare på ett bra sätt?  Jag kommer att granska mig själv och mitt eget handlande. I analysen använder jag min praktiska klokhet som jag samlat på mig genom den erfarenhet jag har. Vad kan jag bli bättrepå i utförandet av min praktiska yrkeskompetens inom området och vad innebär tyst kunskap imin yrkesutövning? Konflikthanteringsmodellerna jag använder för att reflektera kring mitt dilemma är ”Cohans konfliktpyramid” och ”Mini Medling” (Hakvoort & Friberg 2019).

Title: When a child’s right becomes an obligation When a child is placed in a foster home, the starting point, according to the Swedish Social Services Act, is that children should have a relationship with their legal guardians. The aim of the study was to examine what social workers perceive are the most central aspects in the assessment and the design of visits from legal guardians in families where their children have been placed for out- of- home care, in cases when the child does not want to, or according to the social worker, is adversely affected by the visits. Four qualitative semi-structured interviews with social workers have been analysed based on theories of grassroots bureaucracy and room for manoeuvre and childhood sociology. The results show that social workers claim that they found their decision on the child’s perspective, but that current legislation means that they also have to take into account other perspectives when deciding. The main conclusion is that the work of child welfare social workers requires a great deal of flexibility and that the best interests of the child and the child’s right to be heard can be difficult to reconcile. / Sammanfattning När ett barn är placerat i familjehem ska, enligt Socialtjänstlagen, utgångspunkten för socialtjänstens bedömningar vara att barn ska ha ett umgänge med sina vårdnadshavare. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vad socialsekreterare upplever är de mest centrala aspekterna vid bedömning och utformning av umgänge mellan familjehemsplacerade barn och deras vårdnadshavare med fokus på då barnet inte vill eller enligt socialsekreteraren påverkas negativt av umgänget. Fyra kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med socialsekreterare har analyserats utifrån teorier om gräsrotsbyråkrati och handlingsutrymme samt barndomssociologi. Resultatet visade att socialsekreterarna anser att de utgår från barnperspektivet men att rådande lagstiftning medför att de också måste ta hänsyn till andra aktörer då beslut fattas, samt att barnets bästa även kan betraktas ur ett längre tidsperspektiv vilket försvårar arbetet. En slutsats är att socialsekreterarnas arbete kräver stor flexibilitet samt att barnets bästa och rätten att komma till tals kan vara svårt att förena.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the world and there are over 100 different varieties. Several of the varieties can lead to cancer. Although there are vaccines available, the vaccine coverage varies in the providing countries. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe aspects that make guardians choose to refrain from giving their children HPV-vaccines. Method: This Literature study is based on nine qualitative articles published between 2010 and 2020 and the articles were found in Cinahl and PubMed. Results: Guardians who refrained from the HPV-vaccine to their adolescents mentioned varied aspects. Some guardians were concerned about side effects of the vaccine and others mention a lack of knowledge and information about HPV and the vaccine. Guardians expressed concerns about vaccinating against sexually transmitted infections with their adolescents. A varied confidence in health care staff was mentioned by the guardians and they sought information from more unreliable sources such as stories from friends and family or the internet. The fact that HPV-vaccine only was provided to girls, in many of the countries, was a reason for the guardian’s skepticism. Conclusion: The result showed that there are various aspects that make guardians refrain from HPV-vaccine. Some reasons are more common in certain countries. Today's society is multicultural, which leads to a need for more studies to be done from an international perspective. Being able to meet the guardian’s various needs for information about HPV-vaccine is essential to get a higher HPV-vaccine coverage in the world.

The relationship between the state and municipalities has for the recent decades become increasingly complex, strained and infected. The education policy has for several decades been surrounded by different governing logics and conflicts where the conflict between the state’s pursuit of national equality and the local self-determination is prominent. This study examines how this conflict affects the municipal official’s approaches to the state’s control of the municipal compulsory school through aimed government grants. The study consists of aqualitative interview study of six municipalities with 23 respondents. In each municipality, I have conducted interviews with municipal officials, principals and municipal politicians. The findings show that the aimed government grants should be seen in the field of tension between state and municipality and between politics and professions. Conflicts arise between the municipalities’ different conditions as well as their local needs and the state’s pursuit of national equality between schools. The municipal officials are assigned significant power regarding how the state and municipal governance is to be put into practice and are therefore given a coordinating central position where they must balance between state requirements, local requirements and school’s requirements. The findings indicate that they seem to prioritize the state’s target of national equality in favor of the local target of self-determination. The relationship between the state and the municipalities gets exposed through the role conflicts of the municipal officials, which both compete and cooperate. The conclusion is that the municipal officials should be regarded as the state’s extended arm, or as “state municipal officials”. They possess a double loyalty to the state and local government and must, with this double loyalty, be the guardians of the local and national democracy at the same time. There is a risk that the municipal officials' double democracy loyalty demonstrates that the local democracy is weakening as the municipal officials must balance between their two guardian roles since role conflicts can arise in their daily work.This, in combination with the fact that they have gained increased power at the expense of local politicians and should thereby be regarded as political actors, sets high standards on the municipal officials, especially in an education department where the state governance is highly present.