Orientador: Marcelo Alexandre Prado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T20:01:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vasconcelos_PollyanedaSilvaPortsMarcalde_M.pdf: 1193609 bytes, checksum: 9c2f1882563272a3577edc3852350f77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos, o consumo de chás aumentou significativamente em função da divulgação dos benefícios à saúde, provenientes da sua ingestão, sendo considerado importante na dieta devido ao elevado potencial antioxidante. No entanto, os estudos sobre o teor de compostos com propriedades antioxidantes encontrados em chás brasileiros são escassos. Devido a estudos que comprovam a presença de fitoquímicos bioativos em chás, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais (CFT), flavonóides totais (FT) e a capacidade antioxidante (DPPH¿ e ß-Caroteno/ linoleato) das infusões de 9 ervas provenientes da Região Amazônica: Agirú (Chrysobalanus icaco), Açoita-cavalo (Luehea speciosa), Capim-santo (Cymbopogon citratus), Erva-cidreira (Lippia alba), Graviola (Annona muricata), Jucá (Caesalpinia ferrea), Pata-de-vaca (Bauhinia forticata), Parirí (Arrabidaea chica) e Sacaca comum (Croton spp). Além disso, os compostos fenólicos presentes nos extratos metanólicos das folhas de três espécies foram separados e quantificados pela técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) acoplado ao detector de arranjo de diodos (DAD). A metodologia analítica consistiu de uma extração aquosa (infusão) para análise de compostos fenólicos e flavonóides totais, bem como para as análises de atividade antioxidante. Para análise por CLAE, os compostos fenólicos foram extraídos com metanol, seguida de hidrólise ácida, com o objetivo de liberar as formas agliconas. Com base nos resultados obtidos, em relação aos compostos fenólicos totais, das nove infusões analisadas, três apresentaram os maiores teores: C. férrea (721,08 mg EAG/g), L. speciosa (540,90 mg EAG/g) e C. icaco (497,79 mg EAG/g). Por outro lado, para flavonóides totais, a erva L. speciosa e a L. alba foram as que apresentaram os maiores teores (12,80 e 15,42 mg EC/g, respectivamente). Para as análise de antioxidantes pelos método citados, o Jucá (C. férrea), foi o que obteve o maior resultado. As amostras que apresentaram o maior teor de compostos fenólicos totais, foram posteriormente analisadas por CLAE; Para efeito comparativo, o chá verde comercial (Camellia sinensis) também foi analisado por CLAE. Os resultados obtidos da identificação e quantificação foram, em mg.g-1 para cada uma das amostras: Agirú (ácido gálico 0,45, miricetina 0,78 e quercetina 0,14); Açoita-cavalo ((+)- catequina 1,20 e quercetina 0,14); Jucá (ácido gálico 0,59 e quercetina 0,13); Chá-verde (ácido gálico 0,24, (-)- epicatequina 2,44, (+)- catequina 0,68 e quercetina 0,66). Para as ervas estudadas o Jucá foi o que se destacou, apresentando o maior teor para análise de compostos fenólicos totais e potencial antioxidante para as metodologias aplicadas, o que indica seu possível benefício à saúde o que pode estimular novos estudos sobre a caracterização mais aprofundada sobre seus constituintes / Abstract: In recent years, consumption of tea has increased significantly as a result of the health benefits derived from those ingestion. Moreover, tea has been considered important in the diet because of the high antioxidant potential. However, there is a lack of studies on the content of compounds with antioxidant properties found in Brazilian teas. Due to some studies that have proved the presence of these bioactive phytochemicals in tea, this work aimed to evaluate the content of total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoids (TF) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH ¿ and ß-carotene / linoleate) of 9 herbs infusions from the Amazon region: Agirú (Chrysobalanus icaco), Aloita-cavalo (Luehea speciosa), Capimsanto (Luehea speciosa), Herb (Lippia alba), Graviola (Annona muricata), Juca (Caesalpinia ferrea), Pata-de-vaca (Bauhinia forticata), Parirí (Arrabidaea chica) and common Sacaca (Croton spp.) Furthermore, the phenolic compounds present in methanol extracts of the leaves of three species were separated and quantified by liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a diode array detector (DAD). The analytical methodology consisted in aqueous extraction (infusion) for the analysis of phenolics and flavonoids, as well as for the analysis of antioxidant activity. For HPLC analysis, the phenolic compounds were extracted with methanol, followed by acid hydrolysis in order to release the aglycone forms. Based on the results obtained for total phenolic compounds, from the nine infusions assayed, three showed the highest levels: C. férrea (669,94 mg GAE/g¿1), C. icaco (494,13 mg GAE/g¿1) and L. speciosa (459,23 mg GAE/g¿1). On the other hand, for total flavonoids, L. speciosa and L. alba herbs showed the highest content (12,85 and 15.42 mg CE/g¿1, respectively). For the capacity antioxidant analysis by the mentioned methods, Jucá (C. férrea) has showed higher values. The samples that exhibited higher levels for total phenolic compounds were analyzed by HPLC: Agirú (Chrysobalanus icaco), Açoita-cavalo (Luehea speciosa) and Jucá (Caesalpinia ferrea). For comparative purposes, commercial green tea (Camellia sinensis) was also analyzed by HPLC. The results for phenolic compounds identification and quantification were, in mg.g¿1 for each sample: Agirú (0.45 of gallic acid, 0,78 of quercetin and 0,14 of myricetin); Açoita-cavalo (1,20 of (+)-catechin and 0,14 of quercetin), Jucá (0,59 of gallic acid and 0,13 of quercetin), and green tea (0,24 of gallic acid, 2,44 of (-)-epicatechin, 0,68 of (+)¿catechin and 0,66 of quercetin). For the herbs studied, Jucá was the most remarkable one, presenting the highest levels for the total phenolic compounds content and for the antioxidant potential by the applied methodologies, which indicates their potential health benefits that can stimulate new studies on the further characterization of their constituents / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:11:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao tiago oliveira.pdf: 60590 bytes, checksum: 2becac23a5f99abe922b4af561c0a7d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-27 / In the last years the treatment with medicines made from medicinal plants has increased. A concern about the useful of these natural products is the quality control pharmacobotanical, phytochemical and purity tests, which make up the technical specifications of a particular plant species. Moreover, pharmacological and toxicological studies must be conducted in order to effectiveness and safety. This study aimed to carry out the assessment pharmacognostic, acute toxicity and evaluation of antimicrobial and leishmanicidal of the ethanol extract of the leaves, fruit, stem bark and root bark of R. elaeocarpum Reissek. Samples of R. elaeocarpum were collected in the municipality of Campestre-GO, a description of the macroscopic aspects of the leaves, stem bark and root bark was carried to the naked eye by observing the macroscopic general of vegetal drugs; the microscopical analysis was performed by observing the histological stained. The qualitative analysis of the major classes of secondary metabolites present in the sprayed sample. The tests for water content, total ashes and acid insoluble ashes had been carried through according to the brazilian pharmacopoeia IV. The rude ethanol extract was obtained by maceration and the fractions were obtained by partition, liquid-liquid, successive with hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar dilution. The procedure was performed according to NCCLS standards 2004 (M7-A7). The evaluation of acute toxicity of ethanol extracts had reference to the Guidelines of 423 Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). The leishmanicidal activity was tested for the promastigotes forms of Leishmania (L) chagasi. Most of the morphological and anatomical characteristics observed are consistent with the typical family. In phytochemical screening of leaf, root bark, stem bark and fruit of R. elaeocarpum verified the presence of flavonoids and alkaloids. It was also the presence of heterosides saponins and tannins in leaf, root bark, stem bark and is absent in the fruit. The extracts and fractions that had obtained the lowest value of minimum inhibitory concentration (0,390 mg.mL-1) against microorganisms tested showed moderate inhibitory activity. None of the extracts and fractions showed good inhibitory activity. As is said about the toxicological research, throughout the period of observation of animals during the evaluation of acute toxicity was not death. Through behavioral observations made through the hippocratic screening is assigned a zero score for all evaluated items. The necropsy of the animals did not evidence any macroscopic alterations to justify the histopathology of the organs (kidney, spleen and liver) selected for analysis. This study demonstrated that the use of rude extract and fractions of leaves of R. elaeocarpum induced death of promastigotes forms of L. (L) chagasi in vitro. The presented results open perspectives for the future isolation, purification and identification of bioactive substances of R. elaeocarpum / Nos últimos anos o tratamento com medicamentos à base de plantas medicinais tem aumentado. Uma preocupação em relação à utilização desses produtos naturais consiste no controle de qualidade farmacobotânico, fitoquímico e ensaios de pureza, que compõem as especificações técnicas de uma determinada espécie vegetal. Além disso, estudos farmacológicos e toxicológicos devem ser realizados, visando a sua eficácia e segurança. Este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar a avaliação farmacognóstica, toxicidade aguda e avaliação das atividades antimicrobiana e leishmanicida do extrato etanólico das folhas, frutos, cascas do caule e cascas da raiz de R. elaeocarpum Reissek. Amostras da R. elaeocarpum foram coletadas no município de Campestre-GO, a descrição dos aspectos macroscópicos das folhas, casca do caule e casca da raiz foi realizada à vista desarmada observando as características macroscópicas gerais de drogas vegetais; a análise microscópica foi realizada através da observação de cortes histológicos submetidos à coloração. A análise qualitativa das principais classes de metabólitos secundários presentes foi realizada na amostra pulverizada. Os ensaios para determinação do teor de água, cinzas totais e cinzas insolúveis em ácido foram realizados segundo a Farmacopéia Brasileira IV. O extrato etanólico bruto foi obtido por maceração e as frações foram obtidas por partições, líquido-líquido, sucessivas com hexano, diclorometano e acetato de etila. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) foi determinada pelo método de diluição em ágar. O procedimento foi realizado segundo normas do NCCLS 2004 (M7-A7). A avaliação da toxicidade aguda dos extratos etanólico brutos teve como referência as Diretrizes 423 da Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). A atividade leishmanicida foi testada para as formas promastigotas de Leishmania (L) chagasi. A maior parte das características morfoanatômicas observadas está de acordo com o padrão típico da família. Na prospecção fitoquímica da folha, cascas da raiz, cascas do caule e fruto de R. elaeocarpum verificou-se a presença de flavonóides e alcalóides. Verificou-se, também, a presença de heterosídeos saponínicos e taninos na folha, cascas da raiz, cascas do caule sendo ausente no fruto. Os extratos e as frações que obtiveram o menor valor de Concentração Inibitória Mínima (0,390 mg.mL-1) frente aos microrganismos testados apresentaram atividade inibitória moderada. Nenhum dos extratos e frações apresentou boa atividade inibitória. No que se diz a respeito à investigação toxicológica, durante todo o período de observação dos animais durante a avaliação de toxicidade aguda não ocorreu morte. Através das observações comportamentais feitas por meio do screening hipocrático atribuiu-se pontuação zero para todos os itens avaliados. A necropsia dos animais não evidenciou nenhuma alteração macroscópica que justificasse o estudo histopatológico dos órgãos (rins, baço e fígado) selecionados para análise. Neste estudo foi demonstrado ainda que a utilização do extrato bruto e as frações de folhas de R. elaeocarpum induziu a morte das formas promastigotas de L. (L) chagasi in vitro. Os resultados apresentados abrem perspectivas para o futuro isolamento, purificação e identificação das substâncias bioativas de R. elaeocarpum

Orientador: Kil Jin Park / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T17:29:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_Francelida_D.pdf: 2636831 bytes, checksum: b62ffc8d2eda94de17cee0e541f7b44b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: No Brasil o uso terapêutico de plantas medicinais está cada vez mais crescente. Várias empresas nacionais e internacionais empregam matéria-prima vegetal na elaboração de seus produtos, o que torna indispensável o cultivo comercial e o beneficiamento pós-colheita destas espécies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudo pós-colheita de duas espécies medicinais de importância econômica, a calêndula (Calendula officinalis L.) e a carqueja (Baccharis genistelloides var. trimera (Less). Baker var. trimera (Less). Backer). Nas duas espécies foi avaliado o melhor processo de secagem, utilizando três diferentes secadores, secador convectivo vertical, secador a gás e estufa com circulação forçada de ar, em três diferentes temperaturas, 30, 45 e 60°C, bem como o armazenamento das mesmas em três embalagens diferentes, polietileno de baixa densidade, vidro e papel kraft. Os processos de secagem foram avaliados em função do teor de óleo essencial de cada espécie e sua composição química. As isotermas e as curvas de secagem foram levantadas e tratadas com os modelos matemáticos, Bet, Bet linear, Peleg. Gab, Hasley, Lagmuir, Oswin, Henderson e Chung. As diferentes temperaturas não interferiram nos parâmetros avaliados, quanto ao óleo de calêndula, em todos os secadores, mas diferiram entre os diferentes secadores utilizados, sendo que, entre os secadores o que manteve os maiores teores de óleo de calêndula foi o secador convectivo vertical. No caso da carqueja, não houve diferenças relacionadas com as temperaturas e nem com os tipos de secadores. Ao longo do armazenamento, a embalagem Kraft foi a que melhor preservou a integridade física e química do produto, assim como, manteve o teor de óleo ao longo de um ano de armazenamento nas duas espécies / Abstract: In Brazil, the therapeutical use of medicinal plants is increasing each time. Some national and international companies use vegetal raw material in the elaboration of its products, so the commercial cultivation and the improvement of harvest of these species becomes indispensable. The objective of this work was to study post-harvest of two medicinal species with economic importance: calendula (Calendula officinalis L.) and carqueja (Baccharis genistelloides var. trimera (Less). Baker). In these two species the best process of drying was evaluated, using three different dryers, convective vertical dryer, the gas dryer, and oven with forced air circulation, with three different temperatures, 30, 45 and 60°C, as well as using three different packing materials: polyethylene of low density, glass and kraft paper. The drying processes was evaluated in relation of the essential oil and its chemical composition of species. The isotherms and the drying curves were obtained and treated with mathematical model, Bet, Bet linear, Peleg. Gab, Hasley, Lagmuir, Oswin, Henderson e Chung. The differents temperatures did not show the difference in the process of drying in calendula in each different driers, but they differed among the driers, and the drier that kept more oil content of calendula was the convective vertical dryer. In the case of carqueja, no differences were found in the different temperatures or the different driers used in drying. During the storage, the kraft packing material was the one that better preserved the physical and chemical integrity of the product, as well as, it kept the oil content throughout one year of storage time for these two species / Doutorado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Please read the abstract in the section 07chapter7 of this document / Thesis (DPhil (Plant Physiology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Plant Science / unrestricted

Over the past 25 years, there has been a resurgence of worldwide scientific research in the fields of ethnopharmacology. The Western world has acknowledged the continued use of traditional medicines by the majority of third world countries, and the need for novel drug development. Hence, much of the pharmaceutical research in recent years has focused on the ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery (Light et al., 2005). In South Africa, as in most developing parts of the world, traditional herbal medicine still forms the backbone of rural healthcare. The government health services in South Africa provide only western medical care although the majority of the population consult traditional healers for some or all of their healthcare needs (McGaw et al., 2005). Medicinal plants like Harpephyllum caffrum are used as blood purifiers or emetics (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), and also for treating acne and eczema. The antimicrobial activity of this plant can be used to treat septicaemia, which is ranked the sixth leading cause of death among neonates and the eighth leading cause of death for infants through the first year of life (Heron, 2007). In this study, the plants investigated for antimicrobial activity were Harpephyllum caffrum, Hermannia cuneifolia, Chironia baccifera, Rhigozum obovatum, Felicia muricata and Pentzia incana. These plants were tested against ATTC (American Type Culture Collection) strains and microorganisms isolated from clinical isolates of patients suffering from septicaemia. The assay methods used included the agar diffusion method using the Mast multipoint inoculator, the microtitre dilution method were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration, thin layer chromatography fingerprints accompanied by bioautographic assay were used to detect the inhibition of bacterial growth by active compounds separated from plant extracts and the Ames test was required to assess the possibility of bacterial mutagenesis upon the exposure to plant extracts which can lead to carcinogenicity. In agar diffusion method, extracts of Harpephyllum caffrum inhibited nine strains of Candida albicans, three species of Acinetobacter and four strains of E.faecalis. Extracts of Hermannia cuneifolia inhibited four strains of B.cereus and three strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Extracts of Chironia baccifera inhibited one strain of Acinetobacter and five strains of E.faecalis. Extracts of plants Rhigozum obovatum, Felicia muricata, and Pentzia incana showed no antimicrobial activity. In the microtitre dilution method used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the results were different from the agar diffusion method. More activity was observed. Extracts of Harpephyllum caffrum inhibited three strains of E.coli, six strains of S.aureus, three species of Acinetobacter and one strain of Klebsiella pneumonia. Extracts of Hermannia cuneifolia inhibited four strains of B.cereus, three strains of S.aureus, two strains of K.oxytoca and one species of Acinetobacter. Extracts of Chironia baccifera inhibited three strains of S.aureus, one strain of MRSA, one species of Acinetobacter and one strain of S.haemolyticus. The MIC values ranged from 0.049 to 6.25mg/ml. Using the thin layer chromatography fingerprints, bioautography showed the presence of various inhibitory chemical compounds. Methanol and acetone extracts of Harpephyllum caffrum, separated very well and showed various inhibition zones on exposure to Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. The different inhibition zones were recorded as Rf In the Ames test (Maron and Ames, 1983) the methanol and acetone extracts of Harpephyllum caffrum and Hermannia cuneifolia were negative which means they were devoid of any mutagenic properties. Methanol extracts of Harpephyllum caffrum showed similar results in the Ames assay as reported by Verschaeve and Van Staden (2008). values ranging from 0.25 to 0.95. The zones indicate the different inhibiting chemical compounds present in the plant. Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform and formic acid were the solvents used in the assay in the ratio 8:7:5:1, respectively. Establishing the antimicrobial activity of these plants contribute to the systematic scientific investigation of indigenous South African medicinal plants.

Durante as últimas décadas a preocupação do consumidor em relação à qualidade dos alimentos cresceu consideravelmente, juntamente com a procura por alimentos funcionais ou componentes alimentares ativos fisiologicamente, também designados bioativos. Paralelamente objetiva-se a redução do emprego de produtos sintéticos em alimentos industrializados fortalecendo o apelo de que o alimento deve desempenhar funções terapêuticas e ainda não trazer riscos à saúde. Os peixes são alimentos que atendem bem a alguns desses requisitos já que possuem ácidos graxos poliinsaturados essenciais omega-3. A sardinha é um excelente exemplo. Em diversas investigações foi verificado que esses ácidos graxos têm um efeito cardioprotetor, além de estarem ligados à redução de susceptibilidade a tumores malignos. Muito se fala sobre a importância do aproveitamento de lipídeos de pescado e seus derivados para a alimentação humana, mas é necessário um balanço de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados na dieta assim como de antioxidantes que evitem a oxidação lipídica já que esta pode causar importantes danos biológicos, começando com o comprometimento desses componentes. A deterioração oxidativa dos lipídeos é uma das reações mais importantes e freqüentes nos alimentos onde estão presentes, inclusive nos peixes e isso tem determinado uma série de estudos ligados à ação dos radicais livres no organismo ou no alimento e principalmente sobre os agentes que neutralizam essas substâncias altamente reativas. Juntamente com a preferência do consumidor por produtos mais saudáveis pode ser notado um aumento do interesse pelo uso de antioxidantes naturais e de pesquisas nessa área. Na procura por alimentos mais saudáveis de uma maneira geral, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo trazer a sua contribuição ao conhecimento da funcionalidade das ervas como antioxidantes naturais. / During the last decades the consumer\'s concern in relation to the quality of the foods grew considerably. On those years the use of harmful components to the health was avoided as well as the search for functional foods or physiologically active components, also designated bioactives enhanced. Nowadays, the industry aims at a lesser use of synthetic products in foods. Therefore, food should carry through therapeutic functions and still not to present any risk to health. Fish attain these requirements well by furnishing the essential omega-3 polynsaturated fatty acids to the diet. Sardines are an excellent example. In several investigations it was verified that these fatty acids have a cardio-protector effect and they are related to malignant tumors incidence reduction. When administratin fish lipids to the diet, it is important to remember that a balance between polynsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants content is necessary in order to avoid lipid oxidation since it can cause important biological damages starting with the reduction of these essential lipids. Oxidative deterioration of lipids is one of the most important and frequent reactions presents in foods including fishes and has determined a series of studies linked to the free radicals behavior in the organism or in the food and to the identification of the agents that neutralize the highly reactive substances. Together with the consumer\'s preference for healthier products, an increase of the interest for the use of natural antioxidants can be observed as well as new researches in this area. In the search for healthier foods in a general way, the present work had as objective to contribute to the knowledge of the functionality of herbs as natural antioxidants.

Pancreatic cancer is known to be one of the most life-threatening cancers characterized by aggressive local invasion and distant metastasis. The high basal level of autophagy in pancreatic cancer may be responsible for the low chemotherapeutic drug response rate and poor disease prognosis. However, the clinical application of autophagy inhibitors was unsatisfactory due to their toxicity and minimal single-agent anticancer efficacy. Hence, oncologists begin to consider the tumor microenvironment when exploring new drug targets. In the present study, the anti-tumorigenic mechanisms of two major phytochemicals derived from Chinese medicinal herbs had been investigated against pancreatic cancer development. Calycosin is a bioactive isoflavonoid of the medicinal plant Astragalus membranaceus. Our results have shown that calycosin inhibited the growth of various pancreatic cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Alternatively, calycosin also facilitated MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cell migration in vitro and increased the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers in vivo. Further mechanistic study suggests that induction of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway and facilitated polarization of M2 tumor-associated macrophage in the tumor microenvironment both contribute to the pro-metastatic potential of calycosin in pancreatic cancer. These events appear to be associated with calycosin-evoked activation of TGF-β signaling, which may explain the paradoxical drug actions due to the dual roles of TGF-β as both tumor suppressor and tumor promoter in pancreatic cancer development under different conditions. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a chalcone obtained from the medicinal plant Glycyrrhiza glabra, which can be a precursor for chemical conversion to form calycosin. Results have shown that ISL decreased the growth and EMT of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro, probably due to modulation of autophagy. ISL-induced inhibition of autophagy subsequently promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to induction of apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Such phenomenon also contributed to the synergistic growth-inhibitory effect in combined treatment with the orthodox chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil. In addition, ISL-induced tumor growth inhibition in vivo was further demonstrated in a tumor xenograft mice model of pancreatic cancer. ISL promoted apoptosis and inhibited autophagy in the tumor tissues. Study on immune cells indicates that ISL could reduce the number of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) both in tumor tissue and in peripheral blood, while CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were increased correspondingly. In vitro test has revealed that ISL inhibited the polarization of M2 macrophage along with its inhibition of autophagy in M2 macrophage. These immunomodulating effects of ISL had reversed the pro-invasive role of M2 macrophage in pancreatic cancer.In conclusion, calycosin acts as a "double-edged sword" on the growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer, which may be related to the dual roles of TGF-β and its influence on the tumor microenvironment. Alternatively, ISL consistently inhibited the growth and metastatic drive of pancreatic cancer through regulation of autophagy and reprogramming of the immune system. The differential modes of action of these compounds have provided new insights in the development of effective pancreatic cancer treatment adjuvants.

The foundation of Cape cookery, called Boerekos, has been researched in "The history of Boerekos 1652-1806". It was found that in 1652 a European food culture was brought to the Cape of Good Hope when the Dutch established a revictualing station there. The development of the European community that stemmed from this was investigated. Recipes for soup, fish, meat, eggs, vegetables, fruit, grain products and drinks as well as the herbs and spices used by this community, were researched. As the origin of the various dishes, still known as Boerekos in the twentieth century, was traced, it was found that the Cape cookery to which the name Boerekos was eventually applied, was in fact of European origin with the main contributors being Dutch, German and French speaking people. These cultures had strong roots in Roman, Persian and Arabian cookery. An investigation of the food cultures of the eastern countries from which the slaves that were brought to the Cape originated, proved that the current perception, that the slaves brought the art of spice cooking and certain dishes such as bobotie to the Cape, is without any substance. It was found that most poor people in these eastern countries did not use any spices other than chillies, ginger and turmeric in their cooking. The slaves brought no culinary expertise to the Cape; on the contrary, it was in the kitchens of the Cape that they learned to use spices in cooking. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

This master’s thesis deals with the evaluation of the business plan to found a company for all seasons indoor growing of herbs and other plants under artificial lighting. For lighting will be used LED lights technology. Due this the name of the company will be named LED GARDEN. The thesis follows the current situation on the local market in order to evaluate the economic attractiveness of the project.

Utafiti ambao ni msingi wa habari hizo umefanywa katika miezi za Oktoba mpaka Disemba 2000 katika wilaya wa Kwale na Kilifi huko nchi ya Kenya. Wanachama wa timu ya utafiti wetu walikuwa Prof. F. Rottland, ambaye aliweka taratibu msamiati wa miti uliokusanywa, na Bw. Mohamed Pakia ambaye ni mwanabiolojia na aliyehojiana wanafunzi wa shule ya sekondari kuhusu ujuzi wa miti na mitishamba wao. Bw. Pakia ameshafanya kazi katika Coastal Forest Conservation Unit, yaani watu ambao husaidia wazee wa kimijikenda katika kuhifadhi misitu mitakatifu inayoitwa \"makaya\" na inatumiwa kwa matambiko na kama makaburi. Bw. Pakia ametambua: Ni hatari ya kupoteza ujuzi wa miti na mitishamba iliyotumiwa nanma ya kimila miongoni mwa wanafunzi wa shule ya sekondari: vijana hawajui matumizi ya mimea na pia wamepotea moyo wa kutaka kujua mambo hayo. Katika habari zifuatazo ninatoa mifano ya ule ujuzi wa watu wazima na wazee.