Student Number : 2503365 MSc Building (Housing) research report School of Architecture Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / The failure of governments to promote efficient housing policies coupled with increasing speculation in land markets has resulted in scarcity of serviced land, leading to a lack of adequate housing for the majority of the urban population. This has resulted in illegal land use and development and the eventual situation of informal settlements developing at a rapid rate. However most governments in the developing world, including South Africa have failed to acknowledge that most new urban informal settlements are developed by an illegal process as informal settlement residents willingly or unwittingly contravene planning regulations, contravene laws out of ignorance of the legal requirements, coupled with the inability to conform to the high standards set. Consequently, States respond to this illegality in the form of eviction as it threatens the economic, social and political stability of the urban environment. Concepts promoted internationally and identified in international literature recognize that the solution to informality lies in appropriate protection of rights which should ensure access to secure shelter leading to access to other benefits such as livelihood opportunities, public services and credits. That flowing from International Laws and Covenants, Human Rights Law needs to be looked at as a system of law that creates legally binding obligations for states with the aim of protecting, respecting and promoting housing rights for informal settlement residents. In the context of rights, Fernandes goes further in emphasising the legal constitutional perspective of the urban phenomenon where law is used as a vehicle for urban development and social change as well as encouraging state action and its attempts at socio-political legitimization in the context of informal settlement intervention.

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O presente estudo tem como objetivo apreender a relação entre a atuação dos programas de produção habitacional (Resolução 460, Programa de Subsídio Habitacional e Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento/Metrô), nas comunidades - Cooperativa Bom Fim, Vila Brás e Loteamento Padre Orestes – e a incidência na produção do espaço urbano da região Nordeste da cidade de São Leopoldo/RS. O trabalho propõe uma reflexão sobre a produção do espaço urbano e a implementação de políticas de habitação social. Aproximando as leituras para o lócus da pesquisa, a cidade de São Leopoldo, o estudo buscou conhecer os processos sociais e espaciais de formação das comunidades e da cidade e como se desenvolveram as políticas habitacionais de interesse social e em particular os programas de produção habitacional Resolução 460, Programa de Subsídio Habitacional e Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento/METRÔ. Assim, a pesquisa demonstra que as comunidades, no processo de formação, consolidaram-se enquanto lugares de sobrevivência para as famílias desprovidas de condição financeira para acessar a cidade, a partir do mercado imobiliário. E, também como lugares de resistência à produção desigual do espaço urbano. A atuação dos programas habitacionais nestes lugares deve ir além do produto final “a casa”, promovendo um processo de implementação das ações que articule outros elementos necessários à garantia do direito à moradia digna e à cidade. / The objective of the present study is to apprehend the relationship between the performance of housing production programs (460 Resolution, Housing Subsidy Program and Growth Acceleration Program/Metro)…) in the communities Cooperativa Bom Fim, Vila Brás and Loteamento Padre Orestes, and its incidence in urban space production in the northern part of the city of São Leopoldo/RS. A reflection about urban space production and social housing policies implementation is proposed. In approaching our research locus – the city of São Leopoldo – the study sought to learn about the social and spatial processes of constitution of the city and its communities and how housing policies of social interest were developed, especially the housing programs 460 Resolution, Housing Subsidy Program and Growth Acceleration Program/Metro. The research has shown that those communities, in their constitution process, have consolidated themselves as survival places for families lacking financial means to access the city from its real estate market, as well as resistance against the unequal production of the urban space. The performance of housing programs in these places must go beyond its final product – a house – promoting an implementation process of the actions articulating other elements necessary to guarantee housing and city rights to the citizens.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo apreender a relação entre a atuação dos programas de produção habitacional (Resolução 460, Programa de Subsídio Habitacional e Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento/Metrô), nas comunidades - Cooperativa Bom Fim, Vila Brás e Loteamento Padre Orestes – e a incidência na produção do espaço urbano da região Nordeste da cidade de São Leopoldo/RS. O trabalho propõe uma reflexão sobre a produção do espaço urbano e a implementação de políticas de habitação social. Aproximando as leituras para o lócus da pesquisa, a cidade de São Leopoldo, o estudo buscou conhecer os processos sociais e espaciais de formação das comunidades e da cidade e como se desenvolveram as políticas habitacionais de interesse social e em particular os programas de produção habitacional Resolução 460, Programa de Subsídio Habitacional e Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento/METRÔ. Assim, a pesquisa demonstra que as comunidades, no processo de formação, consolidaram-se enquanto lugares de sobrevivência para as famílias desprovidas de condição financeira para acessar a cidade, a partir do mercado imobiliário. E, também como lugares de resistência à produção desigual do espaço urbano. A atuação dos programas habitacionais nestes lugares deve ir além do produto final “a casa”, promovendo um processo de implementação das ações que articule outros elementos necessários à garantia do direito à moradia digna e à cidade. / The objective of the present study is to apprehend the relationship between the performance of housing production programs (460 Resolution, Housing Subsidy Program and Growth Acceleration Program/Metro)…) in the communities Cooperativa Bom Fim, Vila Brás and Loteamento Padre Orestes, and its incidence in urban space production in the northern part of the city of São Leopoldo/RS. A reflection about urban space production and social housing policies implementation is proposed. In approaching our research locus – the city of São Leopoldo – the study sought to learn about the social and spatial processes of constitution of the city and its communities and how housing policies of social interest were developed, especially the housing programs 460 Resolution, Housing Subsidy Program and Growth Acceleration Program/Metro. The research has shown that those communities, in their constitution process, have consolidated themselves as survival places for families lacking financial means to access the city from its real estate market, as well as resistance against the unequal production of the urban space. The performance of housing programs in these places must go beyond its final product – a house – promoting an implementation process of the actions articulating other elements necessary to guarantee housing and city rights to the citizens.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo apreender a relação entre a atuação dos programas de produção habitacional (Resolução 460, Programa de Subsídio Habitacional e Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento/Metrô), nas comunidades - Cooperativa Bom Fim, Vila Brás e Loteamento Padre Orestes – e a incidência na produção do espaço urbano da região Nordeste da cidade de São Leopoldo/RS. O trabalho propõe uma reflexão sobre a produção do espaço urbano e a implementação de políticas de habitação social. Aproximando as leituras para o lócus da pesquisa, a cidade de São Leopoldo, o estudo buscou conhecer os processos sociais e espaciais de formação das comunidades e da cidade e como se desenvolveram as políticas habitacionais de interesse social e em particular os programas de produção habitacional Resolução 460, Programa de Subsídio Habitacional e Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento/METRÔ. Assim, a pesquisa demonstra que as comunidades, no processo de formação, consolidaram-se enquanto lugares de sobrevivência para as famílias desprovidas de condição financeira para acessar a cidade, a partir do mercado imobiliário. E, também como lugares de resistência à produção desigual do espaço urbano. A atuação dos programas habitacionais nestes lugares deve ir além do produto final “a casa”, promovendo um processo de implementação das ações que articule outros elementos necessários à garantia do direito à moradia digna e à cidade. / The objective of the present study is to apprehend the relationship between the performance of housing production programs (460 Resolution, Housing Subsidy Program and Growth Acceleration Program/Metro)…) in the communities Cooperativa Bom Fim, Vila Brás and Loteamento Padre Orestes, and its incidence in urban space production in the northern part of the city of São Leopoldo/RS. A reflection about urban space production and social housing policies implementation is proposed. In approaching our research locus – the city of São Leopoldo – the study sought to learn about the social and spatial processes of constitution of the city and its communities and how housing policies of social interest were developed, especially the housing programs 460 Resolution, Housing Subsidy Program and Growth Acceleration Program/Metro. The research has shown that those communities, in their constitution process, have consolidated themselves as survival places for families lacking financial means to access the city from its real estate market, as well as resistance against the unequal production of the urban space. The performance of housing programs in these places must go beyond its final product – a house – promoting an implementation process of the actions articulating other elements necessary to guarantee housing and city rights to the citizens.

Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att analysera uppdaterad lagtext kring förhandsavtal iBostadsrättslagens 5:e kapitel. Inom uppsatsens ramar har även en kvalitativ fallstudiegenomförts utifrån tre bostadsutvecklares informationsgivning, för att se hur väl lagstiftarensintentioner stämmer överens med avtalen i praktiken. Först ges en historisk återblick kring bostadsrätten, som fick sitt inträde som upplåtelseformår 1930. Sedan beskrivs definitionen av ett förhandsavtal och vilka som är parterna i ettsådant. Vidare ges en beskrivning av den kritik som dåvarande lagstiftning fått. Kritiken hardels handlat om att det bindande avtalet som löper under en lång tidshorisont är en storekonomisk risk för konsumenten, och information kring risken har saknats. Det har ocksåfunnits ett generöst tolkningsutrymme kring lagen som bidragit till att bostadsutvecklarekunnat leverera diffusa avtalsvillkor till konsument. Ett exempel är att det inte varit tydligt hurlångt intervall för beräknad tid för upplåtelse fått vara. Många domar bevittnar även om attdomslut inte legat i linje med det ursprungliga syftet med lagtexten. Den här kritiken har letttill att en uppdatering av lagen skedde år 2023. Uppsatsen kommer i detalj att analysera den nya lagstiftningen med stöd av rättspraxis,juridisk doktrin samt litteratur. Ett exempel på krav som införts i laguppdateringen är att detinte längre är tillräckligt att endast informera om bestämmelserna, utan i många delar ska detäven säkerställas att konsument förstått innebörden av avtalet och dess villkor. Resultatet visar på att bostadsutvecklare har anpassat sina processer till den nyalagstiftningen. I många delar har företagen gjort liknande tillämpningar av lagen. I de delar avlagtexten som möjliggör en mer generös tolkning skiljer sig tillämpningarna åt, av naturligaskäl. Utifrån det som framkommit i studien går det att konstatera att de uppdateringar sombostadsutvecklare gjort, på det stora hela, ligger i linje med lagstiftarens syfte. / The purpose of this thesis has been to analyze updated legislation regarding preliminaryagreements in Chapter 5 of the Housing Ownership Act. Within the scope of the thesis, aqualitative case study has also been conducted based on the information provided by threehousing developers to assess how well the legislators' intentions align with the agreements inpractice. First, a historical overview of housing ownership is provided, which emerged as a form oftenure in 1930. Then, the definition of a preliminary agreement and the parties involved aredescribed. Furthermore, criticism of the previous legislation is addressed. This criticism hasrevolved around the fact that the binding agreement, which spans a long time horizon, poses asignificant financial risk for the consumer, and there has been a lack of information regardingit. There has also been a generous room for interpretation of the law, allowing housingdevelopers to include vague contractual terms for the consumer. For example, it has not been clear how long the interval for the estimated tenure period couldbe. Many court decisions testify that the judgments have not been in line with the originalpurpose of the legislation. This criticism led to an update of the law in 2023.The purpose of the law is to strengthen consumer protection. The thesis will analyze the newlegislation in detail, supported by legal precedents, legal doctrine, and literature. For instance,it is no longer sufficient to merely inform about the provisions; in many aspects, it must alsobe ensured that the consumer understands the meaning of the agreement and its terms. The results show that housing developers have adapted their processes to comply with thenew legislation. In many aspects, companies have implemented similar applications of thelaw. However, in parts of the legislation that allow for more generous interpretation, theapplications differ for natural reasons. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concludedthat the updates made by housing developers largely align with the legislators' intentions.

[pt] O objetivo desta Dissertação é compreender o enfrentamento dos refugiados na cidade de São Paulo no que se relaciona ao acesso à moradia. Partindo das experiências ocorridas em São Paulo para o esforço de acolhida aos refugiados de diferentes nacionalidades, a moradia ainda não é uma questão de política pública, com lacunas para a garantia do seu acesso. Procurou-se analisar as estratégias de refugiados para garantir o acesso à moradia. Foram realizadas quatro entrevistas nos Centros de Acolhida e Casa de Passagem instaladas em São Paulo, assim como três entrevistas com dois indivíduos com o status de refugiado e um filho de um casal palestino, que articula a moradia em uma ocupação, no centro da cidade. Foi possível identificar os limites e possibilidades dos serviços de acolhimento a partir das falas dos entrevistados. As buscas individuais e a mobilização exercida pela rede de solidariedade construída entre os refugiados integram o cenário da dificuldade do direito de morar, marcada por um deslocamento forçado ocorrido no processo migratório. / [en] The goal of this dissertation is to understand the confrontation of refugees in Sao Paulo s city in which relates to access to housing. Starting from the experiences that occurred in Sao Paulo for the effort of welcome for refugees of different nationalities, housing have not been a matter of public policy yet, with gaps for the guarantee of access. For this, it is necessary to identify the refugee s experiences in individual and collective models. Four interviews were carried out in the Reception centers and halfway house located in São Paulo and three interviews with two individuals with refugee status and a son of a Palestinian couple who articulates the residences in an occupation in the city center. It was possible to identify the limits and possibilities of the host services by the interviews. The individual searches and the mobilization network of solidarity built among the refugees make up the difficulty setting of the right to housing, marked by a forced displacement occurred in the migration process.

The central hypothesis of this thesis is that the universal fundamental right to adequate housing must be equally enforced by all states irrespective of its non-entrenchment as a constitutional, legislative and/or policy entitlement. Despite being a minority, poor Canadians still face the same sordid living conditions that the majority are experiencing in South Africa and India. If a developed country such as Canada, despite its available resources and housing policies, and, similar to South Africa and India as third world countries, fails to improve the poor’s standard of living, the right to adequate housing will remain a distant dream for many. Any housing implementation strategy must be able to reduce housing backlogs, eradicate homelessness and slums and in general improve the poor’s standard of living. The thesis considers the diverse implementation strategies of the right to adequate housing as adopted by South Africa, Canada and India and reveals how each country has experienced systemic challenges. Against the background of international and regional human rights obligations, key issues are investigated to determine how to properly implement, enforce and monitor the right, include the role of a constitutionally entrenched right, the adoption of a housing legislative and/or policy measures, the role of the judiciary, (in)action on the part of government and the part played by national human rights commissions. While each of these three countries approaches the issue in their own unique way, and each country makes its own contribution, what is required is a coordinated and multi-faceted housing implementation system. Although the point of departure was to determine what South Africa could learn from Canada and India, the conclusion is that both Canada and India can draw inspiration from South Africa. Nevertheless, the main conclusions are that South Africa must urgently conduct a comprehensive review of its regressive 20 year housing implementation strategy and India’s 61 years five year plans. The Canadian judiciary should be looking at ways to enforce the right within the Canadian Charter as well as its domestic legislation to include ‘social condition’ as a discrimination ground. While both Canada and India must review their housing policies their judiciaries should be evaluating the history of homelessness and the reasonableness of their adopted housing policies. / Private Law / LLD

[pt] Sabe-se que a construção de estradas é uma atividade que produz alterações consideráveis nas características naturais das regiões. Neste caso, o acompanhamento e a pesquisa sobre a implementação do Arco Metropolitano do Rio de Janeiro - AMRJ tornam-se as principais ferramentas para garantir a preservação dos recursos naturais locais e executar o projeto em consonância com as legislações ambientais vigentes, bem como, garantir uma série de direitos descritos nos estatutos e leis presentes nas três esferas de governamentais. Com o intuito de que a população atingida possa se utilizar destas informações e garantir seus interesses na tomada de medidas que minimizam os prováveis impactos socioambientais, o presente trabalho visa compreender como se deram os impactos da abertura do Arco Metropolitano sobre a população removida do bairro Vila de Cava (Nova Iguaçu). Para isso, vamos analisar as formas de mobilização política dos moradores de Vila de Cava contra as remoções, numa tentativa de identificar as violações de direitos através do processo de remoções ocasionadas pelo AMRJ. Para tal, partiremos das hipóteses de que houve violação dos direitos dos moradores durante o processo de remoção, com indícios de sonegação de informações, assédio e coação para forçá-los a aceitar as indenizações oferecidas e apesar do discurso de que o Arco Metropolitano traria melhorias à população, os moradores que foram removidos encontram-se em piores condições de moradia. / [en] It is known that the construction of roads is an activity that produces considerable changes in the natural characteristics of the regions. In this case, monitoring and research on the implementation of the AMRJ become the main tools to ensure the preservation of local natural resources and to execute the project in accordance with the current environmental legislation, as well as to guarantee a series of rights described in the bylaws and laws present in the three spheres of government. With the intention that the affected population can use this information and ensure their interests in taking measures that minimize the probable socio-environmental impacts, the present work aims to understand how the impacts of the opening of the Metropolitan Arch on the population removed from the Vila neighborhood of Cava (Nova Iguaçu). For this, we will analyze the forms of political mobilization of the residents of Vila de Cava against the removals, in an attempt to identify the violations of rights through the process of removals caused by the AMRJ. To do so, we will assume that there was a violation of the rights of the residents during the removal process, with indications of information evasion, harassment and coercion to force them to accept the indemnities offered and despite the discourse that the Metropolitan Arch would bring improvements to the population, the residents who were removed are in worse housing conditions.

The central hypothesis of this thesis is that the universal fundamental right to adequate housing must be equally enforced by all states irrespective of its non-entrenchment as a constitutional, legislative and/or policy entitlement. Despite being a minority, poor Canadians still face the same sordid living conditions that the majority are experiencing in South Africa and India. If a developed country such as Canada, despite its available resources and housing policies, and, similar to South Africa and India as third world countries, fails to improve the poor’s standard of living, the right to adequate housing will remain a distant dream for many. Any housing implementation strategy must be able to reduce housing backlogs, eradicate homelessness and slums and in general improve the poor’s standard of living. The thesis considers the diverse implementation strategies of the right to adequate housing as adopted by South Africa, Canada and India and reveals how each country has experienced systemic challenges. Against the background of international and regional human rights obligations, key issues are investigated to determine how to properly implement, enforce and monitor the right, include the role of a constitutionally entrenched right, the adoption of a housing legislative and/or policy measures, the role of the judiciary, (in)action on the part of government and the part played by national human rights commissions. While each of these three countries approaches the issue in their own unique way, and each country makes its own contribution, what is required is a coordinated and multi-faceted housing implementation system. Although the point of departure was to determine what South Africa could learn from Canada and India, the conclusion is that both Canada and India can draw inspiration from South Africa. Nevertheless, the main conclusions are that South Africa must urgently conduct a comprehensive review of its regressive 20 year housing implementation strategy and India’s 61 years five year plans. The Canadian judiciary should be looking at ways to enforce the right within the Canadian Charter as well as its domestic legislation to include ‘social condition’ as a discrimination ground. While both Canada and India must review their housing policies their judiciaries should be evaluating the history of homelessness and the reasonableness of their adopted housing policies. / Private Law / LLD