Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nas últimas décadas, o problema de escalonamento da produção em oficina de máquinas, na literatura referido como JSSP (do inglês Job Shop Scheduling Problem), tem recebido grande destaque por parte de pesquisadores do mundo inteiro. Uma das razões que justificam tamanho interesse está em sua alta complexidade. O JSSP é um problema de análise combinatória classificado como NP-Difícil e, apesar de existir uma grande variedade de métodos e heurísticas que são capazes de resolvê-lo, ainda não existe hoje nenhum método ou heurística capaz de encontrar soluções ótimas para todos os problemas testes apresentados na literatura. A outra razão basea-se no fato de que esse problema encontra-se presente no diaa- dia das indústrias de transformação de vários segmento e, uma vez que a otimização do escalonamento pode gerar uma redução significativa no tempo de produção e, consequentemente, um melhor aproveitamento dos recursos de produção, ele pode gerar um forte impacto no lucro dessas indústrias, principalmente nos casos em que o setor de produção é responsável por grande parte dos seus custos totais. Entre as heurísticas que podem ser aplicadas à solução deste problema, o Busca Tabu e o Multidão de Partículas apresentam uma boa performance para a maioria dos problemas testes encontrados na literatura. Geralmente, a heurística Busca Tabu apresenta uma boa e rápida convergência para pontos ótimos ou subótimos, contudo esta convergência é frequentemente interrompida por processos cíclicos e a performance do método depende fortemente da solução inicial e do ajuste de seus parâmetros. A heurística Multidão de Partículas tende a convergir para pontos ótimos, ao custo de um grande esforço computacional, sendo que sua performance também apresenta uma grande sensibilidade ao ajuste de seus parâmetros. Como as diferentes heurísticas aplicadas ao problema apresentam pontos positivos e negativos, atualmente alguns pesquisadores começam a concentrar seus esforços na hibridização das heurísticas existentes no intuito de gerar novas heurísticas híbridas que reúnam as qualidades de suas heurísticas de base, buscando desta forma diminuir ou mesmo eliminar seus aspectos negativos. Neste trabalho, em um primeiro momento, são apresentados três modelos de hibridização baseados no esquema geral das Heurísticas de Busca Local, os quais são testados com as heurísticas Busca Tabu e Multidão de Partículas. Posteriormente é apresentada uma adaptação do método Colisão de Partículas, originalmente desenvolvido para problemas contínuos, onde o método Busca Tabu é utilizado como operador de exploração local e operadores de mutação são utilizados para perturbação da solução. Como resultado, este trabalho mostra que, no caso dos modelos híbridos, a natureza complementar e diferente dos métodos Busca Tabu e Multidão de Partículas, na forma como são aqui apresentados, da origem à algoritmos robustos capazes de gerar solução ótimas ou muito boas e muito menos sensíveis ao ajuste dos parâmetros de cada um dos métodos de origem. No caso do método Colisão de Partículas, o novo algorítimo é capaz de atenuar a sensibilidade ao ajuste dos parâmetros e de evitar os processos cíclicos do método Busca Tabu, produzindo assim melhores resultados. / In recent decades, the Job Shop Scheduling Ploblem (JSSP) has received great attention of researchers worldwide. One of the reasons for such interest is its high complexity. The JSSP is a combinatorial optimization problem classified as NP-Hard and, although there is a variety of methods and heuristics that are able to solve it, even today no method or heuristic is able to find optimal solutions for all benchmarcks presented in the literature. The other reason builds on noted fact that this problem is present in day-to-day of industries of various segments and, since the optimal scheduling may cause a significant reduction in production time and thus a better utilization of manufacturing resources, it can generate a strong impact on the gain of these industries, especially in cases where the production sector is responsible for most of their total costs. Among the heuristics that can be applied to the solution of this problem, the Tabu Search and the Particle Swarm Optimization show good performance for most benchmarcks found in the literature. Usually, the Taboo Search heuristic presents a good and fast convergence to the optimal or sub-optimal points, but this convergence is frequently interrupted by cyclical processes, offset, the Particle Swarm Optimization heuristic tends towards a convergence by means of a lot of computational time, and the performance of both heuristics strongly depends on the adjusting of its parameters. This thesis presents four different hybridization models to solve the classical Job Shop Scheduling Problem, three of which based on the general schema of Local Search Heuristics and the fourth based on the method Particle Collision. These models are analyzed with these two heuristics, Taboo Search and Particle Swarm Optimization, and the elements of this heuristics, showing what aspects must be considered in order to achieve a best solution of the one obtained by the original heuristics in a considerable computational time. As results this thesis demonstrates that the four models are able to improve the robustness of the original heuristics and the results found by Taboo Search.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:05:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoLC_TESE.pdf: 1919163 bytes, checksum: 5e4620dae5ce7f70fdc851fd5abad7dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Perciformes are dominant in the marine environment, characterized as the largest and most diverse fish group. Some families, as Gerreidae, popularly known as silver jennies, carapebas, or mojarras have a high economic potential to marine fish farming, natural explotation and game fishing. Genetic information of these species are of fundamental importance for their management and production. Despite exist over 13,000 marine fish species described, only 2% were cytogenetically analyzed and less than 1% have some reproductive characteristics known. Induced breeding, cytogenetic characterization and cryopreservation of gametes, represent important areas in applied fish studies. In this project cytogenetic analyzes were performed to acess genetic aspects of Gerreidae species, distributed in coastal and estuarine regions of Northeast Brazil. Different methods for identifying chromosomal regions were employed using conventional techniques (Ag-NORs, C-banding), staining with base-specific fluorochromes (DAPI-CMA3), and physical mapping of ribosomal genes 18S and 5S rDNA, through hybridization in situ with fluorescent probes (FISH). The six species analyzed showed remarkable chromosome conservatism. The 18S and 5S ribosomal genes when analyzed in phylogenetic perspective demonstrate varied evolutionary dynamics, suggesting ocurrence of stasis process in some groups and greater dynamism in others. Double FISH with 18S and 5S probes showed both how efficient cytotaxonomic markers in the homogeneous karyotypes of this group of species. The karyotypic pattern identified in addition to the evolutionary aspects of karyotype, are suggestive of existence of low potential of post-zygotic barrier, prompting further research to prospect for artificial interspecific hybridization of these species of commercial importance / Os Perciformes s?o dominantes no ambiente marinho, contituindo a maior e mais diversificada ordem de peixes dentre os tele?steos. Muitas de suas fam?lias, como os Gerreidae, conhecidos popularmente como carapicus, carapebas, ou mojarras, t?m um alto potencial econ?mico, no que se diz respeito ? piscicultura marinha, extrativismo e pesca esportiva. Informa??es gen?ticas destas esp?cies s?o de fundamental import?ncia para seu manejo e produ??o. Mesmo assim, das 13.000 esp?cies de peixes marinhos descritos, apenas 2% foram estudadas sob o ponto de vista citogen?tico e menos de 1% sobre suas caracter?sticas reprodutivas. A reprodu??o induzida, a citogen?tica e a criopreserva??o de gametas, representam importantes ?reas aplicadas de estudo em peixes. No presente trabalho an?lises citogen?ticas foram empregadas na caracteriza??o gen?tica de esp?cies da fam?lia Gerreidae, ocorrentes no litoral do Nordeste do Brasil. Diferentes m?todos de identifica??o de regi?es cromoss?micas foram empregados por meio de t?cnicas convencionais (Ag-RONs, bandamento C), colora??o com fluorocromos base-espec?ficos (DAPI-CMA3), e mapeamento cromoss?mico de genes ribossomais marcadores DNAr 18S e 5S, atrav?s da hibrida??o in situ com sondas fluorescentes (FISH). As seis esp?cies analisadas revelaram marcante conservadorismo cromoss?mico. Os genes ribossomais 18S e 5S quando analisados em perspectiva filogen?tica, demonstram din?mica evolutiva variada, podendo apresentar estase em alguns grupos e maior dinamismo em outros. As an?lises por duplo-FISH dos s?tios 18S e 5S se revelaram eficientes marcadores citotaxon?micos nos cari?tipos homog?neos deste grupo de esp?cies. Os padr?es cariot?picos identificado, al?m dos aspectos evolutivos do cari?tipo identificados, s?o sugestivos de baixo potencial de barreiras p?s-zig?ticas, instigando pesquisas futuras de prospec??o de hibrida??o interespec?fica destas esp?cies de valor comercial

The aim of this dissertation thesis is to emphasize the sense of extended cultivation of embryos to the stadium of blastocyst and its influence on success of assisted reproduction and facilitation of pre implantation diagnosis, analysis of cultivation media and derivation of human embryonic stem cells. Author summarizes current literary findings in assisted reproduction and examines the currently used methods. Author also submits his own published experimental works, in which he compares his own results of infertility treatment with usage of extended cultivation to blastocyst with results of other techniques. Furthermore author submits his own published experimental works which are using extended cultivation for pre implantation diagnosis and its improvement. Another experimental works includes possibility of stem cells derivation. Usage of extended cultivation to blastocyst convincingly leads, according to author's own experiments and simultaneously to available literary findings, to higher success of infertility treatment. This is especially significant by middle-aged mothers. Sufficient term of cultivation enables not just selection, but also biopsy and its generic treatment. Long-term cultivation also enables analysis of cultivation media - but these didn't met the expectations for increase of...

Submitted by Patricia Figuti Venturini (pfiguti@anhembi.br) on 2018-08-20T18:55:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 451192.pdf: 3046588 bytes, checksum: 970a7e20c794f211b6c0fa6b9540da88 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Figuti Venturini (pfiguti@anhembi.br) on 2018-08-20T20:28:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 451192.pdf: 3046588 bytes, checksum: 970a7e20c794f211b6c0fa6b9540da88 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Figuti Venturini (pfiguti@anhembi.br) on 2018-08-21T14:13:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 451192.pdf: 3046588 bytes, checksum: 970a7e20c794f211b6c0fa6b9540da88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T14:13:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 451192.pdf: 3046588 bytes, checksum: 970a7e20c794f211b6c0fa6b9540da88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research seeks to deepen the knowledge related to the remix actions applied to digital graphic images in contemporary graphic design projects. Remix is the use and accumulation of layers from different origins, analog and digital, through actions resulting from collages, borrowings, appropriations or quotations, used in favor of a new imagetic design simulation levels challenges your agent’s imagination. The objective of this work is to investigate some cre- ation processes and their relevance to the results promoted by the hybridization and remixes of graphic fragments in the construction of new digital images, and for these analyzes were chosen some posters with singular languages in their visual configurations. The concept of remix in the field of graphic design and its languages was elaborated from the contribution of authors such as Bruno Munari, Donis A. Dondis and Rudolf Arnhein who bring us approaches on the elements of language and visual perception; Eduardo Navas, Lawrence Lessig and Kirby Ferguson collaborate with remix con- cepts; Levi Manovich with researches related to the aesthetics of remixability; Lucia Santaella and Jacques Aumont with studies on the cognitive image; Philip Meggs and Rafael Cardoso who contrib- ute with surveys on the history of graphic design; and Rick Poynor who brings us concepts of postmodern graphic design, among oth- ers that reinforce the theoretical scope during the investigation. Concepts and references are also brought from the universe of music, analog collage, language through technological aesthetics, and addressed in some graphic design productions, especially in the third and last part, composed by a case study on the design of the Brazilian designer Rico Lins in the visual configuration of the piece of publicity of the exhibition Brasil em Cartaz, event that took place in France in 2005. In short, it is concluded that remix is an important compositional action that intensifies the creative process and the imagination. / Esta pesquisa busca aprofundar os conhecimentos relacionados às ações de remix aplicadas às imagens gráficas digitais em projetos de design gráfico contemporâneo. Entende-se por remix o uso e os acúmulos de camadas de diferentes procedências, analógicas e digitais, via ações resultantes de colagens, de empréstimos, de apropriações ou citações, utilizadas a favor de uma nova concepção imagética em níveis de simulações que desafiam a imaginação do seu agente. Objetiva-se aqui investigar alguns processos de criação e sua relevância quanto aos resultados promovidos pela hibridação e remisturas de fragmentos gráficos em construção de novas imagens digitais, e para essas análises foram escolhidos alguns cartazes com linguagens peculiares em suas configurações visuais. O conceito de remix no campo do design gráfico e suas linguagens foi elaborado a partir da contribuição de autores como Bruno Munari, Donis A. Dondis e Rudolf Arnhein que nos trazem abordagens sobre os elementos da linguagem e percepção visual; Eduardo Navas, Lawrence Lessig e Kirby Ferguson colaboram com conceitos de remix; Levi Manovich com pesquisas relacionadas às estéticas da remixabilidade; Lucia Santaella e Jacques Aumont com estudos sobre a imagem cognitiva; Philip Meggs e Rafael Cardoso que contribuem com levantamentos sobre a história do design gráfico; e Rick Poynor que nos traz conceitos do design gráfico pós-moderno, dentre outros que reforçam o escopo teórico no decorrer da investigação. Conceitos e referências também são trazidos do universo da música, da colagem analógica, da linguagem por meio das estéticas tecnológicas, e abordados em algumas produções do design gráfico, em especial na terceira e última parte, composta por um estudo de caso sobre o projeto do designer brasileiro Rico Lins na configuração visual da peça de divulgação da exposição "Brasil em Cartaz", evento ocorrido na França em 2005...

Sturgeon species (order Acipenseriformes) are prone for interspecific hybridization. Anthropogenic activities in river basins influence sturgeon reproduction by destruction of their natural spawning grounds. Consequently, spawning areas, as well as the time of spawning of sturgeon species overlap and different sturgeon species reproduce concurrently. This increases the probability of meeting of heterospecific gametes and pre-zygotic postcopulatory reproductive barriers, comprising of sperm competition and cryptic female choice, may play an important role in preventing undesirable interspecific hybridization. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of interspecific sperm competition and cryptic female choice during interspecific hybridization of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) and Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). Reproductive characteristics (fertilization rate and hatching rate) were described in each of experimental and control groups showing similar values for competitive and non-competitive trials. Parentage assignment was performed in hatched larvae using combination of mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite DNA markers. Obtained results revealed higher fertilization success of sterlet spermatozoa, when these competed for fertilization with spermatozoa of Siberian sturgeon. Total reproductive success of starlet spermatozoa was 78.9 % and Siberian sturgeon 21.1 %. Contrary, when spermatozoa did not compete for fertilization, males of analysed species showed equal fertilization success. In the trials, where eggs of both studied species were mixed and fertilized by sperm from each species separately, eggs of any species did not show a tendency to bias fertilization by spermatozoa of conspecific males. Probably, there are no pre-zygotic postcopulatory reproductive barriers that prevent interspecific hybridization of sterlet and Siberian sturgeon at the gametic level.

Submitted by Rafael Prado Guerra (rafaelpradoguerra@hotmail.com) on 2018-01-10T02:07:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 4. Dissertação - Dinâmicas de Mudança - RAFAEL GUERRA_v5.5.pdf: 3556474 bytes, checksum: 43308ba3310a430b0013913be13a52e8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2018-01-24T12:06:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 4. Dissertação - Dinâmicas de Mudança - RAFAEL GUERRA_v5.5.pdf: 3556474 bytes, checksum: 43308ba3310a430b0013913be13a52e8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-29T16:41:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4. Dissertação - Dinâmicas de Mudança - RAFAEL GUERRA_v5.5.pdf: 3556474 bytes, checksum: 43308ba3310a430b0013913be13a52e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-07 / The present study intends to analyze dynamics of change and continuity in crisis contexts, through a case study of a hybrid organization of the energy sector in an emerging country. It is investigated the recent creation process of the Controlling area (until then formally nonexistent), from a historical perspective of agency-structure, trying to identify hybrid dynamics and strategies of resistance-acceptance to the imposition of a new order, resulting from the exchange of management and organizational restructuring. Qualitative research methods were used, using in-depth interviews with the company high-level executives, through a semi-structured and open questions script, as well as documentary and bibliographic analysis of primary and secondary sources. It can be observed that the scenario of institutional and economic crisis through which the organization, the sector and the country were passing made possible the emergence of managerialist logics and financial perspectives, accelerating the processes of changes that were already underway. However, we observed resistance actions that reshaped the initially proposed design for organizational restructuring referenced to market benchmarks, in which interaction and negotiation between agents promoted hybridization processes of structures and strategies that re-adjusted the final configuration. The work approach can be characterized as a limiting factor in hindering a more active and prolific participation of the interviewees, since in addressing sensitive issues such as restructuring, strategy, changes, acceptance, resistance, among others, they may worry about preserving information secrecy, strategic data or specific knowledge for the organization, and in certain cases there may be a selectivity criterion regarding the responses granted. It contributes to the practice because it allows the understanding of acceptance-resistance dynamics to organizational change and the resolutions arising from the social interaction of agents in the corporate environment, as a way of providing subsidies to managers of hybrid organizations belonging to this and other sectors and countries. It also adds to the theory evidence regarding research linked to the critical perspective, in that it brings important elements and field data to academic discussion. / O presente trabalho pretende analisar dinâmicas de mudança e continuidade em contextos de crise, por meio de um estudo de caso de uma organização híbrida do setor de energia em um país emergente. Investiga-se o processo recente de criação da área de Controladoria (até então formalmente inexistente), sob uma perspectiva histórica de agência- estrutura, procurando identificar dinâmicas e estratégias híbridas de resistência-aceitação à imposição de uma nova ordem, advinda da troca de gestão e reestruturação organizacional. Metodologia – Os métodos de pesquisa utilizados foram qualitativos, através da realização de entrevistas em profundidade com executivos de alto nível gerencial da companhia, por meio de um roteiro semi-estruturado com questões abertas, bem como análise documental e bibliográfica de fontes primárias e secundárias. Constata-se que o cenário de crise institucional e econômica pela qual passavam a organização, o setor e o país possibilitaram a emergência de lógicas gerencialistas e perspectivas financistas, acelerando processos de mudanças que já se encontravam anteriormente em curso. No entanto, observaram-se ações de resistência que remodelaram o desenho inicialmente proposto para a reestruturação organizacional referenciada a benckmarks de mercado, em que a interação e negociação entre os agentes promoveu processos de hibridização de estruturas e estratégias que readequaram a configuração final. O enfoque do trabalho pode ser caracterizado como um fator de limitação ao dificultar uma participação mais ativa e prolífica dos entrevistados, já que ao abordar temas sensíveis como reestruturação, estratégia, mudanças, aceitação, resistência, dentre outros, podem preocupar-se em preservar informações sigilosas, dados estratégicos ou conhecimentos específicos para a organização, podendo haver em certos casos um critério de seletividade quanto às respostas concedidas. Contribui para a prática pois permite o entendimento de dinâmicas de aceitação-resistência à mudança organizacional e as resoluções advindas da interação social dos agentes no ambiente corporativo, como forma de fornecer subsídios a gestores de organizações híbridas pertencentes a este e outros setores e países. Também acrescenta à teoria evidências em relação às pesquisas vinculadas à perspectiva crítica, na medida em que traz elementos importantes e dados de campo à discussão acadêmica.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-31 / We report here on a girl who, despite her 45,X/46,X,der(Y) karyotype, showed no signs of virilization or physical signs of the Ullrich-Turner syndrome [UTS], except for a reduced growth rate. After prophylactic gonadectomy due to the risk of developing gonadoblastoma, the gonads and peripheral blood samples were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH] and polymerase chain reaction [PCR] to detect Y-specific sequences. These analyses allowed us to characterize the Yderived chromosome as being an isodicentric Yp chromosome [idic(Yp)] and showed a pronounced difference in the distribution of the 45,X/46,X,idic(Yp) mosaicism between the two analyzed tissues. It was shown that, although in peripheral blood almost all cells (97.5%) belonged to the idic(Yp) line with a duplicated SRY gene, this did not determine any degree of male sexual differentiation in the patient, as in the gonads the predominant cell line was 45,X (60%). / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

During my thesis work I studied the expression and potential function of brain expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) in human prefrontal cortex (PFC). Initially, I used combinatorial computational analysis and microarray data to identify miRNAs that are predicted with high probability to target the human Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) 3’ Untranslated Region (3’UTR) and are expressed in moderate to high levels in adult human prefrontal cortex. A subset of 10 miRNAs segregating into 5 different miRNA families (miR-30a-d, miR-103/107, miR-16/195, miR-191 and miR-495) met the above criteria. I then designed a protocol to detect these miRNAs with Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) in situ hybridization in human prefrontal cortex and determine their layer and cellular expression patterns. LNA in situ revealed differential lamina and cellular enrichment of BDNF-related miRNAs. As an example, miR-30a-5p was found to be enriched in large pyramidal neurons of layer 3, which was verified using laser capture microdissection of layer 3 pyramidal neurons and quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) following dissection of upper and deeper layers of human PFC. Parallel to this, I used miRNA qRT-PCR to determine the developmental expression of miRNAs using postmortem PFC tissues ranging from embryonic age to old adulthood and compared miRNA to BDNF protein levels. My results revealed a robust inverse correlation between BDNF-related miRNAs and BDNF protein during late maturation and aging of human prefrontal cortex. In vitro luciferase assays and/or lentivirus mediated neuronal miRNA overexpression experiments validated that at least two miRNAs, miR-30a-5p and miR-195, target human BDNF 3’UTR and mediate its translational repression. In the second part of my thesis work I measured levels of miR-30a and miR-195 in the prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia and compared them with levels of BDNF protein and BDNF-related GABAergic mRNAs. According to my results differences in miR-195 levels in a subset of subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia were found to be associated with disease related changes in BDNF protein levels and deficits in BDNF dependent GABAergic gene expression. In the last part of my work I focused on miR-30b, another member of the miR-30 family, which I found to be reduced in the prefrontal cortex of female but not male subjects with schizophrenia. More importantly, disease related changes in miR-30b levels were strongly associated with the age of onset of the disease. Additional experiments in mouse cortex and hippocampus revealed a gender dimorphic expression pattern of this miRNA with higher expression in female brain. Collectively, my results suggest that miRNAs could participate in novel molecular pathways that play an important role during cortical development and maturation and are potentially linked to the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disease.

La faisabilité des applications à piles à combustible (PAC) a été largement démontrée à travers le monde. Les efforts de recherche portent actuellement sur l'amélioration de la durée de vie des PAC et la diminution de leur coût. A ce jour, une PAC ne tolère pas les variations rapides de charges qui entraînent très souvent son vieillissement prématuré. Pour pallier cette faiblesse, une hybridation avec un composant électrochimique de stockage (typiquement des supercondensateurs) est généralement proposée via un ou deux convertisseurs statiques, nécessitant l'implantation d'une gestion énergétique. Une partie de ces travaux se situe dans le contexte aéronautique et fait suite au projet européen CELINA piloté par AIRBUS. Le projet européen CELINA (2005-2008) a posé la problématique du remplacement de l'éolienne (RAT) actuelle par une pile à combustible pour le réseau électrique de dernier secours sollicité en cas de perte totale des moteurs ou de la génération électrique. Il alimente les charges essentielles : auxiliaires de puissances presque constantes (calculateurs de bord, …) et les actionneurs de vol (EHA, EMA) qui constituent les principaux consommateurs à caractères très intermittents. Cette étude a permis une classification de trois architectures, dont la validation expérimentale se situant dans le cadre du projet français ISS ayant débuté en 2010 sera exposée. L'hybridation directe entre une PAC et des supercondensateurs présente les avantages de ne pas mettre en jeu de convertisseur statique et d'une autogestion énergétique naturelle. Partant du constat que toutes les applications embarquées utilisant des PAC sont hybridées et qu'un développement d'architecture et de stratégies est effectué pour chaque cas (mise au point de convertisseurs, lois de commande, etc.). Ceci représente un travail considérable et systématique, ce qui freine l'implantation des systèmes PAC dans les applications embarquées. L'objectif est alors d'étudier la faisabilité d'un composant hybride unique jouant le rôle de source de puissance et d'énergie dont la gestion énergétique est transparente pour l'utilisateur et ne nécessitant pas l'ajout d'une hybridation supplémentaire pour ces applications. Cette thématique fait l'objet de ces travaux de thèse en collaboration avec la société française HELION Hydrogen Power. Après une présentation de l'introduction des systèmes PAC en aéronautique centrée autour de l'hybridation directe, la suite des travaux regroupe deux grandes thématiques : la première concerne l'étude des interactions entre PAC et supercondensateurs lors d'une association directe selon trois approches : théorique, expérimentale et par simulation. La seconde concerne la validation expérimentale de trois architectures d'hybridation d'un système PAC retenues pour un contexte aéronautique lors d'études précédentes au laboratoire : une architecture indirecte pour laquelle le stockage possède son convertisseur, une architecture indirecte avec stockage sur le bus DC et une architecture directe. L'objectif de ces travaux étant d'augmenter le niveau de maturité technologique de ces concepts, ainsi que de comparer les différents moyens retenus pour parvenir à l'hybridation d'un système PAC suivant des critères précis. / The feasibility of fuel cell (FC) applications has been demonstrated throughout the world. Research efforts are currently focused on improving the lifetime of the FC and reducing their cost. Until today, a FC does not tolerate rapid variations of load that cause in most cases lifetime reducing. To reduce this defect, hybridization with electrochemical storage component (typically ultracapacitors) is generally suggested via one or two static converters, requiring the implementation of an energy management. Aeronautic applications constitute the framework of these studies. They are the prolongation of studies initiated within the European project CELINA piloted by AIRBUS. The CELINA project (2005-2008) dealt with the replacement of the Ram Air Turbine (RAT) which is currently used for the last emergency electrical network in the case of total losses of engines or electrical generation. This emergency network has to supply the essential loads: the piloting auxiliaries (calculators…) consume a quasi-constant power, and the flight actuators (EHA, EMA) which are the main loads whose consumption is very intermittent. This study resulted in a classification of three architectures for which experimental validation in the framework of the French ISS project started since 2010 will be exposed. The direct hybridization between a FC and ultracapacitors has the advantages of not involving static converter and provide a natural energy management. The statement of facts is that all embedded applications using FC are hybridized, architecture and strategies development is performed for each case (development of converters, control laws, etc.). This represents a significant and systematic work, which limits the implementation of FC in embedded applications. In this work, the objective is to study the feasibility of a single hybrid component acting as a power and energy source for which energy management is transparent to the user and does not require the addition of another hybridization. This work is part of collaboration with the French company HELION Hydrogen Power. After a presentation of the insertion of FC in aeronautics centered on the direct hybridization, two major themes are approached: The first concerns the study of interactions between FC and ultracapacitors in a direct association according to three approaches: theoretical, experimental and simulation. The second concerns the experimental validation of three hybridization architectures for FC considered in previous studies in the laboratory: an architecture for which the indirect storage has its converter, an architecture with indirect storage on the DC bus and a direct hybridization architecture. The objective of this work is to increase the level of technological Readiness level of these concepts, and to compare the different ways considered to achieve the hybridization of a fuel cell system according to specific standards.

Introdução: A incidência do carcinoma epidermóide de orofaringe (CEO) aumentou em todo o mundo nos últimos 30 anos. Estudos identificaram o papiloma vírus humano (HPV) como um fator de risco para essa neoplasia. Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a frequência do HPV em pacientes com CEO e em pacientes sem neoplasia maligna e avaliar a existência de uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na frequência do HPV entre os dois grupos. O objetivo secundário foi estudar a correlação entre a infecção pelo HPV e a localização do tumor na orofaringe, o estadiamento clínico e o grau de diferenciação tumoral. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo de caso-controle com 59 pacientes com CEO e 54 pacientes sem neoplasia, no qual foram analisados os blocos de parafina contendo material tumoral e tecido não neoplásico. Foram analisadas respectivamente a frequência do HPV e sua atividade viral utilizando a técnica de hibridização in situ cromogênica (CISH) para HPV de baixo risco (BR) e alto risco (AR) e a expressão imunoistoquímica da proteína P16. Resultados: A frequência do HPV foi maior no grupo caso em comparação ao grupo controle quando utilizamos a expressão imunoistoquímica da proteína P16 como método de detecção isolado (OR=10,3; P<0,001) e quando utilizamos a CISH e a expressão imunoistoquímica da proteína P16 em conjunto (OR=21,4; P<0,001). A CISH isoladamente não mostrou uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na frequência do HPV entre os grupos estudados (P=0,572). A localização tumoral na orofaringe e o estadiamento clínico não mostraram correlação com a infecção pelo HPV em nenhum dos métodos utilizados, assim como o grau de diferenciação tumoral (P>0,20). Conclusão: Utilizando-se a técnica de imunoistoquímica para P16 isolada ou combinada com a técnica de CISH, observou-se uma maior positividade para o HPV no grupo de pacientes com CEO. A localização do tumor na orofaringe, o estadiamento clínico e o grau de diferenciação tumoral não tiveram correlação com a positividade para o HPV. / Introduction: The incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has increased worldwide over the last 30 years. Studies have identified human papillomavirus (HPV) infection as a risk factor for OSCC. Objectives: To compare the frequency of HPV infection in patients with OSCC and patients with benign oral or oropharyngeal disease and ascertain whether a statistically significant difference in HPV frequency exists between these two groups. As a secondary objective, to assess potential correlations between HPV positivity, anatomic site of OSCC, tumor staging, and degree of tumor differentiation. Methods: Case-control study. The sample comprised 59 patients with OSCC and 54 non-OSCC controls who underwent surgery for benign oral or oropharyngeal conditions. Paraffin-embedded specimens from cases and controls were tested for HPV positivity by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) for low-risk (LR) and high-risk (HR) HPV, and HPV activity was assessed by P16 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: The frequency of HPV positivity was higher in the case group than in the control group when assessed by P16 IHC alone (OR=10.3, P<0.001) or by CISH and P16 IHC in combination (OR=21.4, P<0.001). CISH alone did not detect any significant between-group difference in HPV frequency (P=0.572). Tumor site, staging, and differentiation did not correlate with HPV positivity with any of the methods employed (P>0.20). Conclusion: Using a P16 IHC assay alone or combined with CISH, the authors showed a higher rate of HPV positivity among patients with OSCC, as compared with patients with benign disease. Tumor site within the oropharynx, tumor stage, and degree of differentiation did not correlate with HPV positivity.