Nesta última década (2005-2015), a educação brasileira passou por transformações intensas relativas ao ingresso das crianças na Educação Básica. A entrada aos seis anos de idade no Ensino Fundamental, período que compreende agora nove anos, desafiou os educadores a definir mais claramente o que se espera da escola nos anos iniciais da educação. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar determinadas competências para a leitura e a escrita em crianças iniciantes no processo de alfabetização e relacionar essas competências com o nível da escrita. Realizamos, então, pesquisa de campo, com abordagem quanti-qualitativa dos dados, de cujos resultados extraímos inferências, a partir do quadro teórico de referências sistematizado. Foram selecionadas 70 crianças de ambos os gêneros, que cursaram o 1o semestre do 1o ano do ensino fundamental I. Todos os escolares tinham formação em educação infantil. As crianças foram submetidas à bateria de Avaliação de Competências iniciais para a leitura e escrita BACLE que caracteriza-se por um conjunto de atividades para aferir pré-competências para início de leitura e escrita. As crianças foram avaliadas também pela análise de nível de escrita, nível pré-silábico, silábico sem valor sonoro, silábico com valor sonoro, silábico alfabético e alfabético. O desempenho das crianças foi comparado com as tabelas de valores de estágio qualitativo da BACLE e para a correlação entre o desempenho na bateria e o nível de escrita foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (nível de significância de 5 % - p<0,05). Os resultados indicam que a média de desempenho obtida pelo grupo de escolares em maturidade perceptiva foi de 76,95%. No conjunto de provas que implicaram em esquema corporal e orientação espaço temporal, subdivididos em três grupos, identificação em si, no outro e posição no espaço gráfico, foram, respectivamente, 85,36%, 75,26% e 89,57%. No bloco desenvolvimento motor, a média foi de 84,9%. No bloco linguagem, a maior média se deu em expressão oral, 85,82% e a menor média se deu em consciência fonológica 75,17%. Quanto à psicogênese de construção da escrita verificou-se que a maior parte da amostra 51,4% encontra-se em hipótese de escrita no nível silábico com valor sonoro e apresentam um resultado em consciência fonológica condizente ao esperado, devido ao nível de escrita em que se encontram. O estudo apontou relação significante entre a hipótese de escrita e duas áreas da BACLE, esquema corporal/orientação espaço-temporal e linguagem. Concluímos que as crianças com melhores níveis de escrita tiveram uma pontuação elevada na área de Linguagem e Esquema corporal/ Orientação espaço temporal, sugerindo que dentre os campos avaliados pela bateria, a linguagem e esquema corporal/ orientação espaço temporal pode ser aquele que melhor se relaciona com o nível de escrita. Espera-se respeitados os limites deste estudo contribuir para a formação continuada de docentes, almejando alterações em sua prática pedagógica, principalmente na avaliação diagnóstica do escolar. / In the last decade (2005-2015), the Brazilian education passed through intense transformations about the entry of children in basic education. The entrance to six years old children in elementary school, a period which now comprises nine years, challenged educators to define more clearly what is expected of the school in the early years of education. Then, the objective of this study was to characterize certain skills for reading and writing in children beginners in the literacy process and relate these skills to the level of writing. We performed then field research with quantitative and qualitative approach, the results of which draw inferences from the theoretical framework of systematic references. We selected 70 children of both genders, who attended the 1st half of the 1st year of elementary school. All students had training in Early Childhood Education. Children were subjected to a battery of initial skills assessment for reading and writing (BACLE), which is characterized by a set of activities to measure for early reading and writing pre-skills. The children were also evaluated by the writing level of analysis, pre-syllabic level, syllabic without sound value, with syllabic sound value, syllabic-alphabetic and alphabetic. Children\'s performance was compared to the qualitative stage of tables of values of BACLE and the correlation between performance on battery and the writing level we used the Pearson correlation coefficient (5% significance level - p<0,05). The results indicate that the average performance achieved by the school group in perceptual maturity was 76.95%. In the group of tests that implicated in corporal scheme and time-space orientation, divided into three groups, identifying itself, identifying itself in relation of other person and in relation of the graphic space, were, respectively, 85.36%, 75.26% and 89.57%. In the motor development block, the average was 84.9%. In the language pack, the highest average was in speaking, 85.82% and the lowest average was in phonological awareness 75.17%. Regarding the construction of the writing Psychogenesis it was found that most of the sample is 51.4% which is in hypothesis of writing with the syllabic sound value and exhibit a result in phonological awareness that was expected, due to the write level which they are. The study shows a significant relationship between the hypothesis of writing and two areas of BACLE, corporal scheme / time-space orientation and language. We conclude that children with higher levels of writing had a high score in the area of language and corporal scheme / time-space orientation, suggesting that among the fields evaluated by battery, language and corporal scheme / time-space orientation may be those that best relate to the writing level. We expect the limits of this study respected contribute to the continuing education of teachers, targeting changes in their teaching, especially in the diagnostic evaluation of the student.

Nesta última década (2005-2015), a educação brasileira passou por transformações intensas relativas ao ingresso das crianças na Educação Básica. A entrada aos seis anos de idade no Ensino Fundamental, período que compreende agora nove anos, desafiou os educadores a definir mais claramente o que se espera da escola nos anos iniciais da educação. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar determinadas competências para a leitura e a escrita em crianças iniciantes no processo de alfabetização e relacionar essas competências com o nível da escrita. Realizamos, então, pesquisa de campo, com abordagem quanti-qualitativa dos dados, de cujos resultados extraímos inferências, a partir do quadro teórico de referências sistematizado. Foram selecionadas 70 crianças de ambos os gêneros, que cursaram o 1o semestre do 1o ano do ensino fundamental I. Todos os escolares tinham formação em educação infantil. As crianças foram submetidas à bateria de Avaliação de Competências iniciais para a leitura e escrita BACLE que caracteriza-se por um conjunto de atividades para aferir pré-competências para início de leitura e escrita. As crianças foram avaliadas também pela análise de nível de escrita, nível pré-silábico, silábico sem valor sonoro, silábico com valor sonoro, silábico alfabético e alfabético. O desempenho das crianças foi comparado com as tabelas de valores de estágio qualitativo da BACLE e para a correlação entre o desempenho na bateria e o nível de escrita foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (nível de significância de 5 % - p<0,05). Os resultados indicam que a média de desempenho obtida pelo grupo de escolares em maturidade perceptiva foi de 76,95%. No conjunto de provas que implicaram em esquema corporal e orientação espaço temporal, subdivididos em três grupos, identificação em si, no outro e posição no espaço gráfico, foram, respectivamente, 85,36%, 75,26% e 89,57%. No bloco desenvolvimento motor, a média foi de 84,9%. No bloco linguagem, a maior média se deu em expressão oral, 85,82% e a menor média se deu em consciência fonológica 75,17%. Quanto à psicogênese de construção da escrita verificou-se que a maior parte da amostra 51,4% encontra-se em hipótese de escrita no nível silábico com valor sonoro e apresentam um resultado em consciência fonológica condizente ao esperado, devido ao nível de escrita em que se encontram. O estudo apontou relação significante entre a hipótese de escrita e duas áreas da BACLE, esquema corporal/orientação espaço-temporal e linguagem. Concluímos que as crianças com melhores níveis de escrita tiveram uma pontuação elevada na área de Linguagem e Esquema corporal/ Orientação espaço temporal, sugerindo que dentre os campos avaliados pela bateria, a linguagem e esquema corporal/ orientação espaço temporal pode ser aquele que melhor se relaciona com o nível de escrita. Espera-se respeitados os limites deste estudo contribuir para a formação continuada de docentes, almejando alterações em sua prática pedagógica, principalmente na avaliação diagnóstica do escolar. / In the last decade (2005-2015), the Brazilian education passed through intense transformations about the entry of children in basic education. The entrance to six years old children in elementary school, a period which now comprises nine years, challenged educators to define more clearly what is expected of the school in the early years of education. Then, the objective of this study was to characterize certain skills for reading and writing in children beginners in the literacy process and relate these skills to the level of writing. We performed then field research with quantitative and qualitative approach, the results of which draw inferences from the theoretical framework of systematic references. We selected 70 children of both genders, who attended the 1st half of the 1st year of elementary school. All students had training in Early Childhood Education. Children were subjected to a battery of initial skills assessment for reading and writing (BACLE), which is characterized by a set of activities to measure for early reading and writing pre-skills. The children were also evaluated by the writing level of analysis, pre-syllabic level, syllabic without sound value, with syllabic sound value, syllabic-alphabetic and alphabetic. Children\'s performance was compared to the qualitative stage of tables of values of BACLE and the correlation between performance on battery and the writing level we used the Pearson correlation coefficient (5% significance level - p<0,05). The results indicate that the average performance achieved by the school group in perceptual maturity was 76.95%. In the group of tests that implicated in corporal scheme and time-space orientation, divided into three groups, identifying itself, identifying itself in relation of other person and in relation of the graphic space, were, respectively, 85.36%, 75.26% and 89.57%. In the motor development block, the average was 84.9%. In the language pack, the highest average was in speaking, 85.82% and the lowest average was in phonological awareness 75.17%. Regarding the construction of the writing Psychogenesis it was found that most of the sample is 51.4% which is in hypothesis of writing with the syllabic sound value and exhibit a result in phonological awareness that was expected, due to the write level which they are. The study shows a significant relationship between the hypothesis of writing and two areas of BACLE, corporal scheme / time-space orientation and language. We conclude that children with higher levels of writing had a high score in the area of language and corporal scheme / time-space orientation, suggesting that among the fields evaluated by battery, language and corporal scheme / time-space orientation may be those that best relate to the writing level. We expect the limits of this study respected contribute to the continuing education of teachers, targeting changes in their teaching, especially in the diagnostic evaluation of the student.

Bien que les symptômes moteurs soient prédominants chez les individus atteints de la maladie de Parkinson, les troubles cognitifs font aujourd'hui partie intégrante du spectre symptomatique de la maladie. Depuis peu, des troubles du langage ont été rapportés. Cette étude s'inscrit dans ce contexte et a pour objectif d'explorer l'influence de facteurs cognitivo-linguistiques sur la motricité des patients parkinsoniens. Pour cela, nous avons comparé trois tâches mettant en jeu trois types de motricités différentes chez quatre groupes de sujets : des sujets sains jeunes et âgés ; des patients parkinsoniens avec médication et d'autres patients parkinsoniens sans médication. Ces trois tâches avaient comme caractéristique principale de comparer des mots et des pseudo-mots. La 1ère tâche était une tâche de décision lexicale, la 2ème une tâche de réponse verbale et la 3ème une tâche d'écriture. Dans les 3 tâches, les stimuli étaient vus ou dictés. Nos résultats confirment que les patients parkinsoniens sans médication sont plus lents à réagir que les contrôles âgés. Néanmoins, ce ralentissement ne résulte pas de l'akinésie classiquement décrite. Ces patients parkinsoniens sans médication présentent en effet un trouble auditif majeur et un ralentissement cognitif dans les situations qui nécessitent un traitement lexical. Enfin, ces mêmes patients ont des difficultés à inhiber des processus automatiques qui viennent interférer et ralentir l'exécution de leur tâche motrice. Ces déficits semblent s'estomper sous traitement. Notre étude met ainsi en évidence l'existence de déficits cognitifs qui retardent l'initiation de la réponse motrice des patients parkinsoniens sans médication. / Even though the dominant symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) is motor impairment, cognitive impairment is currently also considered an important symptom. Recently, language impairment has been reported in PD as well. The present study follows up on recent advances in PD research, and aims to explore the influence of cognitive-linguistic factors on motor control in PD. To this end, we compared three tasks, each of which relies on a different type of motor control. We tested four groups of participants: healthy young participants, healthy elderly participants, PD patients on medication, and PD patients off medication. In all three tasks, the primary comparison was between responses to words and pseudo-words, which were presented visually or auditorily. The first task was a lexical decision task, the second a verbal response task, and the third was a handwriting task. Our results show, in line with previous studies, that off-medication PD patients respond more slowly than healthy control participants. However, this slow-down does not result from akinesia, a well known symptom of PD. Instead, off-medication PD patients show auditory impairment and cognitive slowing in situations that require lexical processing. Moreover, these patients have an additional deficit in inhibiting automatic (lexical) processes, which interfere with the motor task. All of these deficits seem to be reduced by medication. Therefore, our study shows clear evidence for cognitive deficits in PD. These cognitive deficits slow the initiation of a motor response in off-medication PD patients.

O trabalho refere-se a uma leitura norteada pela psicanálise e pelas suas proposições éticas, acerca dos fundamentos do diagnóstico, situando inicialmente por meio de Freud, Lacan, e outros autores do campo psicanalítico, o diagnóstico como ato de mestria no discurso médico, para posteriormente formular que o avesso desse discurso constitui a condição de conceber o diagnóstico na psicanálise como semidizer a partir da posição do analista na relação transferencial. Considera a hipótese de que, por meio da escrita do caso clínico, o psicanalista orienta-se pelo Real posto na sua praxis, e não pelo ideal científico, na formulação do semidizer diagnóstico. Apresenta no desdobramento da escrita do caso de uma criança identificada ao diagnóstico médico e familiar que a mantinha como deficiente, uma possibilidade de discernimento que preserva a opacidade do sujeito, bem como sua articulação / To begin with, based on the perspectives of writers such as Freud and Lacan, as well as other authors from the field of psychoanalysis, diagnosis is regarded as an act of mastery in medical discourse. It is then argued that the opposite of this discourse represents the conception of diagnosis in psychoanalysis as a half-saying, based on the position of the analyst in the transferential relationship. The study also considers the hypothesis that through writing in clinical cases, when formulating diagnostic half-sayings, the psychoanalyst is guided by the Real encountered in their praxis, and not by the scientific ideal. By focusing on the evolution of the case writing involving a child who was diagnosed by doctors and family members as being disabled, this study advances a possible means of understanding which preserves the opacity of the subject as well as its articulation

We propose subword spotting, a generalization of word spotting where the search is for groups of characters within words. We present a method for performing subword spotting based on state-of-the-art word spotting techniques and evaluate its performance at three granularitires (unigrams, bigrams and trigrams) on two datasets. We demonstrate three applications of subword spotting, though others may exist. The first is assisting human transcribers identify unrecognized characters by locating them in other words. The second is searching for suffixes directly in word images (suffix spotting). And the third is computer assisted transcription (semi-automated transcription). We investigate several variations of computer assisted transcription using subword spotting, but none achieve transcription speeds above manual transcription. We investigate the causes.

We propose subword spotting, a generalization of word spotting where the search is for groups of characters within words. We present a method for performing subword spotting based on state-of-the-art word spotting techniques and evaluate its performance at three granularitires (unigrams, bigrams and trigrams) on two datasets.We demonstrate three applications of subword spotting, though others may exist. The first is assisting human transcribers identify unrecognized characters by locating them in other words. The second is searching for suffixes directly in word images (suffix spotting). And the third is computer assisted transcription (semi-automated transcription). We investigate several variations of computer assisted transcription using subword spotting, but none achieve transcription speeds above manual transcription. We investigate the causes.

Une comorbidité entre les troubles neurodéveloppementaux est repérée de façon très fréquente chez les enfants d’âge scolaire. Plusieurs modèles se fondent sur l’existence de déficits sous-jacents communs pour tenter d’expliquer l’apparition concomitante de ces troubles. Afin de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de la comorbidité entre la dyslexie et le trouble de l’acquisition de la coordination (TAC), trois recherches ont été réalisées au cours de cette thèse. Elles sont toutes basées sur l’analyse de la graphomotricité, en termes de processus et de produit. L’objectif principal de ce travail était de repérer les processus à l’œuvre dans les tâches graphomotrices qui pourraient être affectés dans ces deux troubles, tout en tenant compte des particularités de chacun. Nous avons fait l’hypothèse, en référence au modèle du déficit d’apprentissage procédural (Nicolson et Fawett, 2007), que les enfants avec des difficultés en lecture et en motricité se différencieraient de ceux sans difficulté lors d’un apprentissage graphomoteur. Les résultats montrent que la sévérité et la nature des atteintes influencent les performances des enfants pour un ensemble varié de tâches graphomotrices et pour l’apprentissage graphomoteur. L’ensemble des résultats traduit un certain nombre de particularités communes chez les enfants avec une dyslexie et/ou un TAC, au niveau de l’intégration visuo-motrice, ainsi que de l’apprentissage et de l’automatisation de gestes graphomoteurs. En outre, les travaux de cette thèse mettent en relief la pertinence de l’approche dimensionnelle pour étudier la complexité des profils d’enfants avec des troubles comorbides . / Comorbidity between neurodevelopmental disorders is frequently found in children of school age. Several models are based on the existence of common underlying disorders to try and explain the concomitant appearance of these disorders. Three studies, all based on graphomotoricity analyses in terms of the processes and products, were conducted during this thesis so as to contribute to a better understanding of comorbidity between dyslexia and developmental coordination disorder (DCD). The main objective was to identify the processes involved during graphomotoricity tasks that could be affected in these two disorders, taking into account the peculiarities of each. We hypothesised, referring to the procedural learning disorder model (Nicolson & Fawcett, 2007) that children with reading and motor difficulties would differentiate themselves from those without difficulty for graphomotor learning. enabling us to assess their reading and motor levels. Results showed that the severity and nature of the disorders influenced the children’s performance for a diverse set of graphomotricity tasks and graphomotor learning. The overall results reflected a number of common features in children with dyslexia and / or DCD, concerning visuo-motor integration, as well as graphomotor gestures in learning and automation. In addition, the studies carried out during this thesis emphasised the relevance of the dimensional approach so as to study the complexity of the profiles of children with comorbid disorders.

Logographic character handwriting, such as Hanzi in Chinese, Kanji in Japanese, or Hanja in Korean, is notoriously challenging for foreign language learners. Fortunately, computer-assisted learning systems for handwriting are being improved to meet the instructional needs of teachers and learners in foreign language education. However, the effect of computer-assisted language learning in logographic handwriting has never been explored. To anchor the inquiry of the current study, the extensive complementarity approach was adopted, in which SLA research complements L2 instruction by studying the impact of a theory-based instructional method on the learning of an aspect of the L2. The present study explores the orthographic development at the initial stage of character learning among non-heritage, beginning-level learners of Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) by investigating the effect of Interactionist-instructed mediations on orthographic attrition and maintenance and by examining the relationships among awareness of internal formation sequencing, character recognition and production. Data was collected from 167 first-year CFL students in a Chinese program at a large research university in North America. In phase one, 63 students completed all the six-week lab writing tasks. In phase two, 125 students completed all the end-of-semester correlation tasks in their first semester of learning Chinese. The findings of the study are multifold. First, by closely examining the roles of input, output, and feedback in the Interactionist model, the results show that, to maximize orthographic retention and reduce attrition, the effect of working memory needs to be taken into consideration in the design of instruction for immediate kinesthetic skill training and for better development of orthographic awareness among CFL non-heritage beginners. Second, the effect of multimedia input enhancements along with handwriting output on reducing variations of character formation in character learning is also significant. Third, the effect of the handwriting feedback is not found to be significant when compared to its counterpart without feedback in computer-assisted handwriting instruction; however, its influence on the participants' writing motivations and learning objectives were observed and addressed in the study. Finally, the CFL non-heritage beginning learners' awareness of internal formation sequencing was found to be correlated with their performance in character recognition and reproduction. The pedagogical implications are discussed.

En el procés d'ensenyament-aprenentatge del traç gràfic de l'escriptura, és freqüent que l'alumnat trobi algunes dificultats per aconseguir una qualitat escrivana suficient independentment del mètode utilitzat. Aquesta tesi té com a objectius: conèixer la freqüència d'ús dels diferents mètodes en la nostra realitat escolar, interrelacionar els corrents metodològics amb les diferents menes de dificultat en l'escriptura, proposar les línies que estructurin un treball d'intervenció i/o prevenció de les dificultats en l'escriptura i obtenir un qüestionari de screening que permeti fer una anàlisi sobre el mètode d'aprenentatge de l'escriptura i les dificultats específiques que s'observen en cada aula. / En el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del trazo gráfico de la escritura, es frecuente que el alumnado tenga algunas dificultades para conseguir una cualidad escribana suficiente independientemente del método utilizado. Esta tesis tiene como objetivos: conocer la frecuencia de uso de los diferentes métodos en nuestra realidad escolar; interrelacionar las corrientes metodológicas con los diferentes tipos de dificultad escribana; proponer las líneas que estructuren un trabajo de intervención y/o prevención de les dificultades en escritura; y obtener un cuestionario de screening que permita hacer un análisis sobre el método de aprendizaje de la escritura y las dificultades específicas que se observan en cada aula. / Throughout the teaching process of graphic tracing learning students often come across various difficulties in achieving sufficiently good quality handwriting regardless of the methods used. The aims of this thesis are getting to know the frequency of use of different methods in real life situations, interrelating current methodologies with different types of difficulty encountered in the handwriting process, proposing lines in order to structure intervention and/or preventing difficulties in hanwriting, obtaining a screening questionnaire which enables analysis to be carried out on the handwriting learning method and specific difficulties which can be observed in each classroom.

Handwriting recognizers frequently misinterpret digital ink input, requiring human verification of recognizer output to identify and correct errors, before the output of the recognizer can be used with any confidence int its correctness. Technologies like Anoto pens can make this error discovery and correction task more difficult, because verification of recognizer output may occur many hours after data input, creating an ``out-of-the-moment'' verification scenario. This difficulty can increase the number of recognition errors missed by users in verification. To increase the accuracy of human verified recognizer output, methods of aiding users in the discovery of handwriting recognition errors need to be created. While this need has been recognized by the research community, no published work exists examining this problem. This thesis explores the problem of creating error discovery aids for handwriting recognition. Design possibilities for the creation of error discovery aids are explored, and concrete designs for error discovery aids are presented. Evaluations are performed on a set of these proposed discovery aids, showing that the visual proximity aid improves user performance in error discovery. Following the evaluation of the discovery aids proposed in this thesis, the one discovery aid that has been proposed in the literature, confidence highlighting, is explored in detail and its potential as a discovery aid is highlighted. A technique is then presented, complimentary to error discovery aids, to allow a system to monitor and respond to user performance in errors discovery. Finally, a set of implications are derived from the presented work for the design of verification interfaces for handwriting recognition.