Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-09T18:33:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sérgio.pdf: 929172 bytes, checksum: a4a4a0184576c319617537ae5f7014bf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-04-22T19:37:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Sérgio.pdf: 929172 bytes, checksum: a4a4a0184576c319617537ae5f7014bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-22T19:37:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sérgio.pdf: 929172 bytes, checksum: a4a4a0184576c319617537ae5f7014bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Com o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, procurou-se conhecer as limitações do setor da Indústria da Construção Civil em relação à integração de sistemas de gestão. Esta pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, teve como objetivo geral apresentar diretrizes para a integração de Sistemas de Gestão Ambiental, de Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho e da Qualidade em pequenas e médias empresas de Construção Civil, pautada na questão problema: Como integrar Sistemas de Gestão em pequenas e médias empresas da Construção Civil? Como forma de aproximação dos objetivos ao problema, inicialmente foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo, através de questionários aplicados às empresas de grande porte de vários ramos de atividade que implantaram o Sistema Integrado de Gestão. Foi apresentada uma proposta para a implantação de sistemas de gestão na forma integrada em pequenas e édias empresas da Construção Civil, na qual são descritas todas as etapas do método de implantação. A implantação parcial dessa proposta em uma pequena empresa na cidade de Salvador, evidenciou facilidades e dificuldades. Dentre as facilidades cita-se a motivação dos empregados. Como dificuldade destaca-se a sazonalidade das atividades e conseqüentes dificuldades financeiras. Em função desta implantação parcial, foi desenvolvida uma segunda pesquisa, através de formulários, em empresas de pequeno e médio porte da Construção Civil na cidade de Salvador, com o objetivo de avaliar a proposta de integração, bem como a percepção das empresas em relação aos sistemas integrados de gestão. As poucas alterações sugeridas pelas empresas permitiram a avaliação de que a proposta atende às necessidades e peculiaridades desse segmento da Construção Civil. Concluiu-se que as limitações financeiras e a ausência de legislação que as obrigue a implantar um Sistema de Gestão integrado, bem como a falta de exigência dos órgãos financiadores desestimula o cumprimento de procedimentos que visem à melhoria da Qualidade dos produtos e serviços, bem como a preservação do Meio Ambiente e da Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho e, deste modo, desabilitam-nas à competitividade mercadológica e limitam a sua expansão e desenvolvimento globalizado. / Salvador

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissFEAM.pdf: 2435900 bytes, checksum: 752c78b0eac1972ad5bc9ec9878e8131 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-09 / Temporary electric installations occur in small, average and great construction-sites and many times for being of temporary nature are unsafe and precariously executed. The electricity, source of potential danger even in low tension, is responsible on significant part of the occupational accidents, directly by means of electrical shocks and burnings due the voltaic arcs or indirectly by means of injuries caused for machines, equipment and components, requiring therefore, special attention in order to prevent accidents. Through case study it is considered to verify the safety condition in a construction-site temporary electric installations in the NR 18 - Conditions and Environment of Work in Construction Industry regulations. / As instalações elétricas provisórias em canteiros de obras ocorrem em pequenos, médios e grandes empreendimentos e muitas vezes, por serem de natureza temporária, são executadas de forma precária e insegura. A eletricidade, fonte de perigo potencial mesmo em baixa tensão, é responsável por parte significativa dos acidentes de trabalho, sendo que estes ocorrem diretamente por meio dos choques elétricos e queimaduras devidas a arcos voltaicos ou indiretamente, por meio de lesões causadas por máquinas, equipamentos, componentes elétricos, ou quedas, requerendo, portanto, atenção especial para que se previnam acidentes, muitas vezes, fatais. Através de estudo de caso pretende-se avaliar a segurança das instalações elétricas provisórias de um canteiro de obras verificando as condições de atendimento às prescrições da NR 18 Condições e Meio Ambiente de Trabalho na Indústria da Construção.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6781492 bytes, checksum: fe2dd68453a98e9b423873de0eafac83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper proposes a ergonomic checklist for the Civil Construction Industry, which was adapted from the checklist of ILO (International Labour Organization) listed on the Ergonomic Checkpoints manual. The original list is presented as an important tool for identifying private ergonomic problems addressing 128 work-related interventions, but some conclusions limit their application in construction industry. Therefore, in order to adjust it to the reality of the industry, it was held a survey over two vertical residential-buildings construction sites owned by construction companies of the state of Paraíba, one being a small business work, located in the city of Patos, and the other a mid-sized one, located in the city of João Pessoa. During the research, it was made technical in situ visitations which allowed data collection through direct observation and photographic recording, and the achievement of a health and safety conditions of construction sites diagnosis, according to NR 18, and the ILO checklist application on activities of: plaster coating, electrical installations, hydro sanitary installations, mortar coating, window frames installation, cementation and texture on walls, iron framework, mortar preparation, iron structures painting, manufacture of wooden guardrails, frame vertical transport, unloading and transportation of rebar and installation of granite countertops. This set of actions allowed the achievement of the research general objective, the ergonomic checklist adapted to the ICC, with 76 points, representing a decrease of 40.63% on the addressed points, and the separation of convenience, welfare and work organization items. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed list can be used on ICC, as a simple, easy handling tool that enables rapid decision-making at short-term, serving as a prevention tool to preferentially integrate a Health and Workplace Safety Management System that seeks continuous improvement with the end of reducing accidents and improving the working conditions, the environment and the life quality of construction workers. / Este trabalho propõe uma lista de verificação ergonômica para a Indústria da Construção Civil, a qual foi adaptada da lista de verificação da ILO (International Labour Organization) constante no manual Pontos de Verificação Ergonômica. A lista original se apresenta como uma ferramenta importante para identificação de problemas ergonômicos particulares, abordando 128 intervenções ligadas ao trabalho, porém, algumas constatações limitam sua aplicação na construção civil. Dessa forma, com o intuito de adequá-la à realidade do setor, realizou-se um estudo em dois canteiros de obras de edificações residenciais verticais, pertencentes a empresas construtoras do estado da Paraíba, sendo uma obra de pequeno porte, localizada na cidade de Patos, e a outra de médio porte, localizada na cidade de João Pessoa. Durante a pesquisa foram feitas visitas técnicas in loco, que permitiram a coleta de dados através da observação direta e do registro fotográfico, a realização de um diagnóstico das condições de Saúde e Segurança dos canteiros de obras, de acordo com NR 18, além da aplicação da lista de verificação da ILO nas atividades de: revestimento em gesso, instalações elétricas, instalações hidrossanitárias, revestimento em argamassa, instalação de esquadrias, emassamento e textura em paredes, armação de ferro, preparação de argamassa, pintura de estruturas de ferro, confecção de guarda corpos em madeira, transporte vertical de armação, descarga e transporte de vergalhões e instalação de balcões em granito. O conjunto dessas ações permitiu que se alcançasse o objetivo geral da pesquisa, a lista de verificação ergonômica adaptada à ICC, com 76 pontos, que representa uma redução de 40,63% dos pontos abordados, e a separação dos itens comodidade e bem estar e organização do trabalho. Por fim, conclui-se que a lista proposta poderá ser utilizada na ICC, como uma ferramenta simples, de fácil manuseio e que possibilite tomadas de decisões rápidas e de curto prazo, servindo como um instrumento de prevenção que, preferencialmente, integre um Sistema de Gestão da Saúde e Segurança no Trabalho que busque melhorias contínuas em termos de redução de acidentes de trabalho e melhoria das condições de trabalho, do meio ambiente e da qualidade de vida dos trabalhadores da construção.

In recent years, environmental authorities in Sweden are reporting about high content of antimony in waste water that is discharging from polyester textile dyeing industries. It is known from available scientific publications that, antimony and its compound is harmful for both human and environment. While dyeing of polyester textiles have a commercial importance and in regards to the environmental issues, the industries are looking for the factors those results in high concentrations of antimony in their dyeing waste water. Dyeing of polyester textile requires high-temperature application in association with dyes and process aid chemicals. The waste water that is being produced after dyeing contains a complex mixture of chemicals, where antimony is one of that mixture. To comply with the industries interest, this master thesis work involved the exhaust dyeing of polyester fabrics/yarns and analyzing the dyeing waste water, to determine the amount of antimony diffusion. According to literature studies, the antimony compounds are widely used as catalyst for polyethylene terepthalate (PET) polymerization and hence antimony is present in polyester textiles. The entire experimental work intended to understand the variation of antimony concentration and the factors that are causing high antimony diffusion from polyester textiles during dyeing. The materials which are polyester yarn and fabrics were collected from 3 different dyeing industries of Sweden and the materials were in 9 different types. From material analysis (before dyeing) it has been found there were variations in antimony concentration among the materials. The process parameters that have varied during exhaust dyeing were dyeing temperature, cycle time and process aid chemical (leveling agent) adding options. With the variation in process parameters, the dyeing has performed and the dyeing waste waters have analyzed through inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectroscopy (ICP-SFMS). The expectations from the experiments were, under specific dyeing process and with same antimony concentration, the materials varying in filament/fiber diameter; big diameter filament/fiber will diffuse less antimony compared to the small diameter filaments. Also, process-wise the antimony diffusion ratio among the materials will accordingly follow the Fick’s diffusion model. To face the environmental issues with sustainability, entire thesis work could provide concentrated knowledge’s with literature evidence for the dyeing industries. As literature study indicates, the dyeing temperature, temperature ramp set and cycle time play major factor while comparing for the expected diffusion ratio. As a gentle process parameter, comparatively lower temperature and cycle time results lower antimony diffusion. The use of levelling agent could be reduced to a level with the appropriateness while added for dyeing. Also, a strong follow-up is needed in the supply chain, for lowering the initial antimony content in the materials. Overall, the findings of this thesis work also keep an importance to do further research on the polyester textile, as during the experiments most of the materials haven’t reacted accordingly as they were expected to react with the Fick’s diffusion model.

Le souci du respect de la législation applicable en matière de Santé et de Sécurité au Travail (SST) est longtemps resté absent des politiques managériales des entreprises, et ce quelle que soit leur taille. Cependant, sous l'effet de pressions légales, économiques, sociales ou encore en raison du développement de référentiels normatifs dans ce domaine (exemples : OHSAS 18001), les employeurs sont incités à développer des dispositifs de maîtrise de la conformité légale plus ou moins complexes. Cependant, la mise en œuvre de véritables Systèmes de Maîtrise des Conformités (SMC) implique le déploiement de ressources humaines, financières, temporelles, méthodologiques mais également technologiques importantes. Pour faire face à cette situation, différentes catégories de prestataires de services proposent désormais des solutions de suivi et de gestion de la conformité. Malgré cela, l'étude de l'état des pratiques d'entreprise en matière de maîtrise des conformités légales SST montre que ces dernières sont encore extrêmement hétérogènes et que des besoins en matière de méthodes ou encore d'outils de consolidation des données (rapports de conformité, plans d'actions, ...) apparaissent nettement. En s'appuyant sur ces éléments de contexte, ce travail de recherche propose la modélisation d'un Système de Maîtrise des Conformités répondant aux besoins exprimés par de nombreuses entreprises afin de gérer des aspects tels que la veille réglementaire, les évaluations de conformité ou encore la gestion des plans d'actions. Afin d'évaluer l'intérêt et la pertinence du modèle proposé, plusieurs expérimentations ont été conduites en entreprise. Une synthèse des résultats obtenus est présentée à la fin de ce travail. / The problematic of legal rulings concerning Occupational Health and Safety atwork (OHS) was absent from companies management policies for a long time, regardless of their size. However, because of legal, economic, social pressures and the development of normative references in the field of OHS (such as OHSAS 18001), employers are encouraged to develop more or less complex compliance management devices. Nevertheless, the implementation of a real Compliance Management System (CMS) forces to deploy important human, financial, time, methodological and technical resources. To face this situation, different categories of services providers henceforth propose monitoring and management solutions. Despite this, the study of companies state practices in the field of mastering OHS legal compliance shows that these practices are extremely heterogeneous and that needs concerning methods and data consolidation tools (compliance reports, action plans…) clearly appear. Based on these context elements, this research work proposes the modelling of a Compliance Management System responding to needs expressed by many companies to deal with aspects such as regulatory monitoring, compliance assessment and action plans management. To evaluate the interest and the relevance of the proposed model, several experimentations were conducted in companies. A synthesis of the results obtained is presented at the end of this research work.

S'il est acquis depuis de nombreuses années que la gestion de la Santé-sécurité au travail (SST) s'effectue par le biais de Systèmes de Management (SMS), la question de la mesure de la performance et du pilotage de ces derniers reste d'actualité. Traditionnellement, la mesure de la performance de ces SMS est fondée sur l'utilisation d'indicateurs de résultats : fréquence et gravité des arrêts de travail et des maladies professionnelles. Ce type d'indicateurs « traditionnels » « a posteriori » présente plusieurs contraintes et limites. Ils sont construits à partir de résultats antérieurs et ne permettent pas, entre autre, de corriger les situations déviantes jamais survenues auparavant. Une transposition du concept de Tableau de Bord « prospectif » appliqué au domaine de la gestion de la SST permet de répondre en partie aux lacunes identifiées avec l'utilisation des seuls indicateurs SST « traditionnels » Un cas pratique de Tableau de Bord « prospectif » en SST appliqué à deux principaux processus de gestion de la Santé-Sécurité (maîtrise des conformités réglementaires et des risques professionnels) est décrit dans le cadre d'une expérimentation conduite avec entreprise du domaine de l'aéronautique. / While it has been established for many years that the management of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) is carried out by means of Management Systems, the question of how to measure the performance and the control of these systems is still current. Traditionally, the performance indicators used to measure the performance of Management Systems are: the frequency and severity of absences due to sickness, and work-related diseases. These traditional, retrospective indicators have several constraints and limitations which include the fact that they are based on historical results and cannot be used proactively to handle anomalous situations. The use of the concept of the Balanced Scorecard applied to the field of OHS management responds in part to deficiencies identified in the sole use of traditional OHS indicators. A case study of the OHS Balanced Scorecard applied to two key health and safety management processes (regulatory compliance and risk management) is described as part of an experiment with a company in the aerospace sector.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le champ de recherche en ergonomie qui porte sur les acteurs de la prévention. Elle défend l’idée que l’activité des représentants du personnel est un travail et qu’il est possible de contribuer au développement de leur activité à travers des interventions ergonomiques.Elle a été conduite auprès de sept CHSCT de métiers différents de la SNCF et fait suite à une demande sociale formulée par l’Observatoire de la Qualité de Vie au Travail de cette entreprise. Les membres de cet Observatoire souhaitaient avoir un éclairage scientifique pour comprendre les difficultés de fonctionnement de ces instances et les possibilités d’y améliorer la prise en compte du travail pour contribuer à la prévention de la pénibilité.Par l’Analyse Ergonomique du Travail, il a été possible de comprendre les spécificités de cette activité. Plusieurs interventions ergonomiques ont été mises en place au sein de sept CHSCT pour mettre à l’épreuve les diagnostics locaux réalisés. Il a ainsi été possible de contribuer au développement de l’activité des représentants du personnel.Cette thèse démontre que les représentants du personnel sont des praticiens qui contribuent par leur activité à résoudre les problèmes de l’entreprise. Pour autant, le cadre réglementaire ne leur permet pas de prendre en charge le caractère dynamique des situations de travail des salariés et les possibilités d’action de leur propre activité. Cela les amène à définir des modes d’action qui soient en adéquation avec l’environnement dynamique dans lequel ils agissent.Il leur est de fait nécessaire de construire un référentiel commun permettant d’articuler une nécessité d’agir ensemble tout en tenant des points de vue individuels. La conflictualité et la coopération sont par conséquent inhérentes au mode de fonctionnement des CHSCT. Toutefois, ce cadre commun doit s’appuyer sur d’autres éléments que la réglementation et il est nécessaire de donner une place aux salariés dans la construction des problèmes et des solutions.Il apparaît également qu’il est difficile pour eux de pouvoir débattre des difficultés individuelles et collectives qu’ils rencontrent. Cela contribue au développement de défenses collectives amenant à un traitement des problèmes en vase clos au sein de l’instance.Dès lors, l’intervention ergonomique doit faciliter une activité collective par la mise en débat des pratiques et des difficultés individuelles et collectives. Toute la difficulté pour l’intervenant étant qu’il ne s’appuie pas sur un collectif de travail qui pour autant doit développer un travail collectif. Il s’agit ainsi de contribuer à ce que le dénominateur commun entre les membres permette d’y intégrer la complexité du travail et les salariés. En cela, la conflictualité et la coopération doivent s’articuler autour des situations de travail des salariés et non uniquement de l’application de la réglementation. / This dissertation falls within a field of research in ergonomics focused on health and safety staff. It defends the idea that the activity of staff representatives is to be considered as work and that it is possible to contribute to the development of their activity thanks to ergonomic interventions.This research was carried out by studying seven CHSCTs (Occupational Health and Safety Committee) of different professions at the SNCF (French National Rail Company), and was ordered by their Observatoire de la Qualité de Vie au Travail (Monitoring Agency for Quality of Life in the Workplace). The members of the Observatoire wanted a scientific study to help them understand the functional difficulties encountered by the CHSCTs, and the possibilities for improving work analysis, in turn improving their prevention work.Thanks to an Ergonomic Work Analysis, we were able to understand the specificities of this activity. Several ergonomic interventions were organized in order to test previous local diagnostics. We were thus able to contribute to the development of the activity of staff representatives.This dissertation shows that staff representatives are practicians who, through their activity, contribute to problem solving in the company. The current regulations framework does not permit them to take into account the dynamic nature of employees' work situations, nor the possibilities for action in their own work. This has lead them to defining modes of action that are in line with the dynamic environment in which they are called upon to intervene.It is therefore necessary for them to build a common frame of reference in order to act together, while still retaining individual points of view. Inevitably, conflictuality and cooperation are inherent to the functioning of CHSCTs. This common framework however must be based upon other elements besides regulations, and it is necessary to give employees a say in the formation of both problems and solutions.It also appears to be difficult for them to discuss the individual and collective difficulties that they encounter. This contributes to the development of collective defenses, leading to a closed, in-house treatment of the workers situational problems.As such, ergonomic interventions must facilitate collective activity by questioning both individual and collective pratices and difficulties. The challenge for the ergonomist is that he cannot base his intervention upon a work collective, which must none-the-less produce a collective work. Therefore the contribution must work towards a common denominator between the members, allowing for the integration of both the complexity of work and the employees. In that, conflictuality and cooperation must be articulated around employees' work situations, and not only the application of regulations.

Contexte et objectifs : Au Bénin, le « secteur informel » représente près de 80 % des travailleurs avec une prédominance d’acteurs dans l’artisanat, suivi par le secteur privé moderne (11 %) et la fonction publique (9 %). La situation socio-professionnelle des artisans est caractérisée par l’absence d’équipements de protection, par l’exposition à des nuisances physiques et chimiques et par l’absence de sécurité sociale. L’objectif principal de ce travail de thèse était d’étudier l’impact des conditions de travail sur la santé des forgerons-ferblantiers exerçant dans le cadre de l’économie informelle, à Cotonou au Bénin. Ce travail a permis également d’évaluer l’imprégnation sanguine en éléments traces métalliques chez les ferblantiers par comparaison avec les concentrations observées dans la population masculine de Cotonou, non exposée professionnellement. Cette partie de l’étude a nécessité la mise en place d’une première enquête en population générale, chez 70 donneurs de sang à Cotonou afin de proposer des valeurs de référence pour 29 éléments traces métalliques.Méthode : Une étude transversale a été réalisée à Midombô sur le site des artisans ferblantiers dans le 3ème arrondissement de Cotonou au Bénin. Au total, 84 responsables d’atelier sur 102 ont donné leur accord de participation pour l’étude des postes et conditions de travail, soit un taux de participation de 82,4 %. Parmi les 251 personnes travaillant dans les 102 ateliers investigués, 135 ferblantiers ont accepté de venir au centre de santé Erasme (53,8 %) pour bénéficier d’un entretien médical gratuit. Dans cette population, 31 personnes étaient des apprentis (23,0 %) et 104 étaient des artisans ou maitres-artisans (77,0 %). Résultats : Il a été observé des niveaux de bruit supérieurs à 85 décibels dans 58,3 % des ateliers, avec une durée du travail en moyenne de 10 h par jour pouvant être à l’origine des déficits auditifs (légers à sévères) observés dans 99,3% des cas. L’exposition directe aux fumées et poussières métalliques (38,52 %) et la consommation d’aliments au poste de travail seraient à l’origine d’une imprégnation métallique. Pour 6 éléments traces, plus de 20 % des ferblantiers présentaient des concentrations sanguines supérieures aux valeurs de référence de la population générale. Par ordre croissant de niveau d’imprégnation, il s’agissait du molybdène, du cuivre, du strontium, de l’étain, de l’antimoine, et du plomb. Environ 71 % des ferblantiers présentaient des plombémies supérieures au 95ème percentile des concentrations retrouvées en population non exposée à Cotonou. Pour les moins de 18 ans, la prévalence des travailleurs ayant une plombémie ≥ 100 μg/L était de 83 %. Une baisse de l’acuité visuelle non corrigée (> 20 %) et une hypertension artérielle non traitée (27,4 %) ont été dépistées chez les ferblantiers participants. Conclusion : Les travailleurs informels sont dans une situation de grande vulnérabilité du fait d’une faible couverture en matière de protection sociale et d’un niveau élevé d’exposition aux risques professionnels. Compte tenu du grand nombre de travailleurs dans l’économie informelle, l’amélioration de la santé et de la sécurité au travail des acteurs de ce secteur, devrait permettre un renforcement du capital humain et la réduction des maladies professionnelles encore mal documentées. / Context and objectives: In Benin, the "informal sector" represents almost 80% of workers with a predominance of craftsmen, followed by the modern private sector (11%) and the civil service (9%). The socio-professional situation of craftsmen is characterized by the lack of personal or collective protective equipment, exposure to physical and harmful chemical substances and a lack of social security. The main objective of this thesis was to study the impact of working conditions on the health of tinsmiths in the informal economy in Cotonou, Benin. This research also allowed us to evaluate the blood impregnation of trace elements in tinsmiths compared to the background levels of the non-occupationally exposed male population of Cotonou. This part of the study required a first survey of 70 blood donors in Cotonou, in order to propose reference values for 29 trace elements. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Midombô on the site of the tinsmiths in the 3rd district of Cotonou in Benin. Study population: A total of 84 workshop managers out of 102 gave their agreement to participate in the study of work places and conditions (participation rate of 82.4 %). Among the 251 tinsmiths working in the 102 workshops investigated, 135 agreed to go to the “Erasmus” health center (53.8%) for free medical care. In this population, there were 31 apprentices (23.0 %) and 104 craftsmen or master craftsmen (77.0 %). Results: Noise levels greater than 85 decibels were observed in 58.3% of the workshops, with an average working time of 10 hours per day. This exposure can be the cause of hearing impairment (mild to severe) observed in 99, 3% of the cases. Direct exposure to metal fumes and dust (38.52 %) and the consumption of food at the workplace are the cause of metallic impregnation. For 6 trace elements, more than 20 % of the tinsmiths had blood concentrations above the reference values of the general population. These elements, classified from the lowest to the highest level of impregnation were molybdenum, copper, strontium, tin, antimony, and lead, respectively. Approximately 71% of the tinsmiths had lead levels above the 95th percentile of concentrations found in unexposed populations in Cotonou. 83% of the workers who were under 18 years of age had blood lead levels ≥ 100 μg / L. Uncorrected visual acuity (> 20%) and untreated arterial hypertension (27.4 %) were detected in the participating tinsmiths. Conclusion: Informal workers are in a very vulnerable situation due to poor social protection and a high level of exposure to occupational risks. Given the large number of employees in the informal sector, improving the occupational health and safety of these workers should help to strengthen human capital and reduce the incidence of occupational diseases that are still poorly documented.

Enligt arbetsmiljölagen ska arbetsgivare när det saknas kunskap och kompetens i det systematiska arbetsmiljöarbetet (SAM) anlita en företagshälsovård (FHV) eller liknande resurs. Detta bygger på en programteori där FHV förväntas vara den externa resurs som behövs för arbetsgivare och arbetsplatser i arbetsmiljöarbetet. Samarbetet och FHVs stöd ska generera god arbetsmiljö och hälsa hos kunderna. Forskning om hur detta samarbete fungerar är begränsad.   Avhandlingens syfte är att utforska om FHV fungerar som stöd i kundens förebyggande arbetsmiljö-arbete och att identifiera mekanismer som har betydelse för samarbetet mellan FHV och kund. Mer precist har avhandlingen syftat till att öka kunskap och förståelse för om lagens intention uppfylls.   Datainsamlingen i de fyra kvalitativa fallstudierna utfördes med hjälp av semistrukturerade och tematiska intervjuer, telefonintervjuer och gruppintervjuer. Empirin samlades in i små- och stora företag samt inom den offentliga sektorn och fokuserade även på vilken betydelse avtalet har för samarbetet. Intervjuerna har genomförts med ledning, chefer och skyddsombud samt HR-personal i deltagande verksamheter samt FHV professioner i kundens FHV. Intervjuerna har analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys och det sammanlagda resultatet analyserades med hjälp av realistisk utvärdering.    Resultatet visar att samarbete och FHVs stöd i förebyggande SAM brister. Förändrade styrformer i offentlig sektor; New Public Management och HR transformationen identifieras som kontextuella förutsättningar som påverkar samarbetet. I den realistiska utvärderingen identifierades mekanismer som positivt eller negativt påverkar samarbetet mellan FHV och kund.   Mekanismer som påverkar samarbete positivt är; att det finns en fungerande samverkan och SAM hos kunden och att FHV får information och tillgång till kundens inre processer. Att FHV har en oberoende ställning med kontakter på flera nivåer i verksamheten är andra mekanismer som påverkar samarbete positivt. Att ledningen är engagerad i samarbetet med FHV och att avtalen stöder samarbetet bidrar också positivt till ett framgångsrikt samarbete. Ytterligare mekanismer som gynnsamt påverkar samarbete är att det finns kontinuerliga uppföljningar där tjänster och service kontinuerligt stäms av och anpassas efter kundens behov. En viktig mekanism som påverkar samarbetet positivt är att HR stöder samverkan och SAM i kundföretaget.   Identifierade mekanismer som påverkar samarbete negativt är att SAM och samverkan på arbetsplatsen mellan arbetsgivare och arbetstagare brister. Andra mekanismer som negativt påverkar är att ledningen inte är engagerad i samarbetet och att FHV inte får ta del av kundens SAM. Samarbetet påverkas även negativt när HR definierar avtalsinnehåll och är enda kontakt med FHV. En ytterligare mekanism som påverkar samarbetet negativt är att kunden upplever ett bristande förtroende; att FHV saknar kompetens.  Ett antal mekanismer har även identifierats som påverkar samarbete negativt mellan FHV och småföretag.  Bland annat saknas samverkan mellan arbetsgivare och arbetstagare i stor utsträckning och småföretagen arbetar inte systematiskt med sin arbetsmiljö. Detta innebär att FHV inte fungerar som stöd i SAM utan de tjänster som används består framför allt av hälsoundersökningar.  Samma mekanismer som påverkar samarbetet negativt framkommer i den offentliga sektorn; när samverkan och SAM saknas på arbetsplatsen, används FHV främst till individuella hälsofrämjande tjänster och rehabilitering. Andra mekanismer som påverkar samarbetet negativt i den offentliga sektorn är bristen på kunskap om samverkan och SAM hos både HR och skyddsombud. Det finns en otydlighet kring varandras roller som påverkar samarbetet negativt. Även kundens föreställning om FHV; att de uppfattas sakna kompetens och vara en efterhjälpande resurs, påverkar samarbetet negativt.  Slutsatserna från avhandlingen visar att samarbetet mellan FHV och kund i stor utsträckning inte stöder förebyggande SAM. I analysen identifieras ett antal mekanismer som påverkar samarbetet mellan FHV och kund, både positivt och negativt. Framför allt kunskap om arbetsmiljö, en fungerande samverkan och SAM identifieras som viktiga mekanismer som på ett positivt sätt bidrar till att nå ett framgångsrikt samarbete. / According to the Work Environment Act, employers should, when there is lack of knowledge and competence regarding the occupational health and safety management (OHSM, employ an occupational health service (OHS) provider or comparable resource. Research on how this collaboration works is however limited. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate whether the OHS provider serves as support in the custom-er's preventive OHSM and to identify which mechanisms are important for the collaboration between the OHS provider and customer.The data collection in the four qualitative case studies was conducted using semi-structured and the-matic interviews, telephone interviews and group interviews in small and large companies as well as the public sector. The interviews were analyzed with qualitative content analysis and the overall result has been analyzed using realistic evaluation.The results show that collaboration and support from OHS providers in preventative OHSM is lacking. Contextual conditions affected collaboration, such as New Public Management and HR transformation. In the realistic evaluation, mechanisms were identified that positively or negatively affect collaboration between OHS provider and client customer. Mechanisms that affect the collaboration positively are for example; a cooperative relationship between the employers and safety representatives in OHSM at the client customer, OHS providers also need access to the client customer's internal processes. Identified mechanisms that affect the collaboration negatively are; that cooperation in the workplace between employers and employees is lacking, the OHSM does not work. Other mechanisms that negatively affect are when top management not is involved in the collaboration with the OHS provider and when the OHS provider does not get information of the client customer's OHSM.  The conclusion from the thesis is that OHS providers do not largely support the client customer's pre-ventive OHSM. / <p>QC 20171019</p>