Considerando a hipótese de que o excesso de utilização de novas tecnologias e a escassez de recursos de saúde pode apresentar desfechos similares quanto às taxas de baixo peso ao nascer (BPN), foi analisada a associação entre a posição social, obtida pelo grau de instrução, da ocupação profissional e da renda maternos e as taxas de baixo peso ao nascimento. Trata-se de revisão sistemática de literatura e metanálise, nas quais foram incluídos estudos de coorte e transversais, disponíveis na base de dados bibliográficos MEDLINE, utilizando a estratégica de busca previamente definida com a inclusão dos descritores: “socioeconomic factors”, “infant, low birth weight”, “cohort studies”, “crosssectional studies”. A metanálise foi realizada através do Programa STATA 10.0, utilizando o comando metan. Identificaram-se 729 estudos, tendo sido incluídos na metanálise 12. Para a obtenção das medidas de sumário de efeito foi utilizado o modelo de efeito aleatório, e os seus resultados foram apresentados por intermédio dos gráficos Forest Plot. O instrumento empregado na avaliação da qualidade dos estudos foi a Escala de Newcastle-Ottawa. O resultado, num formato de pontuação, mostrou que a maioria dos estudos incluídos apresentou alta qualidade. Os resultados das metanálises mostram uma associação entre a condição socioeconômica da mãe e a proporção de BPN. O estrato social mais elevado, quando identificado, pelo grau de instrução apresenta um risco de BPN de 0,67 do risco do estrato social mais baixo. Esse risco relativo é de 0,68, quando o nível social é identificado pela ocupação profissional e 0,61 quando a identificação é feita usando o nível de renda. Esses achados indicam que uma melhor condição socioeconômica protege em cerca de 30% para o risco de BPN. No estrato social médio, os resultados não foram significativos para o grau de instrução e para a ocupação, não sendo possível determinar sua relação com o BPN; já para a variável renda, a magnitude de efeito foi de 0,81, demonstrando que pertencer ao estrato social médio protege em 19% para o risco de baixo peso ao nascimento. Na análise do viés de publicação, foi utilizado o Teste de Egger. Os resultados apresentados por intermédio dos gráficos Funnel Plot, não demonstraram presença de viés de publicação, exceto na análise do grau de instrução materno médio (P= 0,027). Para o recálculo do tamanho de efeito desta análise, foi utilizado o Método Trim and Fill. Na primeira avaliação, este foi de 0,86 (IC 95%: 0,69 – 1,06) e, na segunda, de 0,71 (IC 95%: 0,56 – 0,88). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a hipótese de similaridades entre extremos da distribuição social em relação taxa de BPN não foi confirmada e que, apesar de décadas de investigações e intervenções na área da saúde materno-infantil, as desigualdades sociais permanecem como um importante fator de impacto sobre os desfechos perinatais como o BPN. / Considering the hypothesis that an excessive use of new technologies and the lack of heath resources can present similar outcomes concerning low weight rates at birth (LWB), it was analyzed the association between the social standing, which was obtained from the maternal schooling, profession and income, and the low weight rates at birth. It deals with a literature and meta-analysis systematic revision, in which cohort and cross-sectional studies were included, available at the MEDLINE bibliographic database, using the previously defined strategical search including the descriptors: socio-economic factors, infant low birth weight, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. The meta-analysis was done through the STATA Program 10.00, using the metan command. Seven hundred and twenty-nine studies were identified, which were included in the meta-analysis 12. In order to obtain summary measures of effect, the odd ration effect model was used and its results were presented through Forest Plot graphics. The instrument employed to assess quality was the Newcastle- Ottawa Scale. The result, in a punctuation format, showed that the majority of studies included were of high quality. The meta-analysis results revealed a relationship between the upper class maternal socio- economical condition and the birth weight. For schooling it was 0.67; for profession, 0.68; and for income 0.61. These findings show that a better socioeconomical condition protects in 30% the LWB risk. In the middle classes, the results were not meaningful for schooling and occupation, being not possible to determine its relationship with the LWB; therefore, the income variant magnitude effect was 0.81, showing that belonging to the middle class protects in 19% against the low weight risk at birth. In the publication bias analysis, the Egger Test was used. The results obtained from the Funnel Plot graphics showed no publication bias, except for the maternal schooling average (P=0.027). For the effect size recalculation of this analysis, it was used the Trim and Fill Method. In the first assessment, it was 0.86 (IC 95%: 0.69 - 1.06) and in the second, 0.71 (IC 95%; 0.56 - 0.88). The results obtained showed that similarity hypotheses between the extremes from the social distribution in relation to the LWB rate was not confirmed and that, despite the decades of investigation and intervention in the maternal infant health area, the social inequalities remain as an important impact factor over the prenatal outcomes like the LWB.

Orientador: Marilisa Berti de Azevedo Barros / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T21:28:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Belon_AnaPaula_D.pdf: 1204801 bytes, checksum: 6123af03829a65a6e5c2a948fceae9d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A mortalidade no país apresenta tendência de queda e, em consequência, a expectativa de vida ao nascer (e0) se amplia. Todavia, estas mudanças não se manifestam uniformemente em todas as idades, causas de morte e em ambos os sexos. Estudos que analisam as desigualdades sociais indicam ainda que o declínio da mortalidade não atinge todos os segmentos socioeconômicos da população com a mesma força e ritmo. Diante destas considerações, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da redução da mortalidade no aumento da e0, bem como analisar as desigualdades sociais no tempo médio de vida e nos coeficientes de mortalidade no município de Campinas. Os resultados desta tese são apresentados em três capítulos. No primeiro, Expectativa de vida ao nascer: impacto das variações na mortalidade por idade e causas de morte no município de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil, foram analisadas as contribuições de grupos etários e causas de morte no aumento da e0 entre 1991, 2000 e 2005. Foram construídas tábuas de mortalidade e aplicado o método de Pollard para mensurar os efeitos da variação da mortalidade na evolução da e0. O crescimento da mortalidade por causas externas, entre 1991/2000, ocasionou redução de 1,1 ano, devido, principalmente, ao aumento da mortalidade entre os jovens. As doenças cardiovasculares contribuíram substancialmente para ampliação da e0 feminina neste período. Entre 2000/2005, as causas externas responderam pelo acréscimo de 2,3 anos na população masculina. No segundo capítulo, Redução das desigualdades sociais na expectativa de vida ao nascer em município do Sudeste brasileiro, avaliou-se a tendência das desigualdades sociais na e0 entre 2000 e 2005. Utilizando-se abordagem ecológica, as áreas de abrangência dos Centros de Saúde foram agrupadas em três estratos socioeconômicos, definidos a partir de variáveis censitárias de renda e escolaridade. Tábuas de mortalidade foram construídas para cada estrato. Verificou-se que as desigualdades sociais na e0 reduziram entre 2000/2005, devido ao maior incremento de anos de vida no estrato de baixo nível socioeconômico. Os homens experimentaram os maiores ganhos, diminuindo as distâncias na e0 entre os sexos. O terceiro capítulo, Desigualdade social na mortalidade: diferenças de gênero e nível socioeconômico em município brasileiro, analisou a magnitude das desigualdades sociais na mortalidade no período de 2004/2008. Empregando a estratificação social das áreas de saúde, foram calculados coeficientes de mortalidade por grupos etários, sexo e causas de morte para cada estrato, e estimados intervalos de confiança de 95% para as razões entre taxas. Registrou-se gradiente social na mortalidade entre os estratos na maioria dos grupos etários, com risco de morte aumentando do estrato Alto para o Baixo. As desigualdades sociais foram significativas em todos os grupos de causas de morte. As maiores desigualdades entre os estratos extremos ocorreram no sexo feminino, exceto para causas externas que foi, entre os homens, 2 vezes superior no Baixo em comparação ao Alto. Apenas a neoplasia de mama apresentou gradiente social invertido. Estes resultados podem auxiliar na orientação de políticas públicas de saúde visando garantir maior equidade quanto às condições de saúde, provendo atenção, em especial, aos grupos mais vulneráveis da população / Abstract: In Brazil, the mortality is declining and, by consequence, life expectancy at birth (e0) is rising. However, these changes do not occur uniformly in all ages, causes of death, and both sexes. Studies that investigate social inequalities also show that the decrease in mortality does not reach all socioeconomic segments of population with the same force and rhythm. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the mortality reduction on the increase of e0, and also to analyze social inequalities in e0 and mortality in the city of Campinas. The results of this thesis are presented in three chapters. In the first chapter, Life expectancy at birth: impact of mortality changes by age groups and causes of death in the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, we analyzed the contributions of age groups and causes of death to the increase in life expectancy at birth in 1991/2000 and 2000/2005. We constructed life tables and applied the Pollard's method that measures the effects of the mortality variation on the gain in e0. Between 1991/2000, the increase in mortality rates from external causes led to a reduction of 1.1 year, due to, mainly, mortality increase among young. Cardiovascular diseases contributed largely to the increase in female e0 in this period. Between 2000/2005, reductions in external causes mortality led to a gain in e0 of around 2.3 years among males. In the second chapter, Reduction of social inequalities in life expectancy at birth in a city of Southeastern Brazil, we investigated the trend of impact of social inequalities on e0 between 2000 and 2005. Through an ecological approach, the areas of health care units were grouped in three socioeconomic strata, which were defined according to variables of income and educational level in the 2000 Census. Life tables were constructed for each of the three socioeconomic strata. We observed that social inequalities in e0 reduced between 2000/2005, since the lower socioeconomic level stratum had obtained the largest gain in life years. Males experienced the highest increment, decreasing the gender gap in e0. The third chapter, Social inequality in mortality: gender and socioeconomic differences in a Brazilian city, analyzed the magnitude of social inequalities in mortality in the period 2004/2008. Using the social estratification of health areas, we calculated mortality rates by age groups, sex and causes of death for each socioeconomic stratum. Rates ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated for low and middle stratum in relation to the highest. In general, age-specific mortality rates had a social gradient with increasing risks of death from higher to lower stratum. The inequalities among strata were statistically significant for all causes of death / Doutorado / Epidemiologia / Doutor em Saude Coletiva

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-08T12:50:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariane de Souza Benjamin Rocha - 2016.pdf: 2432702 bytes, checksum: 2f9fdacb5bbde4dfab5e6a9c23d3b975 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-08T12:50:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariane de Souza Benjamin Rocha - 2016.pdf: 2432702 bytes, checksum: 2f9fdacb5bbde4dfab5e6a9c23d3b975 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-08T12:50:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariane de Souza Benjamin Rocha - 2016.pdf: 2432702 bytes, checksum: 2f9fdacb5bbde4dfab5e6a9c23d3b975 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-08 / ndustrialization and capitalism have stimulated the increase in the number of homeless people, which are generally associated with the abusive consumption of alcohol and other drugs and involved in a context of stigma, preconception and exclusion. The vulnerability experienced by homeless people promotes the appearance and/or the aggravation of health problems that in other circumstances would have a cure, or, at least, control. This study aimed to analyze the binding of the ‘Medical Office in the Street’ in Goiânia, Goiás with Primary Health Care. The study had a qualitative, descriptive approach, carried out with the work team of Medical Office in the Street in the mentioned county. The data collection was done through documentary analysis and focus group. The subjects of the survey were the professionals of Medical Office in the Street, in Goiânia, Goiás, in the year of 2016. The government guidelines were searched on the Ministry of Health’s website and in the Official Gazette of Goiânia, between 2005 and 2015, then, public policies were selected for their relevance in addressing the health of the homeless population. The results and discussion of this dissertation were presented in the form of two articles: Article 1 - Medical Office in the Street: from vulnerability to inclusion; Article 2 - CMYK: Medical Office in the Street’s nuances. In this study, 19 government guidelines were identified and it was evidenced that after the advent of the National Policy for the Homeless Population, there was a decrease in inequalities in health with the inclusion of this population group in the context of health. The nuances that permeate the medical office of the street and the medical office in the street differ essentially in the work processes. Integrality is the battle flag of this change leading to an expansion of the Medical Office in the Street team services portfolio. It is a great challenge to develop a service with such a complete and complex approach, in dynamic spaces, with a population in extreme vulnerability and with a limitation of intersectoral support and often in the Health Care Network itself. / A industrialização e o capitalismo impulsionaram o crescimento do número de pessoas em situação de rua, geralmente associado ao consumo abusivo de álcool e outras drogas e envolto em contexto de estigma, preconceito e exclusão. A vulnerabilidade vivenciada pelas pessoas em situação de rua propicia o surgimento e/ ou agravamento de problemas de saúde que em outras circunstancias teriam a cura ou o controle. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a vinculação do Consultório na Rua em Goiânia. Goiânia com a Atenção Primária à Saúde. Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, descritiva, realizado com as equipes de Consultório na Rua, no referido município. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de análise documental e grupo focal. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram os profissionais do Consultório na Rua, em Goiânia, Goiás, no ano de 2016. As diretrizes governamentais foram pesquisadas no sitio eletrônico do Ministério da Saúde e no Diário Oficial do município de Goiânia, entre 2005 e 2015, onde foram selecionadas políticas públicas pela pertinência em abordarem a saúde da população de rua. Os resultados e discussão desta dissertação foram apresentados na forma de dois artigos: artigo 1 - Consultório na rua: da vulnerabilidade à inclusão e artigo 2 - CMYK: Nuances do Consultório na rua. Neste estudo foram identificados 19 diretrizes governamentais e evidenciou-se que após o lançamento da Política Nacional para a População em Situação de Rua esta favoreceu a diminuição das desigualdades em saúde a partir da inclusão desse grupo populacional no contexto saúde. As nuances que permeiam o consultório de rua e consultório na rua se diferenciaram essencialmente nos processos de trabalho. A integralidade é a principal bandeira dessa mudança levando a ampliação da carteira de serviços das equipes de Consultório na Rua. Constitui-se um grande desafio desenvolver um serviço com uma abordagem tão completa e complexa, em espaços dinâmicos, com uma população em extrema vulnerabilidade e com a limitação de suporte intersetorial e algumas vezes na própria Rede de Atenção a Saúde.

Orientador: Marilisa Berti de Azevedo Barros / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T22:40:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Senicato_Caroline_M.pdf: 3202832 bytes, checksum: f60916a87fc11b0b7b32b1b72c9162b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A ocupação da mulher no mercado de trabalho e seu papel central no núcleo familiar, na organização e cuidado da moradia e da família, incluindo a amamentação, a criação dos filhos e o cuidado de familiares idosos e doentes, diferenciam-se dependendo do segmento socioeconômico a que pertencem e isso influencia distintamente no perfil de saúde e morbidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar desigualdades sociais no estado de saúde e uso de serviços de saúde segundo o nível de escolaridade de mulheres adultas. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra por conglomerados. Analisaramse 508 mulheres de 20 a 59 anos de idade residentes na área urbana do município de Campinas, participantes do Inquérito de Saúde do Município de Campinas - ISACAMP 2008. Foram estimadas prevalências e razões de prevalências ajustadas, utilizando modelos de regressão simples e múltipla de Poisson e considerando as ponderações relativas ao desenho amostral. Mulheres de menor nível educacional apresentaram pior condição de vida e maior prevalência de hipertensão, problemas circulatórios, dor de cabeça/enxaqueca, tontura/vertigem, obesidade, transtorno mental comum (SRQ-20), saúde autorreferida como ruim ou muito ruim, uso de prótese dentária e deficiência visual, e menor prevalência de uso de óculos ou lentes. Mas, não houve diferença entre os dois segmentos sociais de mulheres na prevalência de uso de serviços de saúde nas duas últimas semanas, no uso de medicamentos nos últimos três dias, no autoexame mensal das mamas, no exame clínico das mamas no último ano, no exame de Papanicolaou nos últimos três anos, nas hospitalizações e cirurgias no último ano, e na vacinação contra rubéola em algum momento da vida. Diferenças significativas foram observadas apenas quanto ao acesso aos serviços odontológicos no último ano e à mamografia nos últimos dois anos. O estudo detectou a presença de desigualdades sociais em diversos indicadores do estado de saúde e a presença de equidade no acesso a vários componentes dos serviços de saúde, apontando a potencialidade do SUS na redução das iniquidades na saúde da mulher no município / Abstract: The occupation of women in the labor market and its central role within the family, the organization and care of the house and the family, including breastfeeding, raising children and care of elderly and sick, differs according to socioeconomic segment belonging and that distinctly influences of health and morbidity profile. The present study assessed the inequalities in health status and use of health services according to educational status between adult women. It is population-based cross-sectional study was carried out with conglomerate sampling. Were analyzed 508 women between 20 and 59 years of age from the urban area of Campinas, participants in the Health Survey the city of Campinas - ISACAMP 2008. Prevalence values were estimated and prevalence ratios were adjusted using Poisson regression and considering weights related to the sampling design. Women with a lower level of schooling had a poorer quality of life and greater prevalence values for hypertension, circulatory problems, headache/migraine, dizziness/vertigo, obesity, common mental disorders (SRQ-20), worse self-reported health, use of dental prosthesis and visual impairment, but a lower prevalence of glasses. No differences between groups were found regarding in the use of health services in the previous two weeks, use of medication in the previous three days, monthly breast self-examination, clinical breast examination in the previous year, Pap smears in the previous three years, hospitalizations and surgeries in the previous year, and rubella vaccination in life. Significant differences were only to dental visits in the previous year and mammograms in the previous two years. This study demonstrate social inequalities in different health status indicators and equity in access to some health service components, pointing to the potential of SUS in reducing inequities in women's health in the municipality / Mestrado / Epidemiologia / Mestre em Saude Coletiva

Les inégalités de participation au dépistage du cancer du col de l’utérus (CCU) sont multifactorielles et la prévention primaire du CCU par la vaccination contre les papillomavirus humains (HPV) oncogènes pourrait présenter des similarités. Médecin de premier recours de l’ensemble de la population, le médecin généraliste (MG) pourrait avoir une place importante dans la limitation de ces inégalités et nous voulions l’explorer avant l’implémentation du dépistage organisé national français (DONF) du CCU.La comparaison des données de remboursement de deux départements français dont l’un participait à l’expérimentation de dépistage organisé, a mis en évidence une participation au dépistage plus importante dans le département d’expérimentation. Le gradient de participation diminuant avec l’augmentation du niveau de défavorisation était plus fort dans le département d’expérimentation, et plus encore en milieu rural. Nos données ne nous ont pas permis d’explorer ces aspects pour la vaccination contre les HPV.Interrogés sur leurs préférences pour limiter ces inégalités dans le cadre du DONF, gynécologues et MG étaient favorables au ciblage des femmes non dépistées, par invitations centralisées impliquant le médecin traitant déclaré ou en leur fournissant la liste des femmes non dépistées de leur patientèle. Le ciblage des femmes de plus de 50 ans ou défavorisées, de même que les autoprélèvements de dépistage des HPV, étaient rejetés par les praticiens.L’ensemble de nos travaux confirmaient l’importance d’un universalisme proportionné lors de l’implémentation du DONF. L’adhésion des praticiens, dont les MG, nécessitera une information sur la motivation des mesures proposées. / Unequal participation in uterine cervical cancer screening (UCC) is multifactorial and primary prevention of UCC by vaccination against oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) may have similarities. As primary care physicians for the overall population, general practitioners (GPs) could be a major contributor in limiting these inequalities. We aimed to explore these contributions before the implementation of the French national organized screening (FNOS) of UCC.The comparison of reimbursement data from two French departments, one of which experimented a regional organized screening, revealed a greater participation in screening in the experimental department. The participation gradient decreasing with the increase of deprivation was stronger in the experimental department, and moreover in rural areas. Our data did not allow us to explore these aspects for HPV vaccination.Asked about their preferences to limit these inequalities when implementing the FNOS, gynecologists and GPs were in favour of targeting unscreened women, by centralized invitations involving the declared attending physician, or by providing them with a list of unscreened women among their patients. Targeting women over 50 years old or deprived women, as well as HPV self-sampling, were options rejected by practitioners.Our results confirmed the importance of a proportionate universalism when implementing the FNOS. The involvement of practitioners, including GPs, will require information on the rational of the proposed measures.

Hälsofrämjande arbete inom området fysisk aktivitet kan bidra till flertalet hälsovinster. Att Sverige ska prioritera arbete för att minska ojämlikhet i hälsa, främja fysisk aktivitet samt inrikta insatser mot målgruppen barn och unga beskrivs i ”Regeringens proposition En förnyad folkhälsopolitik 2007/08:110”. Barn och unga spenderar en stor del av sin tid i skolan vilket möjliggör för den att inverka på deras hälsa. Enligt tidigare studier deltar flickor i lägre utsträckning än pojkar vid skolidrott vilket tyder på en ojämlikhet mellan könen. Syftet med studien var att undersöka flickors upplevelser av skolidrotten. Den metod som använts är kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Vid urvalet tillämpades ett målstyrt urval där sex flickor i gymnasiet som undervisats i skolidrott under sin gymnasietid tillfrågades att delta. Den analysmetod som tillämpats är kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys. Det resultat som framkom var att flickors upplevelser av skolidrotten kan påverkas av faktorer som läraren, klasskamrater samt utformning av lektioner och aktiviteter. Känslor av otrygghet hos flickor kan ha inverkan på motivationen till att delta. Motivationen kan även påverkas av om individens intressen belyses. En viss ojämlikhet mellan könen inom skolidrott kan synliggöras enligt de framkomna resultaten. / Health promotion and physical activity can contribute to several health benefits. Sweden shall prioritize work to reduce health inequalities, promote physical activity and focus on interventions aimed on children and young people, is described in "Regeringens proposition En förnyad folkhälsopolitik 2007/08:110". Children and young people spend much time in school, which enables the possibility to affect their health. According to previous studies, girls participate lesser extent than boys at school sports which indicating an inequality between the sexes. The aim of the study was to examine girls' experiences of school sport. Qualitative method with semi-structured interviews was used. With a goal-oriented selection, wore six girls in high school who taught in school sports during their high school years asked to participate. The analysis method applied is qualitative manifest content analysis. The results that emerged was that girls' experiences of school sport can be affected by factors such as the teacher, classmates and the development of lessons and activities. Feelings of insecurity may have an impact on the motivation to participate. Motivation can also be influenced by the individual's interest in school sports. A certain gender inequality in school sports can be visualized.

Ce mémoire s’inscrit dans un contexte où les inégalités sociales ne cessent d’augmenter. Dans les sociétés occidentales, le fossé entre les riches et les pauvres se creuse de plus en plus et celui-ci influence les inégalités de santé. À Montréal, il existe un écart d’espérance de vie de plus de dix ans entre les résidents des quartiers les plus riches et ceux des plus pauvres. Ce mémoire se penche sur ce phénomène en s’attardant aux liens entre les inégalités de santé et le sentiment d’appartenance des résidentes d’Hochelaga-Maisonneuve. À travers l’analyse d’un corpus de données recueillies par une recension des écrits, par des entretiens semi-dirigés ainsi que par des séances d’observations participantes, des pistes de réflexion à ce sujet s’en dégagent. Après avoir exposé une recension des écrits brossant les principaux concepts utilisés dans ce mémoire, ainsi qu’un cadre méthodologique décrivant la cueillette de données et le contexte de l’étude, la perception qu’ont les répondantes de leur santé, ainsi que les facteurs y contribuant sont adressés. Les inégalités de santé étant comprises au-delà de leur aspect individuel, ce projet met de l’avant l’importance des environnements physique et social ainsi que des dynamiques d’inclusion et d’exclusion sur la création de celles-ci. / This thesis was conducted amidst a context of growing social inequalities. In our western societies the gap between rich and poor is widening which influence health inequalities. In Montreal, there is a ten year gap in life expectancy between rich and poor. This thesis is linking health inequalities with a sense of belonging of women living in Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, an area of Montreal. Through datas, gathered by litterature review, interviews and participant observation, we opened up areas to think about our theme. First of all, we write a literature review which describes the basic concepts as health, sense of belongings and social inclusion or exclusion, of this project. The methodology is explained through data collection and the context of the study. After, health is studied through women’s perception and factors which are contributing to it. The fourth chapter is studying the impact of physical and social environment on health. Finally, social exclusions are linked with health inequalities. Consequently, this project is not only understanding health inequalities by their individual aspects.

The objectives of this study are to provide a comprehensive assessment of inequalities in infant and under-five years' child survival, access to and utilisations of child health services among different socio-economic groups in Ethiopia; and identify issues for policies and programmes at national and sub-national levels. This thesis examines the effect of parental socioeconomic status, maternal and delivery care services, mothers' bio-demographic and background characteristics on the level of differences in infant and under-five years' child survival and access to and utilisation of child health services. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were carried out for selected variables in the literature which were consider as the major determinants of infant mortality rate (IMR) and under-five years' child mortality rate (U5MR); access to and utilisations of child health services based on data from Ethiopian demographic and health survey (EDHS), covering the years 2000-2005. In the multivariate analysis a logit regression model was used to estimates inequalities in infant and under-five years' child survival, and inequalities in access to and utilisation of child health services. In Ethiopia, little was known about inequalities in IMR and U5MR, and inequalities in access to and utilisation of child health services. Besides, there is no systematic analysis of health inequalities and into its determinants using logistic regression. According to the available literature, this is the first comprehensive and systematic analysis of inequality of health in Ethiopia. The findings show that compared to under-five years' children of mothers' partners with no work, mothers' partners in professional, technical and managerial occupations had 13 times more chance of under-five years child survival for 2000 weighted observations. In addition, compared to infants of mothers who were gave birth to one child in last 5 years preceding the survey, infants of mothers who were gave birth to 2 children in last 5 years preceding the survey had 70% less chance of infant survival while infants of mothers who were gave birth to 3 or more children had 89% less chance of infant survival for 2000 weighted observations. Moreover, this study finding also indicates that inequalities increased significantly in the five years period between 2000 and 2005 among mothers with different birth interval. Most of the relations between birth interval and receiving childhood immunisation for vaccine-preventable diseases were statistically significant. Moreover compared to non-educated mothers, mothers who completed secondary and higher education were nearly 10 times more likely to receive DPT3 immunisation for their young children. This study concludes that policy measures that tackle health inequalities will have a positive impact in the implementation of health sector strategy of Ethiopia. Health inequalities studies in Ethiopia and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries should focus on systematic analysis of different socio-economic groups. The finding of this study support investing in the Ethiopia's health extension package (HEP) is a necessary but not sufficient condition for addressing rural poor health problem. HEP is successful in increasing primary health care coverage in rural Ethiopia to 89.6% (FMOH, 2009) but unable to reduce Ethiopia's higher level of IMR and U5MR. HEP is one of the success stories that address the rural poor health problem and can also be adapted to developing countries of SSA. The finding also shows that the success stories such as health insurance programs like Rwanda (World Bank, 2008a) and Ethiopia (FMOH, 2009/10) will play a key role in achieving country's health care financing goal of universal coverage. This can also be replicated in the developing SSA countries.

Le contexte actuel de la distribution des soins de santé se caractérise par la présence d’inégalités frappantes en termes d’accès aux médicaments ou autres technologies thérapeutiques (appareils ou tests de diagnostic) à l’échelle mondiale. Cette distribution dépend de plusieurs facteurs politiques, sociaux, économiques, scientifiques et éthiques. Parmi les facteurs importants, l’innovation dans les milieux biomédical et pharmaceutique participe activement à l’établissement et à l’exacerbation des inégalités en santé mondiale. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une étude basée sur le cas des technologies issues de la pharmacogénomique. Il est proposé que ces technologies soient susceptibles d’avoir un impact positif sur la santé publique à l’échelle mondiale en révolutionnant le modèle de développement et de distribution du médicament. Nous avons réalisé une évaluation du potentiel qu’offre l’application de ces technologies dans les domaines de la recherche biomédicale et pharmaceutique pour les populations des pays à faible et à moyen revenu. Nous démontrons que les efforts en recherche dans le domaine de la pharmacogénomique sont essentiellement dirigés vers les maladies affectant les populations des pays à revenu élevé. Par cela, le développement de la recherche dans ce domaine réplique le modèle du ratio 90/10 des inégalités en santé mondiale, où 90 % des médicaments produits accommode seulement 10 % de la population mondiale – soit celle des pays à revenu élevé. Il appert que le potentiel d’utilisation des technologies issues de la pharmacogénomique pour les populations des pays à faible et à moyen revenu nécessite alors une redéfinition des rôles et des responsabilités des acteurs en santé mondiale (les gouvernements, les organisations gouvernementales et non gouvernementales internationales et les compagnies pharmaceutiques). Nous proposons que cette redéfinition des rôles et des responsabilités des différents acteurs passe par l’adoption d’un cadre réflexif basé sur les principes éthiques de la justice, de l’équité et de la solidarité dans le développement de la recherche et l’implantation des nouvelles technologies -omiques. / Stricking inequalities characterize the current global context in drug development and distribution, raising serious concerns of justice in global health. These global health issues result from political, social, economic, scientific and ethical factors, amongst which the development of new technologies can contribute to increased inequalities across and within populations. Pharmacogenomics knowledge and technologies, which couple genomics information with pharmaceutical drug response, have been promised to revolutionize both drug development and prescription worldwide. In this way, pharmacogenomic technologies promise to increase justice in global health, by incentivizing public research laboratories and pharmaceutical companies to develop drugs for populations (e.g., in low and middle-income countries) that have been neglected by the traditional drug development model. In this thesis, we conducted an evaluation of the potential that pharmacogenomic technologies hold towards increased health for populations of low and middle-income countries (LMIC). Our results demonstrate that, although these technologies hold promising potential for the health of LMIC populations, pharmacogenomics research has focused mostly on diseases prevalent in High-income countries. Pharmacogenomics research over the last decade has thus replicated the well-known 90/10 ratio in drug development and, as such, fails to contribute to reducing global health inequalities. We suggest that, in order to fulfill the promise of increased health for populations of LMIC, the roles and responsibilities of the various actors involved in global health (e.g. local governements, international organizations, and pharmaceutical companies) must be redesigned. We argue that rethinking these roles and responsibilities requires a decision Framework based on considerations of justice, equity and solidarity.

Background Migrants in many European countries including Germany tend to utilize preventive measures less frequently than the majority population. Little is known about the dental health of migrants as well as about their oral health behaviour, particularly in the adult population. The aim of this study was to examine differences in the uptake of annual dental check-ups in adult migrants and non-migrants in Germany. Methods We used data from the cross-sectional survey ‘German Health Update 2010’ conducted by the Robert Koch Institute (n = 22,050). Data from 21,741 German-speaking respondents with information on the use of dental check-ups was available, of which 3404 (15.7%) were migrants. Multiple logistic regression models were applied to adjust for demographic and socioeconomic confounders, including the place of residence as well as type of health insurance. Results Migrants were generally younger, had a lower socioeconomic status and showed a lower utilization of dental check-ups. The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for utilization was 0.67 (95%-CI = 0.61–0.73). After adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic confounders the chance only increased slightly (adjusted OR = 0.71; 95%-CI = 0.65–0.77). Conclusions The analysis shows that migration status is associated with a reduced chance of attending dental check-ups, independently of demographic and socioeconomic factors. The influence of other factors, such as type of health insurance and place of residence had also no influence on the association. Migrants are exposed to different barriers in the health care system, comprising the patient, provider and system level. Further studies need to examine the relevant barriers for the uptake of preventive dental services in order to devise appropriate migrant- sensitive measures of dental prevention.