Orientadores: Jose Wilson Magalhães Bassani, Rosana Almada Bassani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T08:06:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo_RafaeldeAlmeida_M.pdf: 2095157 bytes, checksum: 9fa58fb47d65f96bb946104c547ac025 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A infusão intravenosa de solução hiperosmótica de NaCI tem se mostrado eficaz como tratamento único para a condição de choque hemorrágico, mas o conhecimento de seus efeitos sobre o coração ainda é limitado. Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos instrumentação para registro de encurtamento celular e investigamos o efeito direto de soluções hiperosmóticas de NaCI sobre a atividade contrátil e transientes de Ca2+ em miócitos ventriculares isolados de rato. A amplitude do encurtamento celular (?EC) e dos transientes de Ca2+ (?[Ca2+]i, medida com indo-1) foi registrada em miócitos estimulados a 0,5 Hz antes e depois do incremento da osmolaridade extracelular em 85 mOsm/l pela adição de sacarose (HiperSac) ou NaCI (HiperNac) à solução de perfusão. Variações do conteúdo de Ca2+ e da liberação fracional de Ca2+ do retículo sarcoplasmático (RS) também foram avaliadas. Simulação computacional (LabHeart v. 4.9.5) de transientes de Ca2+ e curva corrente-tensão da troca Na+-Ca2+ (NCX) foram usados para auxiliar o entendimento dos resultados. A perfusão dos miócitos com solução HiperNac provocou redução transitória, seguida de recuperação de ?[Ca2+]i e ?EC. Por outro lado, a perfusão com HiperSac reduziu de maneira persistente a ?EC, sem alterar ?[Ca2+];. O aumento da liberação fracional de Ca2+ do RS (p< 0,05) provocado pela solução HiperNac pode ter contribuído para a recuperação de ?[Ca2+];. A hiperosmolalidade per se prolongou o relaxamento, sem afetar a cinética de {Ca2+]j, possivelmente por aumento da viscosidade intracelular. A queda mais lenta de [Ca2+]; durante o transiente induzido por cafeína é compatível com redução da extrusão de Ca2+ via NCX devida ao acúmulo intracelular lento de Na+ na condição de hiperosmolaridade. Os resultados da simulação computacional estão de acordo com esta hipótese / Abstract: Intravenous injection of hyperosmolar NaCI solution has been used as the sole treatment for hemorrhagic shock, but its effects on heart muscle are not completely elucidated. In this work, we developed instrumentation for cell shortening measurement and investigated the direct effects of hyperosmolar NaCI solution on contractile activity and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in isolated rat ventricular myocyte. Cell shortening (LlEC) and Ca2+ transient amplitude (?[Ca2+]j, measured with indo-1) were recorded in myocytes stimulated at 0.5 Hz before and after increasing extracellular osmolarity in 85 mOsm/l by sucrose (HiperSac) or NaCI (HiperNac) addition to the perfusate. Sarcoplasmatic reticulum (RS) Ca2+ load and fractional release were estimated. Computational simulation (LabHeart, v. 4.9.5) of Ca2+ transient and Na+-Ca2+ exchange voltage-current relationship was performed. HiperNac perfusion caused transient decrease of ?[Ca2+]i and LlEC, followed bya gradual recovery. HiperSac perfusion caused a monophasic decrease of LlEC, but did not change ?[Ca2+]i. Increased fractional RS Ca2+ release (pc:; 0.05) in the presence of HiperNac may have contributed to the delayed recovery of ?[Ca2+]i. Hyperosmolarity per se prolonged cell relaxation, but did not affect [Ca2+]i decline kinetics, possibly by increased intracellular viscosity. Slower [Ca2+]i decay during caffeine-induced transients indicates decreased NCX-mediated Ca2+ efflux transport following progressive intracellular [Na+] accumulation due to extracellular hyperosmolarity. Computational simulation results agree with this hypothesis / Mestrado / Engenharia Biomedica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

O efeito devastador da hipotensão na mortalidade relacionada ao trauma de crânio é bem estabelecido. Este estudo avalia a resposta hemodinâmica sistêmica e cerebral à reposição volêmica com Solução de Ringer Lactato (RL) ou Salina Hipertônica a 3% (SSH 3%), o comportamento da liberação de prostanóides encefálicos, aspectos anátomo-patológicos encefálicos e aspectos neurológicos, durante a fase aguda do choque hemorrágico (CH) associado ao traumatismo craniencefálico (TCE). MÉTODOS: Quinze cães foram distribuidos em três grupos (n=5, cada), após randomização, de acordo com o protocolo de reposição volêmica, realizada após TCE (fluido-percussão cerebral, 4 atm) e balão epidural para induzir hipertensão intracraniana (HIC) a 20-25 mmHg e CH, induzido por remoção sanguínea até pressão arterial média (PAM) de 40 mmHg em 5 minutos: grupo CH+TCE+HSS 3% (8ml/kg), CH+TCE+RL (16ml/kg) e grupo CH+TCE (controle, sem tratamento). Simulamos o tratamento durante a fase pré-hospitalar e hospitalar precoce. Os grupos tratados receberam infusão sanguínea para atingir hematócrito de 30%. As medidas incluiram volume sanguíneo removido, volume de cristalóide infundido para restabelecer PAM, PAM, índice cardíaco (IC), pressão intracraniana (PIC), pressão de perfusão cerebral (PPC), lactato sistêmico e cerebral, taxas de extração de oxigênio, concentração plasmática de tromboxane e prostaciclina. Avaliamos o padrão pupilar dos animais e realizamos análise anátomo-patológica dos encéfalos. RESULTADOS: A reposição volêmica com RL ou SSH 3% promoveu maior benefício hemodinâmico que o grupo controle sem tratamento. A pressão de perfusão cerebral foi maior que no grupo controle e similar entre os grupos tratados; entretanto, a infusão de SSH 3% foi associada com valores mais baixos de PIC durante a fase \"hospitalar precoce\" e com maior osmolaridade e concentração de sódio plasmático. Não houve diferença nos valores da concentração venosa cerebral de prostaciclina e tromboxane. Os encéfalos do grupo tratado com SSH 3% não demonstraram edema e os hipocampos dos cães do grupo controle se mostraram isquêmicos em relação ao grupo tratado com SSH 3%. A reversão pupilar após alteração pupilar estabelecida ocorreu mais precocemente no grupo tratado com SSH 3% que RL. CONCLUSÕES: No evento de um trauma de crânio grave e choque hemorrágico, o uso de SSH 3% ou o dobro do volume de RL promoveram benefícios hemodinâmicos sistêmicos e cerebrais. Entretanto, valores mais baixos de PIC foram observados após SSH 3%. / The devastating effects of hypotension on head-trauma-related mortality are well known. This study evaluates the systemic and cerebral hemodynamic responses to volume replacement with 3% hypertonic saline (HSS) or lactated Ringer\'s solution (LR), during the acute phase of hemorrhagic shock (HS) associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: Fifteen mongrel dogs were assigned to one of three groups (n=5, each) according to the volume replacement protocol, infused after TBI (brain fluid percussion, 4atm) and epidural balloon to an intracranial pressure (ICP) higher than 20 mm Hg and HS, induced by blood removal to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mm Hg in 5 minutes: Group HS+TBI+HSS (8 mL/kg of 3% HSS), HS+TBI+LR (16 mL/kg LR) and Group HS+TBI (controls, no fluids). We simulated treatment during prehospital and early hospital admission. Groups HS+TBI+HSS and HS+TBI+LR received shed blood infusion to a target hematocrit of 30%. Measurements included shed blood volume, fluid volume infused to restore MAP, MAP, cardiac output, cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebral and systemic lactate, and oxygen extraction ratios, tromboxane and prostaciclin. We evaluated the dog\'s pupil pattern and the anatomopathological study of the brain. RESULTS: Fluid replacement with HSS or LR promoted major hemodynamic benefits over control animals without fluids. Cerebral perfusion pressure was higher than controls and similar between treated groups; however, HSS infusion was associated with lower ICP during the \"early hospital phase\" and a higher serum sodium and osmolarity. There were no differences between groups in cerebral venous concentration of tromboxane and prostaciclin. There was no edema in brains of HSS group, the hypocampi of control\'s group showed ischemia comparing to HSS group. The pupils reverted early in HSS than LR group. CONCLUSION: In the event of severe head trauma and hemorrhagic shock, the use of HSS and larger volumes of LR promote similar systemic and cerebral hemodynamic benefits. However, a lower ICP was observed after HSS 3% than after LR.

Bei IL-10 handelt es sich um ein antiinflammatorisches Zytokin, dessen immunmodulatorische Effekte bereits in zahlreichen Studien aufgezeigt werden konnten. Ziel dieser Studie war, die Unterschiede in der systemischen Inflammation und Organdysfunktion an Mäusen zu untersuchen, die nach Induktion eines hämorrhagischen Schocks, entweder inhalativ oder systemisch, mit IL-10 behandelt wurden. Männliche C57/BL6 Mäuse (6 Tiere pro Gruppe) wurden für 1.5 Stunden blutdruckkontrolliert in einen hämorrhagischen Schock versetzt. Nach anschließender Volumensubstitution wurde ihnen inhalativ oder intraarteriell rekombiniertes Maus - IL-10 verabreicht. Nach einer Gesamtversuchsdauer von 6 - bzw. 24 Stunden erfolgte die Tötung der Tiere. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass die lokale und systemische Verabreichung von IL-10 das Zytokinprofil der systemischen Inflammationsantwort unterschiedlich beeinflusst. Die Lunge kann durch inhalative Gabe von IL-10 geschützt werden, ohne die systemische Inflammationsantwort zu beeinflussen.

La dysfonction des mécanismes de régulation vasculaire, observée dans les états de choc septique (CS), hémorragique (CH) et la cirrhose (C), remet en question l’efficacité des substances vasoactives utilisées. L’objectif de ce travail est l’évaluation hémodynamique, systémique et splanchnique de l’administration d’hydrogène sulfuré [H2S], de terlipressine [TP] et de noradrénaline [NE] au cours des complications des CS, CH et C. Suite à une ischémie/reperfusion (I/R) chez le rat, le sepsis n’a pas d’impact particulier sur le rein, lors de la phase précoce, alors que le débit rénal varie en réponse aux variations de pression artérielle, incluant le phénomène d’autorégulation. Le CS est associé très précocement à une augmentation du flux sanguin dans les capillaires péritubulaires et à une dysfonction rénale limitée par la perfusion de NE. Au cours d’un CH retransfusé et réanimé par un remplissage vasculaire, l’inhibition endogène de H2S aggrave la dysfonction rénale suite à une diminution des vitesses microcirculatoires péritubulaires et favorise un syndrome de fuite capillaire. A l’inverse, l’administration exogène de H2S pourrait provoquer un rétrocontrôle négatif sur l’activité de l’enzyme principale de production de H2S endogène, la CSE. Lors d’une hypertension portale par C chez le rat, la NE augmente la pression porte à faibles doses et augmente la contraction maximale des veines portes in vitro par rapport à la vasopressine, ce qui augmente le risque hémorragique. Au contraire, la TP diminue le débit mésentérique et la pression porte, ce qui favorise la réponse hémodynamique de réduction du risque d’hémorragie digestive. / The impairment of vascular regulatory mechanisms observed in cirrhosis and shock situations, reduces the effectiveness of vasoactive substances used in treatments. The aim of this study is the hemodynamic, systemic and splanchnic assessments of vasoactive molecules proposed for the treatment of septic shock, hemorrhagic shock and cirrhosis complications (hydrogen sulfide [H2S], terlipressin [TP] and norepinephrine [NE]). In a model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), sepsis has no particular impact on the kidney since renal blood flow varies in response to mean arterial blood pressure variations, including an auto-regulation phenomenon. Sepsis is very rapidly associated with hypervelocity of blood flow in peritubular capillaries and renal dysfunction, both of wich are reserved by NE infusion. In hemorrhagic shock model controlled and resuscitated by Gelofusin® perfusion, we demonstrated that inhibition of endogenous H2S worsening renal dysfunction due to decreased renal peritubular microcirculatory velocities and promotes capillary leak syndrome. While the exogenous administration of H2S, could cause a negative feedback on the activity of the principal enzyme of endogenous H2S production, the CSE. During portal hypertension by cirrhosis in rats, NE increases the portal venous pressure, at low doses, and is more efficient than vasopressin on the portal veins of cirrhotic rats in vitro. However TP significantly reduces the mesenteric artery blood flow and the portal vein pressure. Taken together, TP could reduce the variceal bleeding risk associated with cirrhosis in comparison to NE.

L'ischémie/reperfusion (I/R) est un phénomène très fréquent en clinique humaine. Ce phénomène est observé lors de la désobstruction d'une artère digestive, du traitement d'un état de choc, ainsi qu'au cours d'autres pathologies. L'interruption de la perfusion tissulaire (ischémie) et le rétablissement de celle-ci (reperfusion) sont la cause de la mise en place de troubles hémodynamiques et métaboliques. L'I/R est souvent présentée comme étant la principale source de l'hyperlactatémie et le moteur de la réponse inflammatoire lors des états de choc (cardiogénique, hypovolémique, septique). Parallèlement, elle est responsable de l'induction de la production de la libération des espèces réactives de l'oxygène, des cytokines et du monoxyde d'azote. Suite à un choc hémorragique par Ischémie/reperfusion chez le rat, nous avons montré que 1) le NaHS, donneur d'H2S limite la diminution de la pression artérielle moyenne et diminue le lactate plasmatique, témoin de la souffrance tissulaire, 2) cette amélioration hémodynamique est associée à une baisse de l'expression myocardique des ARNm d'iNOS, une diminution de la concentration des dérivés NOx plasmatiques et une diminution des concentrations aortiques et myocardiques de NO et d'anion superoxyde et 3) l'inhibition d'H2S par la DL-propargylglycine aggrave le tableau hémodynamique et les conséquences tissulaires du choc. Dans un autre modèle d'ischémie/reperfusion intestinale, les résultats obtenus, montrent que l'administration de la Protéine C activée (PCa) ou de la dexaméthaosne (Dexa) : 1) améliore la PAM et la réactivité vasculaire, 2) permet d'augmenter le pH et de diminuer la lactatémie, 3) diminue la production des cytokines pro-inflammatoires et 4) inhibe les médiateurs de l'apoptose. Ces résultats sont reliés à une down régulation d'iNOS, une restauration de la voie Akt/eNOS et à une resensibilisation des adrénorécepteurs alpha. Ces résultats ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives cliniques dans les traitements de l'I/R / Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a very common phenomenon, observed during intestinal artery surgery, shock treatment, as well as in several other diseases. The disruption of tissue perfusion (ischemia) and recovery (reperfusion) induce hemodynamic and metabolic dysfunction. Gut ischemia/reperfusion is often presented as the main source of lactate and the motor of the inflammatory response, such as cardiogenic, hypovolemic and septic shock. In parallel, gut reperfusion produces numerous mediators such as reactive oxygen metabolites, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and high concentrations of nitric oxide. In a model of ischemia/reperfusion induced by hemorrhagic shock, we found that 1) NaHS an injectable form of H2S, limited the decrease in arterial pressure induced by shock and decreased plasmatic lactate, a witness of tissue suffering, 2) this hemodynamic improvement was associated with a fall in myocardial iNOS mRNA expression, a reduction in the concentration of plasmatic NOx and a reduction of aortic and myocardial concentrations of NO and superoxide anion and 3) the inhibition of H2S with DL-propargylglycine worsened hemodynamics and tissue consequences of shock An experimental model of intestinal I/R has been developed, we demonstrated that the administration of APC or Dexa : 1) Improves MAP and vascular reactivity, 2) increased pH and decreased lactate, 3) decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines production and 4) inhibited apoptosis mediators expression. These results are related to a down regulation of iNOS, to a restoration of the AKT/eNOS pathway, and to alpha-adrenoreceptor resensitization. These results open new perspectives in clinical treatment of I/R

5 Summary: Currently, the outcomes from traumatic exsanguination cardiac arrest (CA) show that over 50% of deaths due to trauma occur at the scene, where medical care is limited. Less than 10% of patients who become pulseless from trauma survive. However, in an appropriate setting, some of those traumatic injuries could be surgically repairable. Emergency preservation and resuscitation (EPR) is a novel approach for resuscitation of exsanguination CA victims. EPR uses deep hypothermic preservation for prolonged CA to buy time for transport, damage control surgery, and delayed resuscitation with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Initially, we used a dog model to maximize clinical relevance. We showed that the efficacy of EPR is related to the depth of hypothermia and duration of CA. Pharmacologic adjuncts tested to augment hypothermia generally failed. Extended hemorrhagic shock did not prevent the success of EPR vs. conventional resuscitation if extended post-resuscitative hypothermia was provided. Oxygenation of the flush allowed extending of survivable duration of deep hypothermic CA. Because of the lack of molecular tools available for use in dogs, we developed a rat EPR model to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying deep hypothermic neuroprotection to allow us to define specific targets for...

L’association lésionnelle d’une contusion pulmonaire et d’un état de choc hémorragique est fréquente et constitue un réel chalenge thérapeutique. La prise en charge de ce choc va nécessiter une réanimation hémodynamique dans laquelle le remplissage vasculaire tient une place centrale. Mais dans ce contexte de poumon contus, il devra être raisonné car délétère sur le plan pulmonaire, notamment en terme d'oedème et d'altération de la compliance. Ce remplissage devra donc être titré, basé sur des objectifs tensionnels clairs et un monitorage hémodynamique fiable. L'utilisation de solutés à haut pouvoir d'expansion volémique (sérum salé hypertonique, colloïdes) présente un intérêt, de même que l'introduction précoce de vasopresseurs. Le monitorage hémodynamique permettra de conduire cette réanimation sur des objectifs de pression artérielle, sur des indices de précharge dépendance et sur la mesure de l'eau pulmonaire extravasculaire. Notre travail, basé sur des études expérimentales et cliniques, a pour objectif de caractériser les modalités actuelles de prise en charge d’une contusion pulmonaire, sur les plans hémodynamiques et respiratoires. / Pulmonary contusion is often associated with hemorrhagic shock, constituting a challenge in trauma care. For patients who have sustained lung contusions, fluid resuscitation should be carefully performed, because injured lungs are particularly vulnerable to massive fluid infusions with an increased risk of pulmonary edema and compliance impairment. Fluid administration should be included in an optimized and goal directed resuscitation, based on blood pressure objectives and hemodynamical monitoring. The use of fluids with high volume-expanding capacities (hypertonic saline, colloids) is probably interesting, as well as early introduction of vasopressors. Hemodynamic monitoring will allow to conduct resuscitation on blood pressure objectives, on preload parameters and on extravascular lung water measurement.Our work, based on experimental and clinical studies, objective to characterize the current modalities of ventilatory and hemodynamical aspect of pulmonary contusion care.

Introduction: Alors que le choc hémorragique représente la première cause de mortalité précoce chez les patients subissant un traumatisme sévère, la défaillance d’organes est responsable d’une mortalité tardive chez cette population. Les alarmines, molécules libérées en situation d’ischémie-reperfusion et capables d’induire une réponse inflammatoire systémique et locale, représentent potentiellement une cible thérapeutique afin de minimiser la défaillance d’organes post-traumatique. L’acide urique est une molécule pro-inflammatoire et pro-apoptotique libérée en situation de choc hémorragique dont les effets au niveau des organes sont peu investigués. Le premier volet de ce mémoire présente une preuve de concept que l’acide urique joue un rôle clé dans l’atteinte hépatique et intestinale dans un modèle animal de choc hémorragique, et sera présenté sous forme de manuscrit soumis. Le deuxième volet de ce mémoire présente des données préliminaires d’une étude clinique prospective visant à évaluer la cinétique de l’acide urique chez une cohorte de patients traumatisés. Volet animal: Un choc hémorragique a été induit chez des rats Wistar en retirant du volume circulant titré à une tension artérielle moyenne (TAM) de 30-35 mmHg pendant 60 minutes. Les rats ont été réanimés avec une solution composée de sang retiré et de lactate ringer (1 :1), avec ou sans Uricase, une enzyme recombinante qui métabolise l’acide urique. Les résultats démontrent une diminution significative de plusieurs marqueurs d’hépatolyse (AST, ALT), inflammatoire (ICAM-1, MPO, TNF-alpha, IL-1, Caspase-1) et apoptotique (Caspase-3, -8, Bax/BCL-2, pAKT/AKT) au sein du groupe uricase. L’intervention sur l’acide urique a également pu prévenir l’augmentation de la perméabilité intestinale suite au choc hémorragique, de même que la translocation de produits bactériens en circulation (LPS). Volet clinique: Vingt patients subissant un choc hémorragique traumatique ont été recrutés de façon prospective à l’Hôpital Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, dans le cadre d’un projet pilote soutenu par le consortium de trauma du FRSQ. Des prélèvements d’acide urique sérique ont été effectués de façon sériée pendant 7 jours. Les critères de faisabilité, notamment les taux de consentement (95%) et d’observance des prélèvements sériés (90% pour le premier prélèvement, 65% pour les prélèvements aux 4 heures, et 73% pour les prélèvements aux 8 heures) ont été jugés acceptables. Les cinétiques d’acide urique étaient reproductibles dans l’ensemble de la cohorte (R2 = 0.87). L’aire sous la courbe était significativement plus élevée chez les patients avec un score de défaillance d’organes plus élevé à 72h (SOFA6). Conclusions: Bien que les mécanismes demeurent à élucider, ces travaux démontrent que l’acide urique est important médiateur dans l’atteinte des organes suivant un choc hémorragique. Cette molécule représente potentiellement une cible thérapeutique dont l’objectif ultime est de minimiser la défaillance d’organes suite au choc hémorragique. / While hemorrhagic shock is the first cause of early mortality among severe trauma patients, organ failure leads to late mortality and morbidity in this population. Alarmins, molecules released after ischemia-reperfusion, are able to activate local and systemic inflammatory pathways and potentially represent a therapeutic target to minimize organ failure. Uric acid is a pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic molecule released after hemorrhagic shock and its role pertaining to organ failure is incompletely studied. The first part of this thesis presents a proof of concept that uric acid plays a key role in liver and intestinal damage in an animal model of hemorrhagic shock; it will be presented in the format of a submitted article. The second part of this thesis presents preliminary data from a prospective observational clinical study evaluating uric acid kinetics in a cohort of trauma patients. Animal study Hemorrhagic shock was induced with blood withdrawal among Wistar rats for a target mean arterial blood pressure of 30-35 mmHg for 60 minutes. Animals were resuscitated with a 1 :1 mix of Ringer Lactate and drawn blood with or without Uricase, a recombinant enzyme that metabolizes uric acid. Results show a statistically significant decrease in hepatocellular damage (plasma AST and ALT), inflammatory markers (ICAM-1, MPO, TNF-alpha, IL-1, Caspase-1) and apoptotic markers (Caspase-3, -8, Bax/BCL-2, pAKT/AKT) among the Uricase group. The intervention on uric acid also prevented increased intestinal permeability and bacterial product (LPS) translocation. Clinical study Twenty patients sustaining major trauma with hemorrhagic shock were prospectively recruited at Montreal Sacré-Cœur Hospital, in the context of a pilot study funded by the FRSQ trauma consortium. Uric acid concentration was determined serially for 7 days after trauma. Feasibility criteria, notably consent rate (95%), sampling observance rate (90% for first sample, 65% for samples every 4 hours, and 73% for samples every 8 hours) were considered acceptable. Uric acid kinetics were reproducible among the entire cohort (R2 = 0.87). The area under the curve was significantly increased among patients with higher sequential organ failure assessment score at 72h (SOFA³6). Conclusions Although mechanisms remain to be elucidated, these studies show that uric acid is an important mediator for the development of organ damage after hemorrhagic shock. This molecule potentially represents a therapeutic target with the ultimate goal of minimizing organ failure after hemorrhagic shock.