本論文在結構上，除去「緒論」與「結論」外，「本論」共分成五章。第一章「三大英雄史詩的產生及其內容」，第二章「三大英雄史詩的情節類型」，第三章「三大英雄史詩生存的社會背景」，第四章「三大英雄史詩的流傳」，第五章「從比較文學看三大英雄史詩」。 　　第一章，是對「三大英雄史詩」作一個整體性的論述。英雄史詩與民族的關係不但非常密切，而且能成為該民族文學的活水源頭與象徵，變成後期文學攫取養分的精神寶庫。本論文以中國少數民族文學裡最具代表性的「三大英雄史詩」《格薩爾》、《江格爾》、《瑪納斯》為對象，它們比諸世界上其他民族的英雄史詩雖然內容相同（歌頌英雄的戰績），但是在類型上卻有很大的不同（已定型或仍在繼續生長）。了解「三大英雄史詩」的形成、發展、茁壯、消退，將會讓我們更清楚「英雄史詩」在民族文學史以至於世界文學史上的重要地位。 　　對英雄史詩的整體了解之後，我們進入英雄史詩的內部結構。「三大英雄史詩」作品內容都有大同小異的情節，經過比較和分析，可以找出相對固定的情節，也就是所謂的「情節板塊」。本論文大膽使用「板塊」這個概念，整理出《格薩爾》板塊13個、《江格爾》板塊10個、《瑪納斯》板塊20個。由於英雄史詩的情節大多是相對固定的「板塊」構成。歌手按一定的情節模式構造的「板塊」，以不同的方式連接拼綴起來，加上藝術的加工和個人的即興發揮，一個個完整的故事便千姿百態地呈現出來。因此只要掌握「情節板塊」，不管史詩故事如何的離奇怪異，都可以輕易指出它的故事結構。本論文第二章利用「板塊」來分析比較「三大英雄史詩」，這應該是「三大英雄史詩」結構分析的研究裡較為突出並呈現整貌的一坎。 　　透過英雄史詩作品的結構掌握到英雄史詩的內部之後，第三章是探討英雄史詩的生存的社會環境。宗教與娛樂的社會功能，是英雄史詩能夠廣泛流傳的重要條件，透過了解這兩項重要的條件，我們才能進一步知道英雄史詩能夠生存的背景環境。 第四章「三大英雄史詩」的流傳，本論文從四個方面下手，即「三大英雄史詩」的演唱環境、說唱藝人的傳承、書面版本的傳播、以及「三大英雄史詩」的跨族流傳現象。整章完全環繞「流傳」這個主題，從各種不同的面向，討論「三大英雄史詩」的傳播過程。因為藝人傳承在過去是比較被忽略的，而「三大英雄史詩」的版本也過於繁瑣散亂，無法理出頭緒，所以本章較費心力是在整理藝人傳承的發展以及書面版本的匯整。 　　本論文對「三大英雄史詩」的了解是先從外在大環境的分析開始，然後深入史詩內部結構剖析，再回到「三大英雄史詩」的生存環境，探討史詩的社會功能而明自「三大英雄史詩」的流傳現象。最後一章則從比較文學的角度來探討，「三大英雄史詩」的地位與影響力。 　　對「中國少數民族文學」而言，精華之所在是「民間文學」，而「民間文學」燦爛耀眼的地方在「史詩」，史詩則以「三大英雄史詩」聞名。反過來說，研究「三大英雄史詩」正是採擷到史詩的粹精。

Nikos Kazantzakis� Captain Michales is a freedom fighter in nineteenth century Crete. Patrick White�s Voss is a German explorer in nineteenth century Australia. Two men struggling for achievement, their disparate social contexts united in the same fundamental search for meaning. This thesis makes comparison of these different struggles through thematic analysis of the texts, examining within the narratives the role of food, perceptions of body and soul, landscapes, gender relations, home-coming and religious experience. Themes from the novels are extracted and intertwined, within a range of theoretical frameworks: history, anthropology, science, literary and social theories, religion and politics; allowing close investigation of each novel�s social, political and historical particularities, as well as their underlying discussion of perennial human issues. These novels are each essentially explorations of the human experience. Read together, they highlight the commonest of human elements, most poignantly the need for communion; facilitating analysis of the individual and all our communities. Comparing the two novels also continues the process of each: examining the self both within and outside of the narratives, producing a new textual self, arising from both primary sources and the contextual breadth of such rewriting.

Eudora Welty’s characterization of George Fairchild (Delta Wedding) queers the heroic masculine ideal, St George, whose legendary exploits have been popularized in narrative literature, Catholic iconography, and children’s fairy tale. Lauded by the Fairchild women for his “difference,” George’s sexuality offers him an identity apart from the suffocating Fairchild family myth. George Fairchild’s queer sexuality and homoeroticism augments our critical understanding of Delta Wedding, the character, as well as other characters. The author’s subtly politicized construction of the novel’s ostensible hero subverts literary tradition, the gender binary, and patriarchal myth.

This thesis explores how a group of 17 male youth athletes, and their families, experience competitive hockey. Many of the youths seem to forge fantasy relationships with hockey celebrities, heroes, and stars -- e.g. Sidney Crosby -- emulating them with regard to the "best" attitudes, equipment, and styles of play to have or use. Their parents invest considerable amounts of money and time into their sons' participation in hockey, not because they necessarily share their sons' dreams of athletic stardom, but because they hope that it will help instill community-defined "positive" values into their sons--tools needed to become "successful" youths and, eventually, adults.

This thesis explores how a group of 17 male youth athletes, and their families, experience competitive hockey. Many of the youths seem to forge fantasy relationships with hockey celebrities, heroes, and stars -- e.g. Sidney Crosby -- emulating them with regard to the "best" attitudes, equipment, and styles of play to have or use. Their parents invest considerable amounts of money and time into their sons' participation in hockey, not because they necessarily share their sons' dreams of athletic stardom, but because they hope that it will help instill community-defined "positive" values into their sons--tools needed to become "successful" youths and, eventually, adults.

This study addressed the question: “Does Western media framing of different actors in ethnic conflict influence the likelihood of intervention being advocated in the media?” In order to answer this question, this study used a content analysis of USA, UK and Australian print media, and explored the media framing of conflicts in Rwanda, Kosovo, and East Timor. The study examined newspaper articles prior to intervention and, using Piers Robinson’s media framing model (2000), measured the quantity of “empathetic” and “distancing” coverage in relation to suggestions for intervention. The results of this study show that simplified representations of these complex conflicts often lead to a dangerous polarisation in Western media. Ethnic conflicts are discussed either within a “barbaric” frame, where readers are presented with well-defined heroes, victims and villains and are encouraged to support intervention; or with a “native” narrative, where the situation is reported as a distant problem between “squabbling tribes”, and the media consumer is encouraged to support non-intervention.

鋼琴，樂器之王；李斯特，鋼琴之王。他以目眩神迷的鋼琴技巧、誇張的表現力、優美的歌唱旋律征服所有人。詩人杜甫曾說過：「讀書破萬卷，下筆如有神。」。筆者認為李斯特則是「彈琴破萬次，音樂如有神。」。在鋼琴之王李斯特七十五年的生涯中，所創作的音樂作品包羅萬象。這些形形色色的鋼琴作品中，大致上可分為原創性作品及改編作品，本篇論文探討的作品屬於原創性作品。李斯特一生中創作兩首敘事曲，第一號敘事曲創作於1848年，完成於1849年； b小調第二號敘事曲，創作於1853年也完成於同一年。鋼琴家阿勞（Claudio Arrau, 1903-1991）曾經在霍洛維茲（Vladimir Horowitz, 1903-1989）所著的《與鋼琴家阿勞的對話》（Conversations with Arrau）中表示李斯特《第二號敘事曲》是遵照「席洛與黎安德」（Hero and Leander）的愛情故事來描寫的。李斯特在《第二號敘事曲》中賦予這個故事新的生命，運用主題變形的手法描繪黎安德以及席落在故事裡的性格以及種種感受。由於筆者受到此神話故事的感動，因此想要以音樂的角度來體會其故事中角色的變化與情境。 / Piano is the king of musical instruments; Liszt, the king of the piano. His brilliant techniques on piano, exaggerated expressions in music and beautiful melody have conquered all the people. A great Chinese poet Du Fu once said, “Read wild, and you will wisely write.” The author sincerely believes that Liszt’s works have the same vein“Practice wild and you will wisely play.” In his 75 years’ career, he has composed all sorts of piano works. In these works, they in general can be classified into two types: originals and transcriptions. The paper investigated the original one. Liszt composed two ballades during his life: Ballade No.1 was composed in 1848 and completed in 1849 while Ballade No.2 in b minor was composed and accomplished in 1853. Pianist Claude Arrau, in the book “Conversation with Arrau” written by Valdimir Horowitz（1903-1989）, once claimed “Liszt’s Ballade No.2 was based on a Greek mythology also known as a love story– Hero and Leander. Touched by the mythology, the author would like to experience the scenarios of those characters in the mythology in the context of music. / 中文摘要…………………………………………………………………………………………………………I Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………II 目錄………………………………………………………………………………………………………………III 表目錄……………………………………………………………………………………………………………VI 圖目錄………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Ⅴ 譜例目錄…………………………………………………………………………………………………………Ⅵ 第一章緒論………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 第一節研究動機與目的…………………………………………………………………………………1 第二節研究範圍與方法…………………………………………………………………………………3 第二章李斯特的時代………………………………………………………………………………………4 第一節浪漫主義興起與時代背景…………………………………………………………………4 第二節李斯特生平與鋼琴作品分期………………………………………………………………7 第三節李斯特的炫技與對鋼琴技巧貢獻……………………………………………………20 第三章李斯特《b小調第二號敘事曲》創作背景探討……………………………35 第一節敘事曲歷史發展簡述…………………………………………………………………………35 第二節創作背景及神話故事…………………………………………………………………………39 第四章李斯特《b小調第二號敘事曲》樂曲分析與演奏詮釋………………43 第一節呈示部……………………………………………………………………………………………………46 第二節發展部……………………………………………………………………………………………………52 第三節再現部……………………………………………………………………………………………………69 第五章結論…………………………………………………………………………………………………………80 參考書目……………………………………………………………………………………………………………89

Nikos Kazantzakis� Captain Michales is a freedom fighter in nineteenth century Crete. Patrick White�s Voss is a German explorer in nineteenth century Australia. Two men struggling for achievement, their disparate social contexts united in the same fundamental search for meaning. This thesis makes comparison of these different struggles through thematic analysis of the texts, examining within the narratives the role of food, perceptions of body and soul, landscapes, gender relations, home-coming and religious experience. Themes from the novels are extracted and intertwined, within a range of theoretical frameworks: history, anthropology, science, literary and social theories, religion and politics; allowing close investigation of each novel�s social, political and historical particularities, as well as their underlying discussion of perennial human issues. These novels are each essentially explorations of the human experience. Read together, they highlight the commonest of human elements, most poignantly the need for communion; facilitating analysis of the individual and all our communities. Comparing the two novels also continues the process of each: examining the self both within and outside of the narratives, producing a new textual self, arising from both primary sources and the contextual breadth of such rewriting.

James Joyce é um dos escritores mais famosos do século 20, sendo sua obra muito comentada por leitores e acadêmicos, especialmente devido ao alto nível de complexidade de Ulisses e Finnegans Wake, os romances da fase madura. O foco da presente dissertação, todavia, são os primeiros livros de Joyce que, apesar de serem mais acessíveis ao público em geral, também contêm toda a elaboração linguística e simbólica que caracteriza o autor. Trato especificamente do volume de contos Dublinenses e do romance Um Retrato do Artista Quando Jovem, utilizando para análise deste o suporte oferecido pelo outro romance anterior, não publicado em vida, Stephen Hero. O objetivo da pesquisa é investigar aspectos presentes na prosa de Joyce que revelem a formulação e a aplicação de sua teoria estética. Como a cidade de Dublin surge como uma metáfora sobre as circunstâncias de ser irlandês, interessa ao leitor adquirir alguma familiaridade com a cultura e a história daquele país e com as relações existentes entre os irlandeses e sua terra natal, especialmente no que tange às questões sobre religiosidade e sobre a dominação inglesa. A dissertação vem estruturada em quatro capítulos. O primeiro apresenta James Joyce tanto como pessoa quanto como escritor em formação, nascendo e crescendo em Dublin na virada dos séculos XIX e XX. São analisadas as influências exercidas pelo contexto católico de sua criação e pela crise social e econômica enfrentadas tanto pelo país quanto pela família do autor. O segundo capítulo lida com Dublinenses, o conjunto de contos que apresenta a visão de Joyce sobre a cidade de Dublin. Esses contos podem ser lidos individualmente, mas a obra assume um significado maior quando considerada de forma unificada em termos de linguagem, simbologia, estratégias narrativas e objetivos, em um plano de evolução que abrange fases da infância, da adolescência, da maturidade e da vida pública. As personagens compartilham características comuns: paralisia, falta de perspectivas e incapacidade de entender ou de reagir aos fatores históricos e sociais que os colocam naquela posição. Entre tais fatores predominam três, a cultura católica, a dominação inglesa e a inabilidade das pessoas para reagir de maneira criativa e produtiva aos problemas que se apresentam. O terceiro capítulo analisa a evolução do fazer artístico de Joyce a partir do binômio Stephen Hero e Um Retrato do Artista Quando Jovem, tendo como elemento comum a ideia do Künstlerroman. No quarto e último capítulo, apresento um comentário sobre as marcas de individuação de Joyce em relação a alguns de seus contemporâneos que também tratam sobre questões envolvendo arte, história e tradição. Ao término do trabalho, espero que a minha percepção sobre o conjunto de fatores que propiciaram o surgimento de um autor como Joyce possa ser de utilidade para pessoas que, como eu, acreditam tanto na importância estética quanto na relevância política e social desses três primeiros livros, os primeiros retratos de Dublin que James Joyce produziu. / James Joyce is one of the most famous writers in the 20th century, whose work is very commented both by readers and scholars, especially because of the high level of complexity of Ulysses and Finnegans Wake, the two mature masterpieces. The focus of the present thesis, however, lies on the first books written by Joyce, because they are more manageable for reading, and yet bear all the linguistic and symbolic sophistication that marks Joyce’s production. The corpus of the research comprises the book of short stories Dubliners and the novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, using as support to the analysis of the latter, the previous novel, never published in life, Stephen Hero. The aim of this thesis is to investigate aspects of Joyce’s prose that expose the stages of construction and application of his aesthetic theory. The city of Dublin comes as a metaphor about the condition of being Irish. As a consequence, some familiarity with Irish history and culture is relevant for a better understanding of the books, and of the complex relations involving the Irish and their land, especially in matters concerning Catholicism and English domination. The thesis is divided in four chapters. The first draws on James Joyce, considered both as a person and as a writer in progress, born and raised in Dublin in the turn of the 19th into the 20th centuries. The chapter centres on the relations involving the influence of the Catholic context of his formation and the economic and social crises experienced by Ireland and by the Joyce family at the time. Chapter two is about Dubliners, the collection of short stories that presents Joyce’s view about the city of Dublin. These stories can be read independently from one another, but they acquire a finer meaning if considered as a unit in terms of language, symbolism, narrative strategies and goals, besides following a plan of evolution from childhood to adolescence, and to maturity, and public life. The characters share common characteristics: paralysis, lack of perspective, incapacity to understand or to react to the historical and social factors that put them in that position. Among those factors we have the Catholic tradition, the English domination and the inability of the people to react to circumstantial problems in a creative and productive way. Chapter three analyses the evolution of Joyce’s craftsmanship through the duo Stephen Hero/A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, using the notion of Künstlerroman as a starting point. In the last chapter I deal with the peculiarities in Joyce’s style, contrasting them to the practice of some other contemporary authors who also state their views about art, history and tradition. As an aftermath to this thesis, I hope that my comments about the body of elements that propitiated the rise of Joyce as the author he is may prove useful to other people like me, who believe in the relevance of his contribution to the aesthetics of literature and to the discussion about political and social issues related to Ireland, in the first portraits of Dublin displayed in Joyce’s three first books.

(in English) The thesis aimed to explore the topos of inn in relation to the topos of journey in fantasy literature. The first step was to define the term fantasy literature with regard to the set of texts selected for the analysis; namely their connection to mythology and fairy tales, genres working with hero's initiation journey. Integral part of the thesis was to consider theoretical works focused on the image of pubs in literature, as well as a short description of the form and function of this topos in other genres. The subject of the analysis were inns from six fictional worlds representing a cross-section of the genre from the half of the 20th century until present time, while the selected examples fall mostly into the sub-genre of epic fantasy. The analysis showed that the inns have four primary functions: hero's intimate space, place of meeting and cognition, place of transformation and place of stories. Each of these functions is connected to a specific part of the initiation journey and represents its beginning, or one of its tests. All these functions are also connected to certain issues related to hero's psychological journey, namely the issue of trust, identity and will. The inns which serve as hero's intimate space have a special position; they reflect his or her state of mind and...