This paper deals with the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) and its use in tissue engineering of vascular wall. During the work interaction of endothelial cells with the modified fibrin-based biomaterial into which vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A121) has been incorporated was monitored. This modification supported the adhesion and growth of endothelial cells. Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF-A121 is signal glycoprotein that activates transmembrane receptors on endothelial cells. VEGF-A121 is a key regulator in vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, proliferation, migration and survival of endothelial cells. In this work, this protein was heterologously expressed at a thioredoxin fusion partner in an expression system of E. coli Origami B (DE3). Recombinant VEGF-A121 was additionally coexpressed with bacterial chaperones GroEL/GroES for potential increase of its solubility and biological activity. In the next part of this work thin fibrin network was prepared by catalytic action of thrombin on the polystyrene-bound monolayer of fibrinogen. This network has been further enriched by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A121), which was covalently incorporated in it by enzyme activity of transglutaminase (factor XIIIa). The last...

Background: Cyclodextrin glucanotransferases (CGTases) catalyze the synthesis of cyclodextrins, cyclic oligosaccharides composed of glucose monomers that find applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. An economic application of these industrially important enzymes requires their efficient production and recovery. In this study, the effect of Sec-type signal peptides on the recombinant expression of a CGTase derived from Bacillus sp. G825-6 was investigated in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using a codon-adapted gene. In addition, a novel purification method for the CGTase using starch adsorption was developed. Results: Expression vectors encoding N-terminal PelB, DacD, and the native Bacillus sp. G825-6 CGTase signal peptides (SP) were constructed for the recombinant CGTase. With the DacD SP derived from E. coli, a 3.9- and 3.1-fold increase in total enzyme activity was obtained compared to using the PelB and the native CGTase SP, respectively. DacD enabled a 7.3-fold increase of activity in the extracellular fraction after induction for 24 h compared to the native CGTase SP. After induction for 48 h, 75% of the total activity was detected in the extracellular fraction. By a batch wise adsorption to starch, the extracellular produced CGTase could be purified to homogeneity with a yield of 46.5% and a specific activity of 1637 U/mg. Conclusions: The signal peptide DacD promoted the high-level heterologous extracellular expression of a recombinant CGTase from Bacillus sp. G825-6 with a pET20b(+) vector in E. coli BL21(DE3). A protocol based on starch adsorption enabled a fast and efficient purification of the recombinant enzyme.

5 Abstract Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) is one of the major isoforms of the cytochrome P450 superfamily. It is primarily an extrahepatic enzyme which is responsible for oxidation of many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other xenobiotics. Besides of the role in detoxification metabolism CYP1A1 is the one most important isoform involved in activation of procarcinogens. The main aim of this project was preparation of two modifications of the rat CYP1A1 gene with codon optimization for expression in E. coli by gene synthesis. One was wild type (wt1A1) and the other was with modified N-terminal anchor (mod1A1) - for both modifications with or without His Tag at the C-end of CYP1A1. Furthermore, an aim was to compare their level of expression in different strains of E. coli and try to purify and assess enzymatic activity of the gene's products. From pre-prepared oligonucleotides 2 "syntons" (parts of gene) were synthetized and separately inserted into pUC19. After verified sequence of the "syntons" they were cleaved from pUC19 and inserted together into pET-22b. These vectors were prepared for transformation of 3 strains of E. coli (BL-21 (DE3) GOLD, RIL a RIPL). For production of proteins many conditions were tested: temperature (18, 22, 24, 27 a 37 řC), time of production (untill 48 hours), concentration...

Le paludisme est une maladie dévastatrice causée par un parasite du genre Plasmodium. Du fait de la propagation de souches résistantes aux actuels antipaludéens, il est nécessaire de comprendre les fonctions physiologiques essentielles du parasite afin de trouver de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Les transporteurs membranaires sont une classe importante de cibles chez l'homme du fait de leur rôle physiologique essentiel pour la cellule. Cependant, chez les parasite du genre Plasmodium, seulement quelques transporteurs ont été biochimiquement caractérisés. Des études récentes de délétion de gènes dans un model murin ont montrées que l’ATPase de type P4, ou flippase, ATP2 de Plasmodium est essentielle pour le parasite. Chez les Eucaryotes, l’activité de translocation des lipides des ATPases de type P4 est nécessaire pour maintenir l’asymétrie des membranes, un élément clé dans de nombreux processus essentiels comme la formation de vésicules ou l’apoptose. Les flippases forment des complexes hétéromériques avec les protéines de la famille Cdc50 qui sont également trouvées dans le génome de Plasmodium. Pour comprendre le rôle fonctionnel de ces transporteurs putatifs durant l’infection par le parasite, nous avons besoin d’étudier leur mécanisme de transport et d’identifier leur (s) substrat (s). Nous avons entrepris l’expression hétérologue chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae d’ATP2, en complexe avec les sous unités Cdc50, de trois espèces différentes de Plasmodium. Nous avons réussi à co-exprimer l’orthologue ATP2 de P. chabaudi (PcATP2) et les sous unités PcCdc50 correspondantes. Par co-immunoprécipitation et une chromatographie d’exclusion stérique détectée par fluorescence, nous sommes parvenus à identifier la sous unité s’associant à PcATP2 : PcCdc50.1. Nous avons ensuite purifié le complexe PcATP2/PcCdc50.1 en utilisant des nanobodies reconnaissant la GFP fusionnée à l’extrémité C-terminale de PcATP2 et nous avons initié la caractérisation fonctionnelle avec des tests de phosphorylation et d’activité ATPasique. / Malaria is a devastating disease caused by a parasite of the genus Plasmodium. Due to the spread of strains resistant to current antimalarial drugs, it is necessary to understand essential physiological functions of the parasite in order to find new drug targets. Membrane transport proteins are an important class of drug targets in humans, as they perform essential physiological roles of the cell. However, for Plasmodium parasites, just a few membrane transporters have been biochemically described. Recent gene-deletion studies in malaria mouse models have shown that the Plasmodium P4-ATPase, or lipid flippase, ATP2 is essential for the parasite. In eukaryotes, the phospholipid translocation activity of P4-ATPases is needed to maintain the asymmetric distribution of membranes, a key element in many essential processes like vesicle budding or apoptosis. Lipid flippases form heteromeric complexes with members of the Cdc50 protein family, also found in the genomes of Plasmodium parasites. To understand the functional role of these still putative transporters during malaria infection we need to study their transport mechanism and identify their substrate(s). We have conducted the heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of ATP2 in complex with the Cdc50 subunits from three different Plasmodium species. We succeeded to co-express the ATP2 ortholog of P. chabaudi (PcATP2) and the related putative PcCdc50 proteins. By co-immunoprecipitation and Fluorescence-detection Size Exclusion Chromatography, we have managed to identify the Cdc50 β-subunit that associates to PcATP2: PcCdc50.1. We then purified the complex PcATP2/PcCdc50.1 using immobilized nanobodies that recognize the GFP fused at the C-terminal end of PcATP2 and we initiated the functional characterization using ATPase and phosphorylation activity assays.

El trabajo realizado en la Tesis Doctoral llega a las siguientes conclusiones:1.- T. halophila muestra una relación en peso raíz/parte aérea mayor que A. thaliana, y esta diferencia se ve incrementada en condiciones de estrés salino, lo que podría suponer una ventaja para afrontarlo.2.- El estrés salino produce en A. thaliana mayores reducciones en la absorción y en las concentraciones internas de K+ que en T. halophila, a la vez que T. halophila presenta menor absorción de Na+ y transporte a la parte aérea que A. thaliana. Ambas circunstancias resultan en una mayor relación K+/Na+ en T. halophila, lo que puede suponer una mayor tolerancia a la salinidad.3.- El gen ThHAK5 codifica para un transportador que media un transporte de K+ de alta afinidad en levaduras similar al observado en las plantas de T. halophila lo que sugiere que este transportador juega un papel fundamental en la absorción de K+ en el rango de la alta afinidad en esta especie vegetal.4.- Aunque AtHAK5 y ThHAK5 presentan una gran homología de secuencia y unas características funcionales similares, la regulación de los genes que los codifican difieren en condiciones salinas. Así, la salinidad reduce en menor medida la inducción de ThHAK5 por ayuno de K+. En consecuencia, la absorción de K+ de alta afinidad está menos afectada por la presencia de NaCl en el medio externo en T. halophila.5.- La mutagénesis al azar permite encontrar aminoácidos importantes para la función de las proteínas y ésta ha permitido identificar dos versiones mutantes del transportador de K+ de alta afinidad AtHAK5 más eficientes, capaces de transportar K+ a concentraciones externas de Na+ muy elevadas (0.1 mM K+ y 800 mM Na+). / The work done in this Thesis provides some interesting conclusions:1.- Thellungiella halophila show a weight ratio root/shoot bigger than Arabidopsis thaliana, and this difference arise under salt stress, what might provide an effective mechanism of salt tolerance to T. halophila.2.- In A. thaliana, salt stress induces a bigger reduction of K+ uptake and tissue concentrations than in T. halophila, and at the same time T. halophila shows a reduced Na+ uptake and Na+ transport to the shoot. Both properties enable a higher ratio K+/Na+ in T. halophila which might be another mechanism of salt tolerance. 3.- The ThHAK5 gene isolated in this Thesis, encode a K+ transporter that mediates high affinity K+ transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae similar to the observed in intact plants of T. halophila, which suggest a key role of this transporter in the high affinity range of concentrations.4.- Although AtHAK5 and ThHA5 shows high sequence homology and similar functional properties, gene regulation is different under salt stress. Thus, salinity reduces to a lesser extent the K+-starvation ThHAK5 induction. As a consequence, high affinity K+ uptake is less affected by NaCl in T. halophila. 5.- Random mutagenesis allows the identification of important aminoacids for protein function, and with this technique two more efficient mutant versions of AtHAK5 have been isolated. The evolved AtHAK5 mutant versions are able to transport K+ at high Na+ external concentrations (0.1 mM K+ and 800 mM Na+) in yeast.

The salicinoids are phenolic glycosides (PGs) characteristic of the Salicaceae family and are known defenses against insect herbivory. Common examples are salicin, salicortin, tremuloidin, and tremulacin, which accumulate to high concentrations in the leaves and bark of willows and poplars. Despite their important role in plant defense, their biosynthetic pathway is not known, although recent work has suggested that benzyl benzoate acts as a possible biosynthetic intermediate. We identified three candidate genes encoding BAHD-type acyltransferases that are predicted to produce benzylated secondary metabolites, named PtACT47, PtACT49, and PtACT54. Expression of PtACT47 and PtACT49 generally correlated with PG content in a variety of tissues and organs of wild type hybrid poplar plants. This correlation was also found in transgenic hybrid poplar where PG content varied with the level of expression of the condensed tannin regulator MYB134 transcript. In these plants, a suppression of PtACT47 and PtACT49 expression was correlated with lower PG content. In contrast, PtACT54 exhibited very low expression in all tissues tested, and this level of expression was not affected in MYB134 plants. In order to better understand their possible biochemical functions, cDNA cloning, heterologous expression, and in vitro functional characterization was performed on these three BAHD acyltransferases. Recombinant PtACT47 exhibited a low substrate selectivity and could utilize acetyl-CoA, benzoyl-CoA, and cinnamoyl-CoA as acyl donors with a variety of alcohols as acyl acceptors. This enzyme showed the greatest Km/Kcat ratio (45.8 nM-1 sec-1) and lowest Km values (45.1 µM) with benzoyl-CoA and salicyl alcohol, and was named benzoyl-CoA:salicyl alcohol O-benzoyltransferase (PtSABT). Recombinant PtACT49 utilized a narrower range of substrates, specifically benzoyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA and a limited number of alcohols. Its highest Km/Kcat (31.8 nM-1 sec-1) and lowest Km (55.3 µM) was observed for benzoyl-CoA and benzyl alcohol, and it was named benzoyl-CoA:benzyl alcohol O-benzoyltransferase (PtBEBT). Both enzymes were also capable of synthesizing plant volatile alcohol esters at trace levels, for example hexenyl benzoate. Recombinant PtACT54 shares low sequence identity with PtSABT (52.3%) and PtBEBT (52.5%) and exhibited only moderate BEBT-like properties. PtSABT and PtBEBT appear to be paralogs based on their high sequence identity (90.6%) and closely related yet distinct biochemical functions. They likely arose from gene duplication and subsequent functional diversification possibly by neofunctionalization. Wounding experiments showed that abiotic damage stimulated the synthesis of specific PGs, notably salicin and salicortin within 24-48hrs. This was accompanied by a proportional increase in the expression of PtSABT and PtBEBT. Furthermore, experiments using transgenic RNAi lines with knock-down suppression of PtBEBT, and PtSABT, and both genes simultaneously, provided the first direct evidence that BAHD acyltransferases are important in PG production. PtSABT suppression, both individually and in the double knock-down suppression, significantly lowered salicortin content, particularly in mature leaves. However, a reduced level of PtBEBT expression did not have a significant effect on the PGs measured. This could indicate that BEBT-like activity may be a shared function among closely related BAHDs. The suppression of multiple BEBT-like genes may be necessary to further delineate their functions. / Graduate / rjchedgy@uvic.ca

Cette étude a porté sur l’analyse de l’énantiosélectivité de la lipase de Burkholderia cepacia (BCL) pour les acides 2-substitués, synthons chiraux d’intérêt pharmaceutique, avec pour objectif d’examiner le rôle de l’accès au site actif enfoui de BCL sur l’énantiosélectivité et de développer une procédure d’ingénierie permettant de créer des mutants d’énantiosélectivité améliorée. Pour traiter le problème, une nouvelle approche de calcul, basée sur des algorithmes de planification de mouvements issus de la robotique a été développée. Elle permet l’exploration conformationnelle des espaces multi-dimensionnels contraints et a été appliquée au calcul des trajectoires de plusieurs racémiques dans le site actif de BCL et à l’identification de résidus pouvant potentiellement gêner le déplacement du substrat le long du site actif. Les résultats obtenus in silico ont révélé une corrélation qualitative avec les valeurs d’énantiosélectivité et ont permis de proposer des cibles de mutagénèse. Sur cette base, l’ingénierie du site actif de BCL a été entreprise pour moduler sélectivement l’accès des énantiomères R et S à la triade catalytique. Un système d’expression hétérologue de BCL chez E. coli compatible avec une expression en microplaque, a été développé. Une librairie de 57 (3x19) mono-mutants sur les positions : Leu17, Val266 et Leu287 a été construite par iPCR puis criblée en utilisant une procédure à moyen débit pour identifier les variants actifs pour l’hydrolyse du pNPB. L’énantiosélectivité de ces mutants a ensuite été évaluée pour l’hydrolyse du racémique (R,S)-2 bromophényl acétate de 2-chloro-éthyle, par utilisation d’une nouvelle procédure de criblage en deep-wells. Ce crible a permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs mutants dont les plus prometteurs ont été caractérisés. Ainsi les mutants Leu17Ser et Leu17Met présentent une augmentation de l’énantiosélectivité d’un facteur 10 accompagnée d’une augmentation de leur activité d’un facteur 4 à 5. Le mutant Val266Gly présente, quant à lui, une inversion de l’énantiosélectivité pour le substrat d’intérêt. L’étude des trajectoires par les techniques de planification combinée à une représentation sous la forme de carte de voxels a été réalisée en parallèle. Pour les mutants sélectionnés, une bonne corrélation a été observée entre les résultats obtenus in silico et expérimentalement. De plus, cela a permis de proposer de nouvelles combinaisons de mutations ayant conduit à l’identification de deux double-mutants Leu17Met/Val266Met et Leu17Ser/Leu287Ile d’énantiosélectivité supérieure à 150 pour le substrat modèle, révélant ainsi l’intérêt de l’approche semi-rationnelle proposée / This work has been focused on the understanding of the Burkholderia cepacia lipase (BCL) enantioselectivity towards 2-substituted acids which are chiral building blocks of pharmaceutical interest. The main objective of this work was the investigation of the potential role of substrate accessibility toward the buried active site of BCL on enantioselectivity and the development of an engineering procedure for the design of enantioselective mutants. To study further this hypothesis, a novel computational approach, based on motion-planning algorithms, originally used in robotics, was developed. It allows the conformational exploration of constrained high-dimensional spaces and was applied to the computation of trajectories for a set of racemates within the catalytic site. This methodology also enables the identification of residues potentially hindering substrates displacement along the active site. Results obtained in silico were correlated qualitatively with experimental values of enantioselectivity. On the basis of these results, engineering of the narrow active site of BCL has been undertaken to modulate selectively the access of R and S enantiomers to the catalytic triade. An heterologous expression system of BCL in E. coli compatible with production at microplate scale was developed. A library of 57 (3x19) variants targeted at positions Leu17, Val266 and Leu287 was built by iPCR and subsequently screened using a medium-throughput procedure to identify active variants against pNPB hydrolysis. Next, the enantioselectivity of these mutants was evaluated towards a given racemate, the (R,S)-2-chloro ethyl 2-bromophenylacetate, using a novel screening procedure developed in deep wells. Such screening enabled the identification of several variants amongst which the most promising were characterized. Mutants Leu17Ser and Leu17Met showed a remarkable 10-fold increase of their enantioselectivity and a 4- and 5-fold improvement of their specific activity. Compared to the wild-type enzyme, mutant Val266Gly displayed a reversed enantioselectivity for the substrate of interest. Investigation of the trajectories using motion-planning techniques combined to a voxel map representation was carried out. For selected variants, a fair correlation was observed between in silico and experimental results. Moreover, this enabled us to suggest novel combinations of mutations that led to the identification of two double-mutants Leu17Met/Val266Met and Leu17Ser/Leu287Ile showing an enantioselectivity value higher than 150 for the racemic substrate, revealing thus the effiency of the semi-rational strategy

Le site d’action des bactériocines de la sous-classe IIa est la membrane cytoplasmique des bactéries à Gram positif. Le mécanisme d’action se décompose en trois étapes : (i) adsorption de la bactériocine sur la membrane ; (ii) structuration du peptide et insertion dans la bicouche lipidique ; (iii) formation de pores. La présence de pores provoque des fuites de composés vitaux aboutissant soit à un arrêt de la croissance soit à la mort de la bactérie. Le degré de pénétration de la mésentérocine 52A dans la membrane a été mesuré grâce à l’anisotropie de fluorescence de deux sondes, le TMA-DPH et le DPH, respectivement localisées à la surface et en profondeur de la bicouche lipidique. Des résultats différents ont été obtenus avec deux espèces bactériennes appartenant au genre Listeria. Dans un cas, le peptide s’insère partiellement dans la membrane et dans l’autre en profondeur. Ces résultats suggèrent que la mésentérocine 52A peut suivre deux mécanismes distincts aboutissant à une bactériostase. Pour mieux comprendre les interactions entre la bactériocine et la cellule cible, le degré de pénétration de la mésentérocine 52A dans la membrane de trois souches de Leuconostoc, la première sensible, la seconde naturellement insensible et la dernière rendue résistante, a été caractérisé. Il semblerait que le phénotype de résistance soit corrélé avec les propriétés physico-chimiques de l’enveloppe cellulaire. Afin de pouvoir généraliser les résultats observés avec la mésentérocine 52A, d’autres bactériocines de la sous-classe IIa, les carnobactériocines Cbn BM1 et Cbn B2, produites par la souche Carnobacterium maltaromaticum CP5, ont été étudiées. Dans un premier temps, ces bactériocines ont été produites et purifiées à partir d’une souche d’Escherichia coli recombinante. L’étape de production en fermenteur a été optimisée, des quantités de l’ordre de 300 mg de peptides ont été produites. Le mode d’action des carnobactériocines, seules ou en combinaison, a été déterminé vis-à-vis de cellules procaryotes ou eucaryotes. Les carnobactériocines Cbn BM1 et Cbn B2 ont un mode d’action synergique contre les bactéries sensibles et ne présentent pas de cytotoxicité vis-à-vis des cellules de la lignée Caco-2 / The action site of sub-class IIa bacteriocins is the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-positive bacteria. The current view of the mechanism of action is divided into three steps: (i) adsorption of bacteriocins on the membrane; (ii) apparition of the structures of peptide and integration into the lipid double layer (iii) formation of pores. The presence of pores leads to efflux of vital cell compounds. They cause growth stop or bacterial death. The degree of penetration of mesenterocin 52A into the membrane was measured by fluorescence anisotropy of two probes, TMA-DPH and the DPH, which target the surface or the depth of the membrane, respectively. Different results were obtained with two bacterial species of the genus Listeria. In the first hand, the peptide is partially inserted into the membrane and in the second hand in depth. These results suggest that mesenterocin 52A can exhibit two different mechanisms leading to the same antibacterial effect. To better understand the interactions between bacteriocins and the target cell, the degree of penetration of mesenterocin 52A into the membrane of three Leuconostoc strains, the first sensitive, the second naturally resistant and last induced resistant, was characterized. It seems that the resistance phenotype is correlated with physical and chemical properties of the cell envelope. To generalize the results observed with mesenterocin 52A, other bacteriocins of sub-class IIa, the carnobacteriocins Cbn BM1 and Cbn B2, produced by Carnobacterium maltaromaticum CP5 strain, were studied. These bacteriocins were produced in E. coli and subsequently purified. The optimization of the production process in a reactor led to purify up to 300 mg of peptides for 1.5 liter of culture. The mode of action of carnobacteriocins, alone or in combination, was determined with prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells as targets. The carnobacteriocins Cbn BM1 and Cbn B2 have a synergistic mode of action against sensitive bacteria and are not cytotoxic against Caco-2 cell line

Les peptides Albumines 1 b sont des membres de la famille structurale des knottines et présentent un potentiel intéressant en tant que composés insecticides. À ce jour, leur diversité parmi les Fabacées a été essentiellement étudiée en utilisant des approches biochimiques et moléculaires. Les ressources bioinformatiques (le séquençage complet du génome, les bases de données transcriptomiques (EST…), les atlas d’expression...) de l’espèce modèle des légumineuses, Medicago truncatula Gaertn. (Mtr), nous a permis de développer une approche génomique de cette biodiversité. Deux objectifs principaux nous ont guidé à : 1) déchiffrer l'histoire évolutive de la famille A1 dans cette espèce et 2) explorer la biodiversité naturelle afin de découvrir de nouvelles molécules bioactives. L'exploration du génome de Mtr a révélé une remarquable expansion, à travers des duplications en tandem, des loci A1 qui retiennent presque toutes la même structure génique canonique (2 exons et 1 intron). L'analyse phylogénétique nous a permis de comprendre l’évolution des gènes A1 intraspécifique et l’analyse de leur expression (EST, puces à ADN) a révélé la distribution de la famille des gènes A1 dans les organes de la plante (tissus) : Cette dernière s’est révélée bien plus diverse que celle connue chez les autres espèces examinées de légumineuses, où la famille était jusque-là principalement graine-spécifique. Selon plusieurs critères, certains peptides ont été sélectionnés puis chimiquement synthétisés et repliés in vitro et testés pour leur activité biologique. Parmi eux, un peptide, nommé AG41, isoforme MtrA1013 et issu de l’EST orpheline TA24778_3880, a révélé un pouvoir insecticide élevé et inattendu. L’analyse à grande échelle en présence d’homologues d’A1 des légumineuses a montré l’ancestralité de la fonction insecticide et l’âge de la famille est estimé à plus de 58 million d’années. Notre étude s’est aussi orientée vers l’analyse de cette famille peptidique chez des légumineuses originaires du Liban. Cette approche par biologie moléculaire nous a permis de caractériser 9 nouveaux gènes chez 6 espèces de Papilionoideae. L’étude plus approfondie de ces gènes au niveau structural et fonctionnel est envisagée. Afin de relier les variations de structure et d'activité, un système d'expression hétérologue (baculovirus/cellules d’insectes Sf9) a été mis au point. Le peptide recombinant de référence PA1b (Pea Albumin 1 sub-unit b), même exprimé en faible quantité, présente une activité biologique et une masse bien conforme ainsi qu’une structure bien repliée. Ce système a permis, de même, de produire la proprotéine PA1, forme intermédiaire entre la préproprotéine et le peptide PA1b mature. Cette proprotéine, identifiée pour la première fois, ne présente aucune toxicité envers les cellules Sf9. / Albumin 1 b peptides are members of the knottin structural family and display an interesting potential as insecticidal compounds. To date their diversity among Fabaceae was essentially investigated using biochemical and molecular approaches. The bioinformatic resources (full-genome sequencing, EST database, gene expression atlas…) of the Legume model, Medicago truncatula Gaertn. (Mtr), prompted us to develop a large-scale approach in two ways: 1) to decipher the evolutionary history of A1 family in this species and 2) to explore the natural biodiversity to uncover new bioactive molecules. Exploring Mtr genome revealed a remarkable expansion, through tandem duplications, of A1 loci that retain nearly all the primary structure (2 exons and 1 intron) . Phylogenetic analysis has allowed us to understand the evolution of intraspecific A1 genes and the analysis of their expression (EST, microarrays), and revealed the distribution of the A1 gene family in plant organs (tissue): the latter proved to be much more diverse than that seen in other examined legumes species, where the family until then was mainly seed-specific. Selected upon several criteria some peptides were chemically synthezised, folded in vitro and assayed for their biological activity. Among them one peptide, named AG41: isoform MtrA1013 (orphan EST : TA24778_3880), revealed a high and unexpected insecticidal power. The large-scale analysis in the presence of legumes A1 homologous showed the ancestry of the isecticidal function and the age of this family is estimated to be more than 58 million years. Our study is also directed towards the analysis of this family of peptide in legumes from Lebanon. This approach based on molecular biology has allowed us to characterize nine new genes in six species of Papilionoideae. The further study of these genes at the structural and functional level is considered. To link changes in structure and activity, a heterologous expression system (baculovirus / insect Sf9 cells) was developed. The reference recombinant peptide PA1b (Pea Albumin 1 sub-unit b), even expressed in small quantities, was biologicaly active and harbouring the expected mass as well as a well-folded structure. This system has enabled also to produce the proprotein PA1, intermediate form between the preproprotein and the mature peptide PA1b. This proprotein, identified for the first time, has no toxicity towards Sf9 cells.

A hepatite viral causada pelo vírus da hepatite C (HCV) é um problema à saúde mundial e afeta cerca de 170 milhões de pessoas. O caso crônico da doença resulta em cirrose hepática e a maioria dos pacientes tratados não desenvolve uma resposta imune satisfatória. A proteína não estrutural 3 (NS3) pode estimular uma resposta celular que auxilia a resposta nos infectados. Nosso trabalho desenvolveu duas pseudopartículas virais que carregam um material genético para a protease da NS3 do HCV. Um dos sistemas, a HCVpp é constituída por proteínas do vírus da leucemia murina e outras do HCV. E o outro sistema, a partícula viral é baseada no Semliki Forest Virus (SFV). As células HEK293T e BHK-21 foram transfectadas para a formação das pseudopartículas HCVpp-NS3p1a e SFV-NS3p1a, respectivamente. Essas partículas foram quantificadas pela presença do material genético da NS3 por qRT-PCR, atingindo uma produção aproximada de 4x105 partículas HCVpp-NS3p1a/mL e 2,5x107 partículas SFV-NS3p1a/mL. Essas partículas foram utilizadas para infecção de células HuH-7.0 e BHK-21. / Viral hepatitis caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global health problem, affecting about 170 million people. The chronic case of the disease results in liver cirrhosis and most patients do not develop a satisfactory immune response. The nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) can stimulate a cellular response that helps answer the infected. Our work has developed two viral pseudoparticles who carry a genetic material for the HCV NS3 protease. One of the systems is constituted by the HCVpp proteins of murine leukemia virus and other HCV. The other system, the viral particle is based on the Semliki Forest Virus (SFV). The HEK293T and BHK-21 cells were transfected for forming the pseudoparticles HCVpp-NS3p1a and SFV-NS3p1a, respectively. These particles were quantified by the presence of genetic material of NS3 by qRT-PCR, reaching a production of about 4x105 HCVpp-NS3p1a particles/mL and 2,5 x107 SFV-NS3p1a particles /mL. These particles were used for infection of Huh-7.0 cells and BHK-21.