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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

Étude de la sélectivité d'acylation enzymatique de peptides : prédiction de la sélectivité de la lipase B de Candida antarctica par modélisation moléculaire et recherche de nouvelles enzymes spécifiques de type aminoacylases / Study of the enzymatic selectivity for peptides acylation : prediction of the selectivity of the Candida antarctica lipase B through molecular modeling approach and research of new specific aminoacylases enzymes

Ferrari, Florent 10 October 2014 (has links)
Les peptides sont des molécules pouvant posséder une activité biologique intéressante (antibiotique, anti-oxydante, antivirale, anti-hypertensive…). Ce sont cependant des molécules difficiles à utiliser car elles possèdent un faible temps de demi-vie in vivo et sont peu bio-disponibles. Le greffage d’un acide gras permet de les protéger et d’accroître leur potentiel d’action. Cette réaction appelée acylation peut être catalysée par des enzymes. A l’heure actuelle, peu de recherches sont faites sur l’acylation de peptides par voie enzymatique et sur la recherche de nouveaux biocatalyseurs adaptés pour cette réaction. Les objectifs de cette thèse ont été, dans un premier temps, de comprendre les mécanismes de la sélectivité d’acylation de peptides de la lipase B de Candida antarctica par une approche de modélisation moléculaire combinant docking et dynamique moléculaire, couplée à une approche expérimentale. Cette étude a permis d’identifier des interactions enzyme-substrats impliquées dans la sélectivité enzymatique et a permis de construire un modèle expliquant la régio- et chimio-sélectivité de l’acylation peptidique catalysée par cette enzyme. Dans un deuxième temps, une étude préliminaire a été menée afin d’identifier de nouvelles enzymes de type acylases présentes dans des surnageants de culture de différentes espèces de Streptomyces. Ces enzymes sont capables de catalyser des réactions d’acylation de peptides en milieux aqueux. Une méthode de semi-purification a été établie et une étude comparative a été menée sur la sélectivité d’acylation de la lipase B de C. antarctica et celle de nouvelles enzymes de type aminoacylases présentes dans un extrait protéique de surnageant de culture de Streptomyces ambofaciens. Ces nouvelles enzymes présentent une spécificité différente de celle de la lipase B de C. antarctica, permettant notamment, une acylation des acides aminés sur leur fonction amine en position α. Une caractérisation partielle des activités amino-acylase du surnageant de culture de S. ambofaciens a été réalisée. Dans une troisième et dernière partie, une comparaison des séquences génétiques a été réalisée entre treptomyces mobaraensis et S. ambofaciens afin d’identifier les gènes codant pour les acylases découvertes chez S. ambofaciens. Des mutants de S. ambofaciens délétés pour ces gènes ont été construits et la fonctionnalité des enzymes codées par ces gènes a été vérifiée ; enfin, une expression hétérologue de l’ε-lysine acylase a été initiée / Peptides exhibit various beneficial effects such as antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, neuroprotective, antiviral or antimicrobial activities. However, their use can be limited by their short half-life and their low biological availability. One solution to overcome these drawbacks is the acylation of peptides with fatty acids. This reaction called acylation can be catalyzed using enzymes. To date, very few studies focus on enzymatic acylation of peptides and on finding new enzymes catalyzing this reaction. The objectives of this work were, in a first time, to understand the selectivity mechanisms of the lipase B of Candida antarctica for peptides acylation combining experimental and molecular modeling approaches. This study highlighted enzyme/substrate interactions involved in the enzymatic selectivity and a modelexplaining the chemo- and regio-selectivity of this enzyme for peptide acylation reactions was built. In a second time, a preliminary study was carried out in order to identify new aminoacylase enzymes produced in the culture supernatant of various species of Streptomyces. These enzymes are able to catalyze acylation of peptides in aqueous media. A partial purification method was set and a comparative study was performed on the selectivity of C. antarctica lipase Band that of the new aminoacylases discovered in the culture supernatant of Streptomyces ambofaciens ATCC 23877. These enzymes presented a selectivity different from C. antarctica lipase B allowing the acylation of the N-terminal amino group of amino acids or peptides. A partial description of the aminoacylase activity of the supernatant crude extract of S. ambofaciens was performed. In a third and final part, a comparison of sequences of aminoacylases from Streptomyces mobaraensis with the genome of S.s ambofaciens ATCC 23877 was performed in order to identify genetic sequences encoding the new discovered aminoacylases from S. ambofaciens ATCC 23877. Each identified gene was deleted to correlate it with the aminoacylase activity observed in the crude extract of S. ambofaciens. Lastly, a heterologous expression of the ε-lysine acylase was initiated
112

Caractérisation moléculaire et enzymatique d’une HCT impliquée dans la biosynthèse de dérivés d’acide caféoyl-quinique chez Ipomoea batatas / Molecular and enzymatic characterization of an HCT involved in the biosynthesis of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives in Ipomoea batatas

Duriot, Léonor 06 December 2016 (has links)
Spécialisée dans la production d’actifs végétaux, l’entreprise PAT développe une activité innovante de recherche qui consiste à produire ou à modifier par voie enzymatique, des molécules présentes naturellement dans les plantes. L’espèce Ipomoea batatas contient de nombreux dérivés d’acide caféoyl-quinique dont majoritairement du 3,5-dicaféoyl-quinique (3,5-DCQ), une molécule antioxydante très recherchée en cosmétique. Cependant, la voie de biosynthèse est assez méconnue pour pouvoir exploiter les gènes d’intérêt par des approches d’ingénierie métabolique en vue d’augmenter la production. Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse ont porté sur l’identification et la caractérisation fonctionnelle d’une hydroxycinnamoyl transférase (HCT) en vue d’augmenter la production de 3,5-DCQ soit en micro-organismes soit dans des plantes recombinantes. Pour réaliser ces travaux, une banque de données RNAseq a été générée permettant ainsi d'accéder à des séquences codantes. Ces séquences ont été analysées par alignement avec des séquences codant pour des hydroxycinnamoyl transférases (HCT, HQT) impliquées dans la synthèse d’un précurseur potentiel, l’acide chlorogénique. Un premier tri a été mené en utilisant des approches d’expression différentielle de gènes. La fonction des gènes a été étudiée par des approches d’expression hétérologue en système bactérien et de transgénèse végétale. La production des métabolites cibles a été analysée dans des plantes transgéniques et dans des cultures cellulaires. Sur ces plantes, nous avons réalisé des tests de résistance à des pathogènes fongiques. Nous avons identifié une HCT qui partage 85% d’identité avec une HCT de café impliquée dans la synthèse de 3,5-DCQ. Cette activité a pu être démontrée in vitro pour l’HCT d’ipomée. De plus, l’expression du gène codant pour l’HCT conduit à une surproduction de 3,5-DCQ dans les cultures cellulaires de tabacs exprimant les HCT. Cette molécule inhibe la croissance de Botrytis cinerea et de Phytophthora parasitica. Compte tenu des teneurs en 3,5-DCQ très faibles par rapport à la plante d’origine, ces résultats suggèrent l’implication d’autres gènes dans cette voie de biosynthèse. L’activité antifongique du 3,5-DCQ pourrait être exploitée pour des applications agrochimiques / Specialized in the production of plant actives, the company PAT develops an innovate research activity that consists of producing or modifying by enzymatic pathway, molecules naturally present in plants. The species Ipomoea batatas contains numerous caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, predominantly 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQ), an antioxydant molecule arousing interest in cosmetics. However, biosynthesis pathway of this molecule is poorly established in order to exploit the genes of interest by metabolic engineering approaches to increase the production. The work realized in the frame of this PhD concerns the identification and functional characterization of a hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) in order to increase the production of 3,5-DCQ either in microorganisms or in recombinant plants. To perform this work, an RNAseq databank was generated allowing to access to coding sequences. These sequences were analysed by alignment of sequences encoding for hydroxycinnamoyl transferases (HCT, HQT) involved in the biosynthesis of a potential precursor, chlorogenic acid. A first screening was performed by utilizing an approach of differential expression of genes. The function of genes was studied by heterologous expression in bacterial systems and by plant transgenesis approaches. The production of target metabolites was analyzed in transgenic plants and cell cultures. On these plants, we conducted tests of resistance to fungal pathogens. We identified an HCT that shares 85% of identity with a HCT isolated from coffee previously characterized in 3,5-DCQ biosynthesis. This activity was shown in vitro for HCT of Ipomee. Moreover, the expression of target gene led to an overproduction of 3,5-DCQ in cell cultures of tobacco expressing HCT. This molecule inhibits growth of Botrytis cinerea and Phytophthora parasitica. Giving that amounts of 3,5-DCQ are very low compared to the plant of origin, these results suggest the involvement of other genes in this biosynthesis pathway. Antifungal activity of 3,5-DCQ could be exploited for agrochimic applications
113

Obtenção e caracterização bioquímica de xilanases nativas e recombinante do fungo Leucoagaricus gongylophorus / Obtention and biochemical characterization of native and recombinant xylanases from Leucoagaricus gongylophorus fungus

Moreira, Ariele Cristina 30 August 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:36:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Retido.pdf: 19733 bytes, checksum: 6aad255badc436a06364517de2344ab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Xylanases are enzymes which randomly cleave the main chain of xylan, the most abundant non-cellulosic polysaccharide of plants cell wall. Xylanases are commonly produced by a wide range of organisms including bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, and certain herbivorous insects and crustaceans also produce xylanases. Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, a mutualistic fungus of leafcutting ant Atta sexdens, secretes enzymes with xylanolytic activity and the gene encoding a xylanase was recently identified. In this work the xylanolytic profile of L. gongylophorus was studied and two enzymes with xylanolytic activity (XyLg1 and XyLg2) were isolated, purified and characterized. XyLg1 has a molecular mass of about 38kDa and pI greater than 4.8. For beechwood xylan substrate XyLg1 showed optimum temperature of 40 °C, optimum pH between 8.5 to 10.5 and Km =14, 7 ± 7.6 mg.ml-1. Due to these features XyLg1 may be used in processes such as bio-bleaching pulp. XyLg1 was also analyzed by mass spectrometry technique being associated with a polygalacturonase of the same fungus. Kinetic studies of the XyLg1 using polygalacturonic acid as substrate were developed (optimum pH= 5.5, optimum temperature between 50 and 60 ° C and Km= 2.2 ± 0.5 mg.ml-1). XyLg2 has molecular weight of about 24kDa and pI less than 4.8, and thus it is an acid protein. Parameter such as optimum temperature (70 °C) and pH (4.0) as well as the kinetic parameters (Km 7.4 ± 2.0 mg.ml-1) using beechwood xylan as substrate were determined for XyLg2. This enzyme exhibits desirable characteristics for improving animal feed, for example. LgXyn2 shows no activity with polygalacturonic acid. For the purpose of producing larger amount of xylanase from the L. gongylophorus the gene sequence encoding a xylanase (LgXyn1, GenBank: EF208066.1) was used to synthesize forward and reverse primers and was possible to amplify a different gene (xyl) that encodes the synthesis of a new xylanase called here LgXyn2. The gene was cloned into pETSUMO vector and the recombinant expressed in E.coli has no activity even when histidine tail (fusion) is removed with Sumo protease. These results suggest that the glycosylation is an important factor for xylanolitic activity. Then the xyl gene was cloned into pPICZalphaA vector and LgXyn2 was expressed in P. pastoris, secreted into the extracellular medium and the enzyme has xylanolitic activity. This result showed that the new gene (xyl) encodes a functional enzyme and that P. pastoris is a efficient system to obtain the active enzyme. / Xilanases são enzimas que, randomicamente, clivam a cadeia principal da xilana, o polissacarídeo não celulósico mais abundante da parede celular de plantas. As xilanases são comumente produzidas por uma grande gama de organismo incluindo bactérias, algas, fungos, protozoários, sendo que alguns insetos herbívoros e crustáceos também produzem xilanases. Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, é um fungo mutualístico da formiga saúva Atta sexdens, que secreta enzimas com atividade xilanolítica e o gene que codifica para uma xilanase foi recentemente identificado. Neste trabalho o perfil xilanolítico do fungo L. gongylophorus foi estudado e duas enzimas nativas com atividade xilanolítica (XyLg1 e XyLg2) foram isoladas, purificadas e caracterizadas. XyLg1 apresenta massa molecular aproximado de 38kDa e pI maior do que 4,8. Para o substrato xilana de faia a enzima apresentou temperatura ótima de 40°C, pH ótimo entre 8,5 a 10,5 e Km14,7 ± 7,6 mg.ml- 1. Devido a essas características a XyLg1 poderá ser utilizada em processos como o biobranqueamento da celulose. XyLg1 também foi analisada por espectrometria de massas sendo relacionada com uma poligalacturonase do mesmo fungo. Estudos cinéticos da XyLg1 utilizando ácido poligalacturônico como substrato foram realizados (pHótimo= 5,5, temperatura ótima entre 50 e 60°C, Km 2,2 ± 0,5 mg.ml-1). A XyLg2 apresenta massa molecular aproximada de 24kDa e pI menor que 4,8, sendo assim uma proteína ácida. Parâmetros ótimos de temperatura (70°C) e pH (4,0), assim como o parâmetro cinético (Km 7,4 ± 2,0 mg.ml-1) utilizando xilana de faia como substrato foram determinados para a XyLg2. Esta enzima apresenta características desejáveis para melhoramento da alimentação animal, por exemplo. A LgXyn2 não apresenta atividade frente ao ácido poligalacturônico. Com o propósito de produzir elevados níveis de xilanases do L. gongylophorus, a sequência que codifica para a xilanase (LgXyn1, GenBank: EF208066.1) foi utilizada para a síntese de oligonucleotídeos foward e reverse e foi possível amplificar um gene diferente (xyl) que codifica a síntese de uma nova xilanase denominada aqui LgXyn2. O gene foi clonado no vetor pETSUMO e a enzima recombinante expressa em E. coli não apresenta atividade mesmo quando a cauda de histidina (fusão) é removida com Sumo protease. Então o gene xyl foi clonado no vetor pPICZα-A e a LgXyn2 foi expressa em P. pastoris, secretada para o meio extracelular e a enzima apresenta atividade xilanolítica. Este resultado mostra que o gene (xyl) codifica para uma enzima funcional e que a P. pastoris é um sistema eficiente para obter esta xilanase.
114

Geração de clones de células HEK293 superprodutores de isoformas recombinantes de VEGF-A (Fator de Crescimento Endotelial Vascular A) humano visando à produção de biofármacos para terapia molecular e engenharia tecidual / Generation of HEK293 cell clones overexpressing recombinant isoforms of human VEGF-A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A) with the aim of producing biopharmaceuticals for molecular therapy and tissue engineering

Gustavo Gross Belchior 25 April 2014 (has links)
Os primeiros vasos sanguíneos do embrião de vertebrados, formados de novo a partir de células originadas da mesoderme, originam os vasos linfáticos em um processo denominado vasculogênese. Já no adulto, novos vasos são formados principalmente através da angiogênese (ou linfoangiogênese) a partir da vasculatura pré-existente. Em indivíduos saudáveis, a arquitetura vascular é relativamente estática, sendo que o excesso ou a insuficiência de vasos são comumente relacionados à angiogênese patológica, vinculada a diversas doenças, como câncer, degeneração macular relacionada à idade, isquemia de membros e muitas outras. Dessa forma, o controle local da densidade de vasos sanguíneos torna-se interessante para o tratamento de condições patológicas visando melhoria de prognóstico e cura. Dentre os diversos fatores de crescimento conhecidos, o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular, VEGF, destaca-se como o principal regulador do processo de angiogênese através de isoformas pró-angiogênicas (VEGFxxx) e antiangiogênicas (VEGFxxxb) do gene VEGF-A. Consequentemente, as proteínas codificadas por esse gene constituem um alvo com alto potencial terapêutico. No presente estudo, propusemos a produção das isoformas proteicas recombinantes rhVEGF165, rhVEGF165b e rhVEGF121, oriundas do gene VEGF-A humano, visando à geração de biofármacos que podem ser utilizados para terapia molecular e engenharia tecidual. As sequências codificadoras das isoformas rhVEGF165 e rhVEGF121 foram amplificadas a partir do cDNA total sintetizado de amostras de RNA total de pulmão humano, enquanto que a da isoforma rhVEGF165b foi gerada através da mutação sítio-dirigida da sequência de rhVEGF165. As sequências foram clonadas no vetor de clonagem pGEM®-T Easy, sendo em seguida subclonadas no vetor pLV-eGFP, um vetor plasmidial de transferência lentiviral, que permite a expressão de transgenes em células de mamíferos e, também, da proteína repórter eGFP. Células humanas HEK293 em cultura aderente foram independentemente cotransfectadas com cada uma das construções geradas (pLV-rhVEGF165, pLV-rhVEGF165b e pLV-rhVEGFl21) juntamente com o vetor pTK-Hyg na proporção de 40:1 (m/m), viabilizando a seleção dos transfectantes com o antibiótico higromicina B, além da detecção de eGFP. Os clones celulares superprodutores das proteínas de interesse foram avaliados quanto à cinética de expressão em meio carente de soro e adaptados para a cultura em suspensão estática na presença de meio na ausência de componentes derivados de animais, demostrando a capacidade de expressão das isoformas rhVEGFs nestas condições de cultivo. Para o nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro trabalho a descrever a expressão de isoformas de VEGF-A em células HEK293 mantidas em suspensão. As isoformas rhVEGF165 e rhVEGF165b foram purificadas por cromatografia de afinidade a heparina, a partir do meio condicionado pelos clones superprodutores gerados. Ensaios in vitro, utilizando o AngioPhaseTM Kit, e in vivo, através do ensaio da membrana corioalantoide em embriões de galinha (CAM Assay), ambos próprios para avaliação da atividade pró- e antiangiogênica de diferentes compostos, demonstraram que a isoforma rhVEGF165 possui atividade biológica, enquanto a isoforma rhVEGF165b não apresentou a atividade esperada (inibição da angiogênese). Estas isoformas foram testadas em modelo murino de engenharia tecidual do intestino curto, com indícios de que poderiam contribuir para o uso terapêutico neste contexto. A purificação da isoforma rhVEGF121, bem como as análises estruturais das proteínas produzidas, estão em processo de otimização. / The first blood vessels of the vertebrate embryo are formed de novo from mesoderm-derived cells and give rise to lymph vessels in a process termed vasculogenesis. In the adult, new blood vessels are formed mainly through angiogenesis (or lymphangiogenesis) from the pre-existing vasculature. In healthy individuals, the vascular architecture is fairly static, and both the excess and the insufficiency of vessels comprise a pathological angiogenic state, to which is credited the onset and/or progression of several diseases such as cancer, age-related macular degeneration, limb ischemia, and many others. Therefore, locally controlling the blood vessel density becomes interesting for the treatment of pathological conditions aiming at prognosis improvement and cure. Among the various known growth factors, the vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF, stands out as the major regulator of the angiogenic process. This process is mediated through the action of pro- (VEGFxxx) and antiangiogenic (VEGFxxxb) isoforms, which are derived from the VEGF-A gene. Consequently, the proteins encoded by this gene are potential therapeutic targets. In this work, we set out to produce the recombinant protein isoforms rhVEGF165, rhVEGF165b, and rhVEGF121, which originate from the human VEGF-A gene, with the aim of generating biopharmaceuticals to be used for molecular therapy and tissue engineering. The rhVEGF165 and rhVEGF121 coding sequences were amplified from total cDNA sythesized from human lung total RNA. Conversely, the rhVEGF165b coding sequence was generated by site-directed mutagenesis of the rhVEGF165 sequence. The sequences were cloned into the pGEM®-T Easy cloning vector. These cDNAs were then subcloned into pLV-eGFP, a plasmid lentiviral transfer vector that allows for expression of transgenes and the eGFP reporter protein in mammalian cells. Human HEK293 cells cultivated under adherent conditions were independently co-transfected with each of the obtained constructs (pLV-rhVEGF165, pLV-rhVEGF165b, and pLV-rhVEGF121) and the pTK-Hyg vector at a proportion of 40:1 (m/m), enabling for the selection of transfectants with hygromycin B, apart from the detection of eGFP. The cell clones overexpressing the proteins of interest were evaluated for expression kinetics in serum-deprived conditioned media and adapted to static suspension culture in medium free of animal-derived components, demonstrating that expression of the protein isoforms was possible in these culture conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that describes the expression of VEGF-A isoforms in HEK293 cells in suspension culture. The rhVEGF165 and rhVEGF165b isoforms were purified by affinity chromatography from media previously conditioned by the overexpressing cell clones. The biological activity of rhVEGF165 was demonstrated in vitro, by the AngioPhaseTM Kit assay, and in vivo with the CAM (chorioallantoic membrane) assay, both of which are suitable for evaluating the pro- and antiangiogenic activity of different compounds. The rhVEGF165b did not show the expected antiangiogenic activity. These isoforms were tested in a model of murine tissue-engineered small intestine, indicating a possible contribution to therapeutic use in this context. The purification of rhVEGF121, as well as the structural analysis of all three proteins, are in the process of being optimized.
115

Clonagem, expressão heteróloga e caracterização parcial da trealase periplasmática de Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri e do seu envolvimento com a fitopatogenicidade

Alexandrino, André Vessoni 03 March 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-22T12:11:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAVA.pdf: 2653238 bytes, checksum: 6ed4edf2962eb1273324c54a2e900fa6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T14:38:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAVA.pdf: 2653238 bytes, checksum: 6ed4edf2962eb1273324c54a2e900fa6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T14:38:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAVA.pdf: 2653238 bytes, checksum: 6ed4edf2962eb1273324c54a2e900fa6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T14:38:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAVA.pdf: 2653238 bytes, checksum: 6ed4edf2962eb1273324c54a2e900fa6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Citrus canker imposes damages to citriculture by causing drop in productivity and fruit quality and the absence of effective control and cure. Thus, the economic potential of citrus is limited in part by this disease mainly caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (XAC) that presents the greatest virulence and broad spectrum of citrus hosts, compared to bacteria Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii types B (XauB) and C (XauC). In a proteomic analysis previously performed by our research group, periplasmic trehalase was identified as a protein which expression differed between XAC e XauC in an in vitro induction of pathogenicity. Trehalase is an enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis reaction of trehalose, a disaccharide composed of two glucose units, which role in the plant-pathogen interaction is poorly understood. One of the objectives of the study was to obtain this enzyme in purified form using an IPTG-inducible heterologous expression system in E. coli, for purposes of partial characterization of its structure and activity. The recombinant XAC periplasmic trehalase is a monomer bearing wide pH stability and showed Michaelian kinetics. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) for trehalose was 0,124 ± 0,015 mM and Vmax 17,319 ± 0,035 μMol glucose.min-1.mg protein-1 . Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated the following composition of secondary structures: 42.7% α-helices and 13% β-sheets. A gene knockout method based on double homologous recombination between the genomic DNA and suicide vector pNPTS138 has made possible to obtain a strain deleted in the gene encoding the periplasmic trehalase (XACΔ0604), which enabled to evaluate the relationship between this gene and the XAC pathogenicity in Citrus aurantifolia. Infiltrated leaves with XACΔ0604 showed drenching and necrosis of plant tissue and intense brownish pustules compared with wild XAC, suggesting greater virulence of the mutant strain. The periplasmic trehalase activity was compared in XAC and XauC cell extracts from two culture mediums, non-pathogenicity-inducing (CN) and pathogenicity-inducing (XAM-M). Interestingly, XauC has showed higher enzyme activity compared to XAC in XAM-M. Thus, the noticeable higher XACΔ0604 pathogenicity and the greater activity of XauC periplasmic trehalase compared to XAC are indicatives that trehalose may promote pathogenicity. / O cancro cítrico impõe prejuízos ao setor citricultor por ocasionar queda na produtividade e qualidade dos frutos e pela ausência de medidas eficazes de controle e cura. Assim, o potencial econômico dos citros é limitado, em parte, por essa doença causada principalmente pela bactéria Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (XAC), que apresenta maior virulência e largo espectro de hospedeiros cítricos, comparativamente às bactérias Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii tipos B (XauB) e C (XauC). Em um trabalho de análise proteômica anteriormente realizado por nosso grupo de pesquisa, a trealase periplasmática foi identificada como uma proteína cuja expressão foi diferencial entre XAC e XauC, em condição de indução da patogenicidade in vitro. A trealase é uma enzima que catalisa a reação de hidrólise da trealose, um dissacarídeo formado por duas unidades de glicose, cujo papel na interação planta-patógeno é ainda pouco compreendido. Um dos objetivos do trabalho foi obter esta enzima purificada, utilizando um sistema de expressão heteróloga induzível por IPTG (isopropil-β-D-tiogalactosídeo) em E. coli, para fins de caracterização parcial da sua estrutura e atividade. A trealase periplasmática de XAC de origem heteróloga apresentou-se como um monômero relativamente estável em relação ao pH, e de cinética Michaeliana,. A constante de Michaelis-Menten (Km) da enzima para a trealose foi de 0,124 ± 0,015 mM e a Vmáx 17,319 ± 0,035 μMol de glicose.min-1.mg de proteína-1. Análise de dicroísmo circular resultou na seguinte composição de estruturas secundárias: 42,7 % de α-hélices e 13 % de folhas-β. Uma metodologia de nocaute gênico baseada na dupla recombinação homóloga entre o DNA genômico e o vetor suicida pNPTS138 viabilizou a obtenção de uma linhagem mutante deletada no gene que codifica a trealase periplasmática (XAC∆0604), o que possibilitou avaliar a relação entre tal gene e a patogenicidade de XAC em Citrus aurantifolia. Folhas infiltradas com a suspensão de XAC∆0604 apresentaram maior encharcamento e necrose do tecido vegetal, além de intensas pústulas acastanhadas quando comparadas com as folhas infiltradas com XAC selvagem, sugerindo maior virulência da linhagem mutante. A atividade da trealase periplasmática foi comparada em extratos celulares brutos provenientes de cultivos de XAC e XauC em dois meios de cultura, não-indutor de patogenicidade (CN) e indutor de patogenicidade (XAM- M). A bactéria XauC apresentou maior atividade enzimática de trealase em relação à XAC em XAM-M. Sendo assim, a acentuada patogenicidade de XAC∆0604 em relação à linhagem selvagem XAC e a maior atividade da trealase periplasmática de XauC em relação à XAC reforçam os recentes trabalhos que indicam a trealose como promotora da patogenicidade em fitopatógenos.
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Produção heteróloga e caracterização de uma beta-glicosidase identificada em sequências metagenômicas de um lago da região amazônica

Balula, Augusto Furio 15 February 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-05-25T18:55:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAFB.pdf: 2608429 bytes, checksum: 95d0acfb93ac8153ab8599ee86111dff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-30T12:35:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAFB.pdf: 2608429 bytes, checksum: 95d0acfb93ac8153ab8599ee86111dff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-30T12:35:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAFB.pdf: 2608429 bytes, checksum: 95d0acfb93ac8153ab8599ee86111dff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T12:40:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAFB.pdf: 2608429 bytes, checksum: 95d0acfb93ac8153ab8599ee86111dff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Metagenomics studies allow the direct analysis of a genetic material in an environmental sample and when linked to bioinformatics it gives a powerful tool to explore the role of new genes and proteins not studied before. Constant decreases in the quantity of fossil fuels and their effects in the global economy and natural environment has accelerated researches in alternative fuels such as the second generation ethanol, which can be produced by vegetation biomass. However, this process demands previous hydrolysis of the lignocellulolytic material by hydrolytic enzymes to provide fermentable sugar. β-glucosidases are enzymes which plays an important role at the final step of cellulose breakdown to glucose, thus being considered the rate limiting enzyme in this process of biomass degradation. Many β-glucosidases are already known, however there is an interest to find new enzymes which are tolerant to glucose inhibition and which exhibits high activity at lower temperatures. In this study we searched for β-glucosidases (GH1) using sequences from a metagenomics database from rivers and lakes in the Amazon region developed in our laboratory. We found 3 complete open reading frames (ORFs) related to β-glucosidases and one of them was selected to be produced in E.coli in a heterologous way and to be biochemically characterized. The coding sequence of the protein named AmBgl1-LP was cloned in the plasmid pET-28a and produced an enzyme which has a molecular mass of 53,7 kDa. The enzymatic assays showed that the enzyme was active with an optimum pH of 5.5, optimum temperature of 35 °C and had a Ki for glucose of 23 mM. The enzyme does not apparently perform transgycosylation, according to the assays for pNPβGlu substrate. Supposedly, AmBgl1-LP suffers inhibition by pNPβGlu on concentrations higher than 10 mM. The enzyme showed to be capable of hydrolyzing cellobiose, pNPβGal and pNPβFuc. Thus, the enzyme is promising for use in cocktails for degradation of biomass. / A metagenômica permite estudar diretamente o material genético presente em uma amostra ambiental e quando aliada à bioinformática possibilita explorar o papel de novos genes e proteínas. A constante diminuição na quantidade de combustíveis fósseis e seus efeitos na economia global e no meio ambiente têm acelerado as pesquisas sobre combustíveis alternativos como, por exemplo, o etanol de segunda geração, o qual pode ser obtido a partir de biomassa vegetal. No entanto, o processo necessita que o material lignocelulolítico seja hidrolisado previamente por enzimas, para o fornecimento de açúcares fermentescíveis. As β-glicosidases são enzimas que participam da etapa final de degradação de celulose em glicose e são, portanto, consideradas passo limitante no processo. Muitas β-glicosidases já foram descritas, entretanto ainda há o interesse em encontrar enzimas que sejam resistentes à inibição por glicose e que exerçam sua atividade em temperaturas mais baixas. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tratou da busca por β-glicosidases da família GH1 utilizando sequências obtidas a partir de um estudo metagenômico de rios e lagos da Amazônia, realizado em nosso laboratório. Foram encontradas 3 fases abertas de leitura (ORFs) correspondentes à esta classe de enzimas e uma delas foi selecionada para ser produzida em E.coli de forma recombinante e ser caracterizada bioquimicamente. A sequência que codifica a proteína denominada AmBgl1-LP foi clonada em vetor pET-28a e expressa em E.coli, rendendo uma enzima com massa molecular de 53,7 kDa. Os ensaios de atividade enzimática revelaram que a enzima é ativa em pH ótimo de 5,5 e temperatura ótima de 35 °C. Além disso, a enzima possui um Ki para glicose de 23 mM. A enzima aparentemente não realiza transglicosilação, frente aos ensaios com o substrato pNPβGli. Aparentemente a enzima sofre inibição por este substrato em concentrações maiores que 10 mM. A AmBgl1-LP mostrou-se capaz de hidrolisar celobiose, além de pNPβGal e pNPβFuc. Desta forma, a enzima mostra-se promissora para utilização em coquetéis para degradação de biomassa.
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Expressão e caracterização bioquímica parcial de uma serinoprotease recombinante da peçonha de Bothrops pauloensis

Costa, Guilherme Nunes Moreira 29 July 2014 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / CHAPTER II: The snake venom is composed by a diversity of biomolecules with many actions on physiological processes. The serine peptidases are a group of proteases present in the constitution of the venom, capable of interfering on several points of hemostasis. Some serine peptidases has thrombin-like activity, what makes them targets on the development of therapeutics agentes on the treatment of many hemostatic disorders. In this study, a recombinant thrombin-like serine peptidase called rBpSP-II was obtained from the cDNA of the venom gland of the snake Bothrops pauloensis and biochemically characterized. The cDNA correspondent to rBpSP-II was cloned on the pPICZαA vector and inserted on the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris KM71H for the heterologous expression. This enzyme showed single band when analised on SDS-PAGE with approximated molecular mass of 44,5 kDa under reducing conditions. The enzyme rBpSP-II showed clotting activity on bovine plasma and proteolytic activity on fibrinogen, cleaving exclusively the Aα chain. The evaluation of rBpSP-II activity on chromogenic substrates showed that the enzyme has thrombin-like activity due to its capacity to hydrolyze the thrombin substrate. / CAPÍTULO II: A peçonha de serpente é composta por uma diversidade de biomoléculas com inúmeras ações sobre os processos fisiológicos. As serinoproteases são um grupo de proteases presentes na constituição da peçonha, capazes de interferir em diversos pontos da hemostasia. Algumas serinoproteases possuem atividade semelhante à trombina, o que as tornam alvos de interesse no desenvolvimento de agentes terapêuticos no tratamento de desordens hemostáticas. Neste estudo, uma serinoprotease thrombin-like recombinante denominada rBpSP-II foi obtida a partir do cDNA da glândula da peçonha da serpente Bothrops pauloensis e caracterizada bioquimicamente. O cDNA correspondente à rBpSP-II foi clonado no vetor pPICZαA e inserido na levedura metilotrófica Pichia pastoris KM71H para a realização da expressão heteróloga. Esta enzima apresentou banda única quando analisada em SDS-PAGE com massa molecular aproximada de 44.5 kDa sob condições redutoras. A rBpSP-II apresentou atividade coagulante sobre plasma bovino e atividade proteolítica sobre o fibrinogênio, clivando preferencialmente a cadeia Aα. A avaliação da atividade da rBpSP-II sobre substratos cromogênicos demonstrou que a enzima possui atividade thrombin-like devido a sua capacidade de hidrolisar o substrato da trombina. / Mestre em Genética e Bioquímica
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Cílená mutageneze ve studiu lidských cytochromů P450 rodiny 1 a jejich interakčních partnerů / Site-directed mutagenesis of human cytochromes P450 family 1 and their interacting partners

Milichovský, Jan January 2016 (has links)
Cytochromes P450 represent a large group of proteins metabolizing variety of substrates. Many of them are responsible for metabolism of xenobiotics including drugs and chemical carcinogens. Heme-protein cytochrome b5 is a single-electron donor cooperating with a NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase and NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase 3 enzyme. Cytochrome b5 can affect the xenobiotic metabolism via modulation of the cytochromes P450 activity. One of the goals of the Ph.D. thesis was to utilize site directed mutagenesis of cytochromes P450 family 1 to elucidate the mechanism of their nitroreductase activity. Another aim was to study the interaction between cytochrome b5 and cytochromes P450 of the 1A subfamily using site directed mutagenesis on presumed protein-protein contact interface. Another goal was to utilize the combination of theoretical and experimental approaches to explain variance in the reduction state of several human cytochromes P450 heterologously expressed in intact bacterial cells. The results found in the thesis show that nitroreductase activity of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 is mediated by the presence of a particular hydroxyl group in their active centre. Single mutation introducing a hydroxyl group to the specific part of CYP1B1 active site to the active site turned on its artificial...
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Expressão do gene otimizado da proteína p26 do vírus da anemia infecciosa equina em Escherichia coli

FONTES, Karin Florencio Lins de Paiva 19 January 2013 (has links)
Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-14T14:08:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Karin Florencio Lins de Paiva Fontes.pdf: 1183202 bytes, checksum: cd071de0a1543bbb031923846a82c239 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-14T14:08:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karin Florencio Lins de Paiva Fontes.pdf: 1183202 bytes, checksum: cd071de0a1543bbb031923846a82c239 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-19 / Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), considered one of the most important viruses in horses in the world, is caused by a lentivirus of the Retroviridae family. It is a chronic infection without treatment, mainly prevalent in regions with hot and humid climate, favorable for transmission by blood-sucking insects. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA), the restriction of transit and slaughter of infected animals are the strategies for the control of EIA in Brazil, which causes losses in equine breeding. The official diagnosis of the disease is carried out by detection of circulating antibodies by Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) and ELISA. The p26 protein from EIAV is highly conserved and used in most diagnostic tests, since it induces a strong humoral response. The aim of this work was the production of a p26 recombinant protein in Escherichia coli for use in serologic tests. The p26 gene sequence was optimized with respect to E. coli codon usage, in order to maximize protein production, and was added with a marker sequence of six histidine residues (6xHis-tag) for later protein detection and purification. The sequence was synthesized and cloned downstream of the gene of a maltose binding protein (MBP2*) on the pMAL-c4X expression vector. The E. coli gene induction was performed by Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside and the resulting protein (MBP2*.p26mod) was detected by SDS-PAGE gel and Western blot with monoclonal anti-HIS. The MBP2*.p26mod was visualized as a 68.5 kDa band, the recombinant fusion protein was cleaved with factor Xa resulting in two bands of 42.5 and 26 KDa, corresponding to MBP2* and p26mod respectively. The MBP2*.p26mod purification was performed with affinity chromatography by nickel resin and yielded 78.12 mg/L of bacterial culture. The MBP2*.p26mod protein was intensely immunoreactive at AGID test where precipitation lines were observed only among the positive sera, including reference OIE serum, and the protein MBP2*.p26mod, showing high analytical sensitivity and specificity of the recombinant protein. / A Anemia Infecciosa Equina (AIE), considerada uma das viroses mais importantes em equinos no mundo, é causada por um lentivírus da família Retroviridae. É uma infecção crônica, sem tratamento, prevalente principalmente em regiões de clima quente e úmido, favorável à transmissão por insetos hematófagos. Segundo o Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), a restrição do trânsito e abate de animais infectados são as estratégias para o controle da AIE no Brasil, o que ocasiona perdas na equinocultura. O diagnóstico oficial da doença é realizado pela detecção de anticorpos circulantes através da imunodifusão em gel de Agar (IDGA) e de ELISA. A proteína p26 do vírus da AIE é altamente conservada e utilizada na maioria dos testes de diagnóstico, uma vez que induz uma forte resposta humoral. O objetivo com este trabalho foi a produção de uma proteína p26 recombinante em Escherichia coli para uso em testes diagnóstico sorológico. A sequência do gene p26 foi otimizada com relação aos códons preferenciais e ao conteúdo GC para uso em E. coli, a fim de maximizar a produção de proteínas, e foi adicionado à sequencia um marcador de seis resíduos de histidina (6xHis-tag) para posterior detecção e purificação protéica. A sequencia foi sintetizada e clonada a jusante do gene de uma proteína ligante de maltose (MBP2*) no vetor de expressão pMAL-c4X. A indução gênica da E. coli transformada foi realizada com isopropil β-D-tiogalactopiranosídeo e a proteína resultante (MBP2*.p26mod) foi detectada por SDS-PAGE em gel e Western blot com anticorpo monoclonal anti-HIS. A MBP2*.p26mod foi visualizada como uma banda de 68,5 kDa, a qual foi clivada com fator Xa resultando em duas bandas de 42,5 e 26 KDa, correspondentes à MBP2* e à p26mod respectivamente. A purificação MBP2*.p26mod foi realizada por cromatografia de afinidade com resina de níquel e foi obtido um rendimento de 78,12 mg/L de cultura bacteriana. A proteína MBP2*.p26mod foi intensamente imunoreativa no teste de IDGA, onde foram observadas linhas de precipitação únicas entre os soros positivos, inclusive o soro de referência OIE, e a proteína MBP2*.p26mod, demonstrando altas especificidade e sensibilidade analíticas da proteína recombinante.
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Clonagem e expressão do gene da tiorredoxina 1 de Paracoccidioides brasiliensis em Pichia pastoris / Cloning and expression of the thioredoxin 1 gene of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in pichia pastoris

CINTRA, Lorena Cardoso 27 August 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:16:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Lorena Cardoso Cintra.pdf: 4143916 bytes, checksum: 422ca8b39c01e66c797228b6083cedf8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-27 / The termodimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, a human systemic mycosis of high prevalence in Latin America. P. brasiliensis is exposed to oxidative stress (OS) caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the defense cells of the human host. When the invasion by pathogens occurs, the host defense system generates ROS to fight the invader. Inside the human host, P. brasiliensis is phagocytosed by macrophages, facing an extremely hostile environment due to nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide. The Trx1 is an intracellular redox protein, which participates in the maintenance of cell redox homeostasis, both in terms of OS as reducer. It is ubiquitous and is characterized by typical CXXC active site, responsible for oxidation, reduction, or isomerization of proteins disulfide bonds. In a previous work, it was isolated, characterized and cloned into expression vector pGEX-4T-3 cDNA coding for TRX1 of P. brasiliensis (accession number AY376435). The recombinant protein (recPbTRX1) was produced and partially purified and the yeast cells of P. brasiliensis showed increased expression of the gene coding for PbTRX1 in response to OS. This study aimed the heterologous expression of cDNA of a thioredoxin of the fungus P. brasiliensis in Pichia pastoris, in order to obtain it in larger amounts for their subsequent biochemical characterization and application in biotechnological processes. The P. brasiliensis thioredoxin 1 (trx1) cDNA was obtained via PCR using the plasmid pGEX-Trx1 as template and cloned into expression vector pHIL-D2 and pPIC9 (for intracellular and extracellular expression). The insertion of the interested gene in the correct orientation was verified by sequencing and the homology was observed with Trx1 P. brasiliensis. These vectors were used to transform the P. pastoris yeast strain SMD1168 with his4- genotype. The presence of the cassette s expression was confirmed in the yeast s genome. No transformants able to secrete the protein from the building with the vector pPIC9 were detected and the intracellular production was carried from the pHIL-D2 vector. / O fungo termodimórfico Paracoccidioides brasiliensis é agente etiológico da paracoccidioidomicose, uma micose sistêmica humana, com alta prevalência na América Latina. P. brasiliensis está sujeito a estresse oxidativo (EO) causado pelas espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs), produzidas pelas células de defesa do hospedeiro humano. O sistema de defesa do hospedeiro quando da invasão por patógenos gera EROs para combater este invasor. P. brasiliensis ao penetrar no hospedeiro humano é fagocitado pelos macrófagos, enfrentando um ambiente extremamente hostil devido ao oxido nítrico e peróxido de hidrogênio. A Trx1 é uma proteína redox, intracelular, que participa da manutenção da homeostase redox da célula, tanto em condições de EO quanto redutor. É ubiquitária e caracterizada pelo sítio ativo típico CXXC, responsável pela oxidação, redução, ou isomerização das pontes dissulfeto de proteínas. Em trabalho realizado anteriormente, foi isolado, caracterizado e clonado em vetor de expressão pGEX4T-3 o cDNA codificante para Trx1 de P. brasiliensis (número de acesso AY376435). A proteína recombinante (recPbTRX1) foi produzida e parcialmente purificada e as células leveduriformes de P. brasiliensis apresentaram expressão aumentada do gene codificante para Pbtrx1 em condições de EO. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a expressão heteróloga de uma tiorredoxina do fungo P. brasiliensis em Pichia pastoris, visando sua obtenção em maior quantidade para sua a posterior caracterização bioquímica e aplicação em processos biotecnológicos. O cDNA do gene da tiorredoxina 1 (trx1) de P. brasiliensis foi obtido via PCR utilizando como molde o plasmídeo pGEX-Trx1 e clonado no vetor de expressão pHIL-D2 e pPIC9 (para expressão intracelular e extracelular). A inserção do gene de interesse na orientação correta foi verificada por seqüenciamento, apresentando homologia com a Trx1 de P. brasiliensis. Estes vetores foram utilizados para transformar a linhagem SMD1168 da levedura P. pastoris com genótipo his4-. A presença do cassete de expressão foi confirmada no genoma da levedura. Não foram detectados transformantes capazes de secretar a proteína a partir da construção com o vetor pPIC9 e a produção intracelular foi realizada a partir do vetor pHIL-D2.

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