Du dopage sportif à l’usage de psychotropes pour accroître les capacités intellectuelles ou mieux contrôler les émotions, du recours aux nouvelles technologies reproductives permettant une maîtrise croissante des naissances, au développement d’une médecine anti-âge qui oeuvre à l’effacement de toute trace du vieillissement, jamais il n’a été autant question d’améliorer l’être humain et ses performances par le biais des avancées technoscientifiques et biomédicales contemporaines. Cette étude interroge cette aspiration à un humain augmenté à la lumière de l’idéal humaniste et politique de la perfectibilité humaine systématisé par les philosophes des Lumières au 18ème siècle, en particulier dans l’oeuvre et la pensée de Jean-Jacques Rousseau. À la différence du modèle politique et humaniste de la perfectibilité, qui valorise l’amélioration de la condition humaine dans et par la société, au coeur de l’imaginaire démocratique moderne, la société de l’amélioration contemporaine paraît, elle, promouvoir un modèle de perfectibilité dépolitisé, axé sur l’adaptabilité technoscientifique de l’être humain et la transformation de la vie en elle-même. À travers une excursion au sein l’histoire de la pensée sociale, l’objectif de cette étude est de comprendre comment un tel renversement et une telle dépolitisation de la perfectibilité ont pu avoir lieu. De Jean-Jacques Rousseau à Karl Marx, de Auguste Comte à Francis Galton, despenseurs postmodernes au mouvement transhumaniste, cette thèse offre une généalogie synthétique de la société de l’amélioration dans laquelle nous entrons, seule à même d’éclairer de manière critique des transformations sociales et technoscientifiques trop souvent présentées sous le masque de l’inéluctabilité / Whether we speak of doping in sport, the use of psychoactive drugs to improve man’s intellectual performance or better check his emotions, new reproductive technologies allowing more efficient birth control, or anti-aging medicine to erase the effects of time, there is no denying that enhancing humans through the use of technoscientific and biomedical means has grown more pervasive in our contemporary societies. This study questions today’s quest for human enhancement under the light of the humanist and political ideal of perfectibility defined by 18th century Enlightenment philosophers, particularly in the work and thought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In contrast to the humanist andpolitical model of perfectibility, which promotes the improvement of the human condition by and through society, at the core of the democratic ideal, today’s enhancement society seems to champion a depoliticized model of perfectibility focused on human technoscientific adaptability and the transformation of life itself.Offering a journey through the history of social thought, the objective of this study is to understand how such a reversal and depoliticization of the concept of perfectibility may have been possible. From Jean-Jacques Rousseau to Karl Marx, Auguste Comte and Francis Galton, from postmodern thinkers to the transhumanist movement, this thesis presents a synthetic genealogy of the enhancement society we are entering, which allows for a critical analysis of socialand technoscientific transformations that have too often been presented behind the mask of ineluctability

L’étude porte sur les conceptions philosophiques, physiologiques et cliniques mises en jeu par la question des troubles psychiques chez Galien de Pergame ; elle se fonde sur le commentaire de textes collectés dans l’ensemble du corpus disponible. Les perturbations de l’âme sont dans l’Antiquité le lieu d’un conflit d’autorité entre médecine et philosophie. La participation de Galien à chacun des deux champs de savoir et le manque apparent d’homogénéité de sa conception de l’âme invitent dès lors à questionner la cohérence de ses propos. Le premier chapitre présente son approche théorique du problème et défend l’idée que les perspectives matérialistes et téléologiques sont chez lui compatibles à la fois entre elles et avec son agnosticisme quant à la nature de l’âme. Le deuxième chapitre montre que ce dernier n’est pas un aveu de faiblesse qui serait contredit dans la pratique et récuse l’idée que le médecin ait vocation à se substituer au philosophe. Les deux derniers chapitres en cherchent les raisons et pointent les facteurs de résistance à la constitution d’une psychopathologie englobante ; il est d’abord montré que le médecin approche les affections cognitives et émotionnelles selon des catégories distinctes et limite son intervention aux premières ; une reconstitution détaillée des théories étiologiques à l’œuvre dans la pratique diagnostique et thérapeutique vise ensuite à expliquer pourquoi leur prise en charge est malgré tout conçue comme difficile. L’étude entend par là contribuer à une lecture décloisonnée de l’œuvre galénique et montrer que la tension entre esprit de système et prudence théorique se résout dans la visée pratique du propos. / The study examines Galen of Pergamon’s philosophical, physiological and clinical ideas at play in his approach to psychic disorders; it is based on a commentary of texts collected from the entire available corpus. Disturbances of the soul are giving rise to a conflict of authority between medicine and philosophy in Antiquity. Galen’s engagement in both fields of knowledge as well as apparent tensions within his views on the soul expose the consistency of his works. The first chapter presents his theoretical approach to the problem and argues that the materialistic and teleological perspectives are indeed compatible both with each other and with his agnosticism about the nature of the soul. The second chapter shows that it is not an admission of weakness which would be at odds with his practice; it thus dismisses the idea that the doctor would aim to replace the philosopher. The last two chapters look into the reasons for it and underline a number of factors inhibiting the creation of an overbearing psychopathology; it is first shown that the physician assigns cognitive and emotional disorders to different categories and will mostly take direct action on the first one; a detailed reconstruction of the etiological theories engaged in his diagnostic and therapeutic practice then shows why it is nonetheless deemed difficult to take care of such disorders. The study thus aims at contributing to an unified reading of the Galenic corpus by showing that the tension between systematic thought and theoretical cautiousness finds solution in his practical goal.

Dos Estados Unidos da América, o movimento denominado \"contracultura\" se propagou, nos anos sessenta do século XX, para diversos países, entre os quais o Brasil. Em meio à repressão imposta pelo regime militar, sobretudo a partir do AI-5, de dezembro de 1968, o ideário libertário da contracultura foi discutido por Luiz Carlos Maciel na coluna Underground de O Pasquim. Este trabalho analisa as motivações do movimento contracultural internacional e sua introdução no Brasil em um período marcado por fortes rivalidades políticas e ideológicas. Questiona, com base no discurso do autor acima citado, se a concepção de liberdade proposta pelo movimento é, como defende a crítica, mera expressão de escapismo hedonista ou efetivamente revolucionária. Investiga as origens históricas desse ideário, o qual é identificado como uma resposta à emergência do capitalismo e do cientificismo. / In the 1960s, a movement named counterculture spread out from the United States of America over many other countries in the world, including Brazil. Along with the repression imposed by the Brazilian military regime - mainly just after AI-5 - the set of libertarian doctrines of the counterculture started being discussed by Luiz Carlos Maciel in his column called \"Underground\" in the weekly newspaper O Pasquim. This study goes through the motivations of the international countercultural movement and its introduction into Brazil in a period distinguished by severe political and ideological rivalries. Furthermore, based on Maciel´s viewpoints, the text raises questions whether the concept of freedom proposed by the movement is either a simple expression of a hedonistic escapism - as defended by the critics - or actually revolutionary. The text also investigates the historical origins of these doctrines which are identified as an answer to the rise of both the capitalism and the scientificism.

Dos Estados Unidos da América, o movimento denominado \"contracultura\" se propagou, nos anos sessenta do século XX, para diversos países, entre os quais o Brasil. Em meio à repressão imposta pelo regime militar, sobretudo a partir do AI-5, de dezembro de 1968, o ideário libertário da contracultura foi discutido por Luiz Carlos Maciel na coluna Underground de O Pasquim. Este trabalho analisa as motivações do movimento contracultural internacional e sua introdução no Brasil em um período marcado por fortes rivalidades políticas e ideológicas. Questiona, com base no discurso do autor acima citado, se a concepção de liberdade proposta pelo movimento é, como defende a crítica, mera expressão de escapismo hedonista ou efetivamente revolucionária. Investiga as origens históricas desse ideário, o qual é identificado como uma resposta à emergência do capitalismo e do cientificismo. / In the 1960s, a movement named counterculture spread out from the United States of America over many other countries in the world, including Brazil. Along with the repression imposed by the Brazilian military regime - mainly just after AI-5 - the set of libertarian doctrines of the counterculture started being discussed by Luiz Carlos Maciel in his column called \"Underground\" in the weekly newspaper O Pasquim. This study goes through the motivations of the international countercultural movement and its introduction into Brazil in a period distinguished by severe political and ideological rivalries. Furthermore, based on Maciel´s viewpoints, the text raises questions whether the concept of freedom proposed by the movement is either a simple expression of a hedonistic escapism - as defended by the critics - or actually revolutionary. The text also investigates the historical origins of these doctrines which are identified as an answer to the rise of both the capitalism and the scientificism.

In the midst of Frances revolution, and the shockwaves it sent all over Europe and further, another revolutionary change took place. It was the threat of literature. This paper studies certain political actor’s solutions to the challenges that faced but also shaped politics and the technologies themselves, such as reading, in England during the 1790’s. For many the spreading of literature was an end in itself. It held the enlightenment promise of a world runned by reason. But it was also a means. The intellectuals typically associated with the revolution in France, and the welcoming of it in England, – say Voltaire and Thomas Paine – were all well versed in the workings of literature. Pitted against the revolutionaries we usually find political actors such as Edmund Burke. This paper argues for more nuanced and historical understanding of the conflict, one that doesn’t give literature any inherent properties, as an a priori radical tool. We need to understand these technologies as something that there could be a different kind of solution to than repression, that Burke and his fellow hostiles to the revolution rather shaped these technologies in a mould that would fit their political cast. In this way there was, besides the ideological disputes, a struggle for the nature of literature. This took shape through a renewed interest in educating the people in institutions such as Sunday schools, and by press efforts like the magazine Anti-Jacobin; or, the weekly examiner, which form the basis of the study. This paper argues that they changed the rules of literature. Therefore it is not the immediate introduction of a technology or media that necessarily is revolutionary – not Gutenberg, nor Arpanet – but when it is spread to the people and when certain protocols for the media is shaped, that is, when they are assigned a function. This paper is a study of the shaping of literatures protocols and with that the anti-Jacobins themselves.

This thesis examines how the parliamentary debate in Sweden saw the consequences of Swedenas a nation were to join the European Union. The nation is defined as a state based on nationalself-determination. The EU is regarded as a supra-state organisation and one of the moreextensive efforts of its kind. I specifically examine two themes in Swedish foreign policy. Theseare the nonalignment policy and migration policy. Through a discourse analysis I show that allpolitical parties perceive consequences for the self-determination and all argue selfdeterminationwill be lost in the event of membership. However, they are divided in what theybelieved this would lead to. Some parties support EU whereas others are sceptical of EU. Partiesthat support an EU-membership argue that it is inevitable to join and Sweden will lose selfdeterminationanyway. A membership opens the possibility to influence and participate, but anabstaining will lead forced acceptance of policies. Many of the supporters are even positive ofbeing a member in EU. Sceptics, on the other hand believe Sweden will lack influence and loseall self-determination. The organisation itself is against Sweden as it is a supra-stateorganisation, which may reduce the role of single member-states. For the nonalignment policy,the government initially use it as an argument against EU, but later support membership if thenonalignment policy can be kept. The other supporters acknowledge the nonalignment policy,but nevertheless assert that EU is compatible with the nonalignment policy. This is because ofthe changes in the geopolitical situation. Sceptics believe the nonalignment policy rejectmembership, mostly due to the still uncertain geopolitical situation and the suspicion EU willdeprive Sweden of its decision-making. Sometimes they suggest the self-determination andnonalignment policy are prerequisites for each other. In the migration policy, all parties supportgenerous migration policy, but

La critique feuerbachienne de la philosophie idéaliste de Hegel a beaucoup influencé ses contemporains et les matérialistes et humanistes du 19eme siècle. Cependant, les études françaises ne rendent pas compte de sa contribution à l'histoire de la philosophie autant qu'elles le devraient. Le but de ce travail est de présenter l'évolution de la pensée de Feuerbach de sa jeunesse hégélienne jusqu'à son matérialisme anthropologique et humaniste. Cette évolution est le résultat de la remise en cause progressive puis du renversement de la philosophie spéculative. Sa critique de la religion diffère profondément de celle des Lumières françaises dans le sens où loin de ne voir dans la religion qu'erreur, tromperie et fanatisme, il reconnaît que le religion exprime un trait anthropologique essentiel: l'essence de l'homme. La pensée de Feuerbach réside essentiellement alors dans une nouvelle interprétation du phénomène religieux en lui donnant une explication anthropologique. L'être humain est un mélange de rationalité et de sensibilité, d'affectivité et de passivité, qui doit être considéré en même temps en tant qu'individu et qu'être social. En opposition à l'interprétation de Marx, j'étudie plus particulièrement dans cette thèse, le rôle de la praxis sociale dans l'anthropologie feuerbachienne. Enfin, méthodologiquement, en plus d'une lecture attentive de l'ensemble du corpus feuerbachien, je re-contextualise sa pensée au sein du mouvement jeune-hégélien, et après la révolution de 1848. / Feuerbach's anthropological critique of Hegel's idealism has strongly influenced German materialists and humanists in the nineteenth-century as well as the following generations of thinkers. Even so particularly French scholars may still not recognize his contribution as central in the history of thought. The aim of my work is to present the development of Feuerbach's thought in particular how Feuerbach's early Hegelianism evolved into professing an empirical realism and materialist humanism, resulting in what was considered by Feuerbach himself as the negation of speculative German idealism. His critique of religion is fundamentally different from that of the French Enlightenment since according to him religion is not only fraudulent and deceptive, but also an essential anthropological feature. Essentially the thought of Feuerbach consists in a new interpretation of religion's phenomena, giving an anthropological explanation. For Feuerbach, the human subject was a complex weave of rationality and sensuality, affectivity and passivity, sociality and individualism. Contrasting with Marx's interpretation of Feuerbach, in this work 1 will study the role of the social praxis in Feuerbach's anthropology. Besides including a thorough reading of Feuerbach's work, my thesis will present a re-contextualisation of it in the Left Hegelian mouvement and after the March Revolution, as an additional rnaterial for my interpretation.

No description available.

L’introduction rappelle l’importance et l’intérêt des proses des Journals, des Oxford Essays and Notes, et des écrits dévotionnels, qui doivent être lus en continuité avec la poésie. Le chapitre I se consacre à la restitution des phénomènes naturels et perceptifs chez Hopkins, à la description et à l’analyse des termes d’inscape et d’instress dans les Journals, à la pratique de la prose descriptive chez Hopkins. Le chapitre II examine l’héraclitéisme de Hopkins dans le poème That Nature is a Heraclitean Fire and of the Comfort of the Resurrection. La résurrection est l’autre nom de la restitution (ou apocatastasis) qui donne la première explication de notre titre. Nous y observons le traitement de la description dynamique de la nature, en liaison avec les Journals, et l’ensemble des essais théoriques des années 1863-68, puis leur résonance sur la vingtaine d’années d’activité du poète. Le chapitre III se consacre à l’examen de l’essai « Parmenides » de 1868 qui permet de comprendre l’origine des termes essentiels d’instress et d’inscape dans la traduction commentée du Poème de Parménide, et l’emploi ultérieur de ces termes dans les définitions de la poésie. Le chapitre IV examine la définition de la poésie selon Hopkins, la constitution dialectique de la poésie, en fonction d’un triple trajet, confrontant les Essais d’Oxford, les poèmes et la tradition philosophique. On y relie de manière croisée l’interprétation de la dialectique de Platon, le réalisme d’Aristote à la question de l’imagination, de la fantaisie et de la voix. Ces éléments permettent l'analyse des liens entre langage poétique, vérité et réalité. Le chapitre V se consacre à l’analyse de la place de l’homme singulier dans cette pensée, aux définitions de la poésie, en confrontant les premiers essais d’esthétique aux usages plus tardifs des théologies hypostatiques et eucharistiques ainsi qu’à l’écriture des poèmes. La lecture de Duns Scot conduit à examiner les notions de pitch et de sake, considérées comme autant d’étapes pour parvenir à une définition poétique de l’homme. Le chapitre VI se consacre au développement de la notion d’imagination rythmique et à l’analyse du rythme bondissant, la clef de voûte de la pensée et de la pratique de Hopkins, par un examen des poèmes, des liens avec les poétiques de Wordsworth et de Coleridge, la métaphysique, la pensée du théâtre, la tradition pindarique. La conclusion tente de montrer qu’avec Hölderlin, et Coleridge, Hopkins est une des figures majeures de la pensée de la poésie, ce qui explique l’influence de ses écrits sur la poésie et la poétique du XXe siècle. / Hopkins’ Oxford Essays and Notes as well as his prose writings are of particular relevance for the understanding of his work at large. Chapter I analyzes Hopkins’ Journals and the restitution of natural phenomena and sensations, as well as the use of inscape and instress in descriptive contexts. Chapter II analyzes Hopkins’ Heracliteanism in the poem That Nature is a Heraclitean Fire and of the Comfort of the Resurrection. Resurrection is a synonym for restitution (or apocatastasis in Greek, explaining our choice of the title). We concentrate on the dynamic description of nature in the Journals and the resonance of the Oxford Essays over the twenty years of Hopkins’ activity as a writer and poet. The third chapter is devoted to the 1868 essay « Parmenides », in which we trace the origins of the key-terms of inscape and instress as translations from the Greek of Parmenides’ Poem. Chaper IV examines the import of these notions in Hopkins’ definitions of poetry, the constitutive dialectics of poetry by analyzing the following topics in the Oxford Essays : poetry, its relation to philosophy, to Plato’s dialectics, to Aristotle’s realism and ethics, the definition of voice, imagination and fancy, as well as the analysis of the links between poetical language, truth and reality. Chapter V concentrates on the analysis of man’s singularity by confronting Hopkins’ early aesthetical theories and his more mature uses of hypostatical and eucharistic theologies, in the light of Duns Scotus’s influence. The relation of poetry, theology and anthropology leads us to examine the key notions of pitch and sake in Hopkins’ poetic definition of man. Chapter VI is devoted to the analysis of Hopkins’ rhythmical imagination and sprung rhythm, the keystone of his thought and practice, in relation to his interpretation of Wordsworthian and Coleridgean aesthetics, metaphysics, dramatic theory, poetics and the Pindaric tradition. To conclude, we focus on the importance of Hopkins, as one of the greatest representatives of poetic thought in the XIXth Century along with Coleridge and Hölderlin, hence his influence in XXth century poetry and poetics.

Orientador: Marcos Sorrilha Pinheiro / Resumo: Desde o início do mandato do ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva várias propostas de interpretação de suas políticas vieram à luz, entretanto, no que corresponde às políticas macroeconômicas, dois pontos de vista são fundamentais, para compreender o Partido dos Trabalhadores sob uma perspectiva histórica. À priori surgiram análises que davam um foco maior acerca das políticas que, para alguns autores, eram neoliberais, todavia, com o apogeu destas críticas surgiram respostas que orbitavam sob o prisma de uma negação deste “neoliberalismo” nas políticas petista, reação que gerou a designação do partido como sendo neodesenvolvimentista. Fato é que a caracterização do PT tal qual desprendida de preceitos neoliberais, como uma das hipóteses desse trabalho, surgiu como uma tentativa de desvincular a legenda de qualquer coisa que ia contra suas bandeiras históricas. Logo compreender o papel exercido pelos atores que cunharam no PT a ideia de um partido que se afasta dos ideais do “neoliberalismo”é depreender como frentes intelectuais operaram a construção de uma visão sobre a legenda, legitimando-a diante de questões históricas que a precederam. / Abstract: Since the beginning of former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva’s mandate, several interpretation proposals of his politics emerged, however, on what concerns the macroeconomics politics, two points of view are fundamental for understanding the “Partido dos Trabalhadores” under a historic perspective. First came to issue several analysis focusing politics which some authors considered “neoliberal”s, although with it’s rise came replications that orbited the abnegation of the “neoliberal”ism on the party’s politics, generating a designation of the party as neo-developmentalist. As a matter of fact, the characterization of PT as one disconnected from “neoliberal”s precepts, such as one of the hypothesis presented in this paper, emerged from an attempt of unlink the party from its historic ensign. Therefore, comprehend how the PT’s founding actors constructed an idea of a party far from the “neoliberal”s ideals is mandatory for understanding how a mass of intellectuals built the way the party was percepted, besides it's history. / Mestre