The thesis is devoted to amateur ornithologists and their role in citizen science. In it's theoretical part it focuses mainly on citizen science, its features, history and present of ornithology and characterization of amateur ornithologist. The empirical part uses methods of qualitative research, which is based on semi-structured interviews with professional and amateur ornithologists who participate or deal with projects of citizen science. The research problem is formulated as follows: Amateur ornithologists, their role and involvement in civil science and cooperation with professional ornithologists from the perspective of both amateur and professional ornithologists. It uses a thematic analysis to process the interviews on which several topics are based, for example: amateur ornithologist and its concept, relationships between amateur and professional ornithologists and their cooperation, relationship of amateur ornithologists to nature, their self-education, citizen science from the perspective of amateur and professional ornithologists, data and their quality. Research suggests that the difference between amateurs and professionals lies mainly in their relationship to science, which affects other aspects of their relationship to each other and to citizen science.

Digital media producers operate in a constantly evolving digital world, that repeatedly presses for exploitation, but also creates opportunities for exploration. These two logics are fundamentally different, however could play a big role in promoting long-term sustainable growth if balanced correctly. This study aims to generate new knowledge regarding how self-employed digital media producers attempt to balance profession and hobby, while at the same time designing for a digital context. This equilibrium can give self-employed media producers an advantage in the new digital game plan - if they become aware of how they can tackle the accompanying challenges. To support the balance between exploitation and exploration, we have thus concretized and summarized strategies, tools and structures on how digital media producers can attain this balance.

With recent and contentious Supreme Court cases dealing with corporate constitutional rights, such as Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010), as well as with the appointment of a new justice, the time is particularly ripe for evaluations of the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence in this area, including predictions about the future of this line of cases. The purpose of this thesis is to establish a better understanding of the historical jurisprudential approach utilized by the Supreme Court to decide corporate constitutional rights by establishing the well-known doctrine of selective incorporation as an appropriate analogy. No other works attempt to frame the case history of corporate constitutional rights within a consistent doctrine, yet many works seek to evaluate and predict Court decisions in this area. This work will therefore create a new frame of reference for corporate constitutional rights, providing a new basis for interpretation and predictions. This thesis begins by conducting a thorough overview of both lines of cases, focusing on the establishment of each doctrine over time as well as the reasoning behind the Court’s use of this particular approach. Once a clear picture of both approaches has been ascertained, this thesis moves on to an overall comparison and evaluation of both approaches. In finding the process, intent, and overall effect of both jurisprudential approaches to be the same, the use of selective incorporation as an analogy for the Supreme Court’s approach to corporate constitutional rights gives way to predictions about the future of corporate constitutional rights. Considering the relevant views expressed by the new justice, Neil Gorsuch, and the previous decisions of the Roberts Court, this analogy provides solid evidence for predicting continued expansion of corporate constitutional rights, including such areas as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and perhaps even rights of the accused. The comparative approach used in this thesis, as well as the analogy it establishes, can also be revisited as new Court decisions are made and as the makeup of the Court changes overtime.

Gränsdragningen mellan närings- och hobbyverksamhet är särskilt svår i hästverk-samheter där det nästan alltid finns ett inslag av personligt nöje i utövandet. En verk-samhet ska bedrivas yrkesmässigt, självständigt och med ett vinstsyfte för att uppfyl-la näringskriterierna i 13 kap. 1 § IL. Är kraven på näringsverksamhet inte uppfyllda så kan verksamheten istället beskattas som hobby. Det räcker oftast inte att hästverk-samheten bedrivs med ett vinstsyfte utan den måste i princip generera ett överskott för att inte beskattas som hobbyverksamhet. Kraven som ställs på en hästverksamhet för att den ska uppfylla näringskriterierna är således att den bedrivs yrkesmässigt, självständigt och att den går med vinst.I en näringsverksamhet måste det avgöras vilka hästar som ska ingå och hur de som tillgångar ska klassificeras. Alla hästar som innehas med ett vinstsyfte ska ingå i när-ingsverksamheten. Vinstsyftet uppnås genom att hästen är till för att omsättas eller används för reproduktion. När hästen uppfyller vinstsyftet ska den klassificeras som antingen djur i jordbruk, omsättningstillgång eller inventarium. Det är syftet med in-nehavet som styr klassificeringen.Innehav av en näringsfastighet utgör automatiskt näringsverksamhet utan att prövas mot näringskriterierna. Frågan är om hästinkomster kan ha en sådan naturlig anknyt-ning till en näringsfastighet att den automatiskt utgör näringsverksamhet. Som rätts-läget ser ut idag så kommer inte inkomster från en hästverksamhet automatiskt be-skattas som näringsverksamhet enbart på grund av ett näringsfastighetsinnehav. Hästverksamheten måste självständigt uppfylla kraven på näringsverksamhet för att beskattas som sådan. / The distinction between professional business and hobby activities is particularly dif-ficult when there is a personal interest involved in the activity. Such problem emerges in businesses involving horses. According to chapter 13, § 1 of the Swedish taxation law the activity must fulfill certain conditions to be seen as a professional business. The activity has to be professional, durable and pursued in such way that it aims to be profitable or else it can be seen as a hobby. A horse related business must often generate a profit to be seen as a professional business. Once established that the horse related activity is a professional business it must be determined which horses should be included. All horses with an aim to be profitable should be included in the business. If the horse is intended to be sold or used as a breeder it fulfills the requirement to be included in the business. When included in the business the horse have to be classified as an asset. The horse can be classified as either animals in agriculture, current asset or inventory.Profits generated from activities which originate from a farm property can be seen as a professional business without having to fulfill the requirements in chapter 13, § 1 of the Swedish taxation law. The question is whether horse activities carried out on a farm property can be seen as a business solely because it is situated on a farm proper-ty. Profits originating from horse related activities on the property must according to the Swedish Supreme Administrative Court fulfill the business criterions to be taxed as a business. It will not automatically be seen as a business just because it is carried out on a farm property.

I approached my thesis like a comparison between theory and practice. In theoretic part I deal with upbringing, leisure time and parents influent on children. I tried to find what is the most important thing on upbringing and how important role in children life have their parents. I wanted to penetrate to sphere about which have been writing many things and the people have been talking about this sphere more and more. Is it true, that children and youth do not have examples in their parents? Is it true, that children and youth cannot take advantage their leisure time meaningful? I tried think about this questions and clear this questions up in my practical part, where I made opinion poll. I presented my results in my practical part thanks to graphs.

The thesis aim is to open an imaginary window into the world of specific activities of radio amateur enthusiasts in the period 1945-1995 from the position of perception of this hobby by its actors-radio amateurs, and by this optics to approach some aspects of metamorphic developmental transformation on the background of historical development. Observing the effects of a concurrent varied spectrum of different influences on the development of this community through the interpretation of narratively accented themes will reveal in the historical reflection the process of change in the radio amateur community. The primary concern, therefore, is to look into the transformation of the community through interpretations of narratively accented dynamic themes and, in some cases, indirectly, in some details, point out the implications of the political activity of the then hegemonic forces as its then-defining platform. Within this framework, the outline will outline not only the political-historical context in the sense of the specific interest and professional share of the radio amateur phenomenon on historical events, but also other layers of influence spectrum. By looking at their interaction with political influences, they will try to reveal the backdrop of the hobby and the many layers of this hobby through the...

This study looks at the online community of crochet content creators on Instagram and the tension between creativity and the demands of online digital labour. Using a multimethod ethnographic approach of semi-structured in-depth interviews and online ethnography, the research aims to analyse the experiences of these creators and see how they navigate maintaining their online presence and satisfying their creative passions. Using the theoretical framework of digital labour and authenticity, the research explores the ways in which Instagram shapes trends and practices within the online handicraft community, by either influencing creative processes and fostering a sense of belonging among users or imposing trends and limiting creative expressions. The blurring of borders between leisure and labour and the real and virtual also come into play in the analysis. The analysis looks at the strategies employed by craft content creators to maintain a balance between work and personal life and other perspectives such as identity, authenticity, the online community, love for the creative craft, and job satisfaction. The results find that personal boundaries are drawn by the creators after experience has made them understand these to be necessary. It is also found that the digital labour they perform is ultimately perceived to be less exploitative and laborious than more traditional forms of work, making it still cemented as a dream job regardless of financial insecurities that may accompany it. This study has implications for the future as ideas of exploitation of online work may be underestimating the positive aspects for creative communities and artists.

Institutions for leisure time activities focused on children and youth are divided into two basic groups in this thesis. First group is represented by educational institutions whose activity is arranged by Act No. 561/2004 Coll., on pre-school, basic, secondary, tertiary and other kind of education (School Act). These institutions concern basic art education, language education and free-time activities. Non-state and non-profit organizations concerning upbringing and education of children and youth in their leisure time belong to the other group. Mostly, they are civil associations whose activity is arranged by Act No 83/1990 Coll. on gathering of citizens. For example, association Junák {--} union of scouts of the Czech republic, civil association YMCA (Young Men´s Christian Assiciation) or civil association Duha (Rainbow) belong there. The aim of this thesis is to describe the problems of institutions of free time activities in short and then bring information on particular organizations functioning in regions Český Krumlov and Prachatice. For this purpose the database of subjects functioning in these regions was created. From them, twenty organizations were chosen, investigated and described more detailed. Because of the aim, the method of qualitative research was used, to be specific, the technique of interview and technique of documents analysis were chosen. Recognized information is divided into six spheres, e.g. legal norm, financing, membership, focused activity, presentation for the public, staff and material funding. According to acquired information from these thematic spheres, separate institutions are compared and their common characteristics or the specifics of single respondents are checked. This work is established for everybody who wants to acquire basic information on free time institutions and know more about some of these organizations.

Dark matter is now accepted as an integral part of our universe, and galaxy dynamics have long provided the most convincing observational evidence for dark matter. Spiral galaxies have traditionally been used for these studies because of their more simple kinematics, however elliptical galaxies need to be understood as well. In this dissertation I present deep long-slit spectroscopy from the University of Texas’ Hobby-Eberly Telescope for a sample of elliptical galaxies. For a subsample of galaxies I fit axisymmetric orbit-superposition models with a range of dark halo density profiles. I find that all three galaxies modeled require a significant dark halo to explain their motions. However, the shape of the dark halo is not the expected NFW profile, but rather a profile with a flat central slope. I also discuss the galaxy masses, anisotropies, and stellar mass-to-light ratios. / text

This thesis deals with the research of practical knowledge and skills of students of primary and secondary schools. It targets exploring of cognition of local common species of vertebrates (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals). This thesis is focused on education in the nature. The results are presented in graphs and chart tables. Key words: Knowledge of local vertebrates, questionnaire survey, primary school, secondary school, high school, hobby group, genus name, species name.