In all types of learning situations, it is important to find each student where they are at the moment in knowledge. I have reflections about  what animal experience students have with them when they begin their education. This thesis is about what home environment and in home environment acquried animal experience student at agricultural college have. This work is based on data collected through questionnaire survey done in two agricultural colleges in middle Sweden in the spring of 2007. Questions were divided into four blocks, historical data such as on the environment in which pupils are growing up, animal habit, why they read on agricultural school and future data on what plans students have for future education and careers. Notably current finding is that 44 % of students indicated that they had grown up in rural areas compared to 16 % of the Swedish population. Previous research has shown that 47 % of pupils at agricultural school have grown up on farms, which together with this investigation can be understood as if the school population at agricultural school does not represent the population as a whole in Sweden concerning access to the rural environment and animal habit. With the results above, it may be seen as remarkable that 51 % of the student have filled in that they are not grown up with some kind of animal activities in the home environment and 28 % of the students filled in that they helped little or not at all with animal husbandry at home while growing up. My hope is that this thesis will be followed by additional studies that examine what knowledge students have with them when they begin their education to further develop teaching at agricultural college. / Vid alla typer av inlärningssituationer är det viktigt att finna varje elev där de för tillfället befinner sig kunskapsmässigt. Jag har ställt mig undrande till vilken djurvana eleverna har med sig när de börjar sin utbildning. Detta examensarbete handlar om vilken uppväxtmiljö och i uppväxtmiljön förvärvad djurvana har elever som studerar vid naturbruksgymnasium, inriktning djur? Examensarbetet bygger på data insamlat genom enkätundersökning gjord på två naturbruksgymnasier i mellersta Sverige under våren 2007. Enkätfrågorna har delats upp i fyra block gällande bakgrundsdata såsom i vilken miljö eleven är uppväxt, djurvana, varför de läser på naturbruksgymnasium samt framtidsdata gällande vad eleverna planerar för framtida utbildning och yrken. Noterbart gällande resultaten är att 44 % av eleverna uppger att de vuxit upp på landsbygden mot 16 % av den svenska befolkningen vilket kan läsas ut såsom att elever som är uppvuxna på landsbygden i större utsträckning söker sig till naturbruksgymnasium. Tidigare forskning har påvisat att 47 % av elever vid naturbruksgymnasium vuxit upp på lantbruk vilket tillsammans med denna undersökning kan tydas ut som om elevunderlaget vid naturbruksgymnasium inte representerar befolkningen i sin helhet gällande koppling till landsbygdsmiljö och djurvana. Mot detta står dock att 51 % av eleverna svarade att de inte vuxit upp med någon form av djurverksamhet i uppväxtmiljön och 28 % av de tillfrågade eleverna har i ingen eller liten utsträckning hjälp till med djurskötsel i hemmet under uppväxten. Min förhoppning är att detta examensarbete ska följas av fler undersökningar som granskar vad elever ha med sig kunskapsmässigt när de påbörjar sin utbildning allt för att vidareutveckla undervisningen vid naturbruksgymnasium.

Bakgrund: Antalet patienter med cancerdiagnos i världen, förväntas öka med 70 % under de kommande 20 åren. Minst en av tre som lever i Sverige idag, kommer någon gång under sitt liv att få en cancerdiagnos. Många patienter med cancer vill leva sin sista tid och slutligen dö i sitt hem. Hemmiljön representerar trygghet och möjlighet att råda över sin tillvaro. En god eller dålig livskvalitet speglar i stora drag människors tillfredsställelse med livet. Syftet var att beskriva upplevelser i hemmiljön som har betydelse för livskvalitet hos patienter med cancersjukdom i livets slutskede. Metod: Litteraturstudie av åtta vetenskapliga artiklar gjorda i Sverige. Resultat: Patienternas upplevelser presenteras som en huvudkategori med fyra subkategorier. Att det fanns en framtid, att allt var som vanligt, omgivningens stöd samt egenkontroll, var upplevelser i hemmiljön som hade betydelse för livskvaliteten och kan leda till inre frid. Slutsats: Varje patient är unik och har olika behov som tar sig olika uttryck, och som omgivningen måste ta hänsyn till. Med personcentrerad vård och fokus på de resurser som finns kvar hos individen, ökar vårdens kvalitet och säkerhet. / Background: The number of patients diagnosed with cancer in the world, is expected to increase by 70 % over the next 20 years. At least one of 3 persons living in Sweden today will sometime, during his life receive a cancer diagnosis. Many patients want to spend their final days in their home. The home environment represents security as well as the opportunity to decide in daily matters. A good or bad quality of life, reflect people's satisfaction with life. The aim was to single out those vital elements in the home environment that contribute most to the quality of life in patients with end - stage cancer. Method: A literature study, based on eight scientific studies, originating in Sweden. Results: Patients experiences present as a main theme with four subcategories. A sense of normality and of having a future, having support from their environment and being able to decide for oneself in daily matters, were important factors deciding the quality of life and peace of mind. Conclusions: Each patient has unique needs that must be considered by the environment. A person- centered care focusing on the patient´s remaining abilities increases the quality and safety of treatment.

The purpose of this research was to explore and describe the relationship among the child, family, home environment, and pretend play of children with motor disabilities. The environment is a powerful force in early child development. This research is based on Bronfennbrenner’s ecological theory of development and the ubiquitous role of play in all domains of development. Children with motor disabilities may lack exploration of the environment and as a consequence demonstrate deficits in play. Play was measured in 32 children with motor disabilities aged 24.8 to 61.3 months with a mean age of 33.7 (SD 9.3) months. Children demonstrated mild to moderate motor disabilities based on the Gross Motor Function Classification System. The prevalent motor disabilities were cerebral palsy, genetic disorders, delayed development, and myelomeningocele. The questions addressed were what combination of child and family variables will predict play ability in a child with motor disability and do the learning materials in the home or levels of maternal or paternal education affect play ability in children with motor disabilities. Two studies were conducted to establish reliability with the Test of Pretend Play (ToPP) and to determine if children with delayed development would exhibit a delay. One study was done to establish reliability for the Fluharty-2. The results of the main study demonstrated a significant positive correlation between ToPP scores and the learning material subscale (LMS) scores of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment Inventory and maternal education. The LMS scores were significantly correlated with family income, maternal and paternal education. The ToPP scores were not significantly correlated to income or paternal education. Age of the child was significantly positively correlated with ToPP scores and the LMS scores. Fifty-three percent of the children exhibited delays in play. The child’s age and the maternal level of education accounted for 60% of the variance in ToPP scores. Children with cerebral palsy and myelomeningocele appear to be at greater risk for pretend play delays than children with developmental delay and genetic disorders. More research is needed to further elucidate the role of play in children with motor disabilities.

Syfte – Att skapa en ny produkt inom kategorin mingelbord, som erbjuder fler användningsområden för att bli mer anpassad för privatpersoner och i hemmamiljö. Att genom en innovativ konstruktion och en kombination av moduliserade- och hantverksdelar skapa en unik produkt på marknaden. Metod – Grundmetoden för det här arbetet är den första fasen i en produkts liv: produktutvecklingsprocessen; identifiera behovet, planera designprocessen, ta fram kundkraven, utveckla konceptet och till sist utveckla produkten. Resultat – Designkoncept på ett mingelbord har tagits fram och redovisas i bilder. Dessa bilder är resultatet av en uppmodellering i datorn med hjälp av 3D-progam. För att få en mer realistisk känsla för material och form har bilderna även renderats. Implikationer – Resultatet av denna studie visar att mingelbord, genom konstruktionsändringar, kan utöka dess användningsområde utan att förändra grundfunktionen. Med utveckling av det framlagda konceptet kan ytterligare användningsområden skapas.  Begränsningar – I denna rapport har fokus lagts på de skeden innan själva tillverkningen och resultatet innebär då inte färdigt produktionsunderlag. Nyckelord – Hemmamiljö, justerbar, hantverk, funktionalitet, produktutveckling, design, mingelbord. / Purpose – To come up with a new product within the category of mingling table that provides an expanded area of use. This to be better adapted to individuals and at a home environment. Through an innovative construction and a combination of modulated- and hand made parts is the purpose to create a unique product on the market. Method – The first part of the life of a product: the product development process; identify the need, plan the process of the design, identify the customer demands, develop the concept and finally develop the product.  Findings – A mingling table has been created and is presented in pictures. These pictures are computer aided visualized. By rending the images is a more realistic feeling given to the table. Implications – The results of this thesis shows that tables within the category of mingling tables, through changes in its construction, could broaden its field of use. Through further development of the presented concept additional areas of usage  may be achieved. Limitations – This thesis has its focus on the time before the actual manufacturing of the product. This project emphasizes the product development process only.   Keywords – Home environment, customizable , functionality, product development, design, mingling table.

Children’s entry into school at appropriate ages and their successful progression through the primary grades are strong predictors of later life opportunities and successes. This retrospective study focuses on factors that can influence age appropriate school entry and grade progression with children who were eight at the time of the study and who live in a peri-urban community in Uganda. Children in this resource constrained community face risks of educational exclusion and longer term underachievement that arise from social, health and economic disadvantages, inequalities and inadequate services. The most disadvantaged children, those who live in households with life stress events such as the absence of one or more parents or the impact of diseases such as HIV and AIDS, are at risk of not enrolling in school at an appropriate age or not advancing successfully. Such risks may be mediated through family composition and family demographic variables and may be ameliorated through the presence of community programs designed for young children. This study examined the influence of family variables, home environment life stress events, and exposure to early childhood development (ECD) services on the educational transitions of young children. The study determined that children living with biological parents, and parents with higher educational levels, had more opportunities of exposure to community-based ECD programs, had higher success in enrolling in school at an age-appropriate time, and more successfully progressed through the grade levels. For the purposes of this study, data were collected from 535 children and their 535 caregivers in the peri-urban community of Kyanja in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda. The findings provide a backdrop for a discussion regarding the relationship between home environment life stress events, community ECD services for young children, and the current educational status of children aged eight years. A major focus lies on whether enrolment in ECD can help close the gap created by events in and the structure of the home environment. / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to illustrate how professionals, who work with psychosocialproblems among children, look at the impact of social factors on behavior that causes ADHDdiagnosis and at the relationship between social factors and the increased diagnosis that hasoccurred in recent years. To answer our purpose, we chose a qualitative approach byinterviewing six professionals who had different professional affiliations. We analyzed theresults using systems theory and attachment theory. The results showed that the professionalssaw various social factors that influenced the behaviors that cause ADHD diagnosis, particularlytroublesome growing environment and the school environment that requires greater cognitiveability and social skills of children today. They also saw that social factors could have an impacton the increase of diagnoses, particularly that the diagnosis can result in that the understandingchanges and that it is considered easier to get extra support at school with a diagnosis. / Syftet med denna studie var att belysa hur professionella som arbetar med psykosocialaproblem hos barn, ser på sociala faktorers inverkan på beteenden som föranleder ADHD-diagnos samt på relationen mellan sociala faktorer och den ökade diagnossättning som skett på senare år. För att besvara vårt syfte så valde vi en kvalitativ metod genom att intervjua sex professionella som hade olika yrkestillhörigheter. Vi analyserade resultatet med hjälp av systemteori och anknytningsteorin. Resultatet visade att de professionella såg olika sociala faktorer som inverkade på beteenden som föranleder ADHD-diagnos, framförallt orolig uppväxtmiljö samt skolmiljön som kräver större kognitiv och social förmåga hos barn idag. De upplevde även att det fanns en relation mellan sociala faktorer och den ökade diagnossättningen, framförallt genom att en diagnos kan medföra att bemötandet och förståelsen förändras samt att det anses enklare att få extra stöd i skolan med en diagnos.

In-Home Occupational Performance Evaluation [I-HOPE] är ett aktivitetskort baserat bedömningsinstrument som utvecklats i USA för att mäta både aktivitetsutförande och aktivitetshinder för äldre över 65 år i ordinärt boende. En pilotgrupp legitimerade arbetsterapeuter i Sverige har testat den svenska versionen av bedömningsinstrument I-HOPE [I-HOPE/S] i kliniskt arbete under hösten 2017. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva arbetsterapeuternas erfarenheter av att använda bedömningsinstrument I-HOPE/S i det kliniska arbetet. Metod: Datainsamling har skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Metoden som användes var en manifest kvalitativ innehållsanalys med deduktiv ansats.  Resultat: Studiens resultat visade som helhet att I-HOPE/S är ett bra bedömningsinstrument som främjade arbetsterapeuten att få ett bra underlag för vidare åtgärder och ansågs vara personcentrerad.  Aktivitetskorten ansågs vara centrala i bedömningsinstrument I-HOPE/S och lyfte fram bortglömda aktiviteter. En begränsande aspekt för användandet av I-HOPE/S var att flertal arbetsterapeuter visste inte hur de skulle kunna använda poängen de fick fram och hur siffrorna skulle tolkas. Bedömningen med I-HOPE/S var tidskrävande. Slutsats: Bedömningsinstrumentet I-HOPE/S har potential att användas av arbetsterapeuter i det kliniska arbetet. / In-Home Occupational Performance Evaluation [I-HOPE] is an activity card-based assessment instrument developed in USA to assess in-home activity performance and activity barriers for people above 65 years. A pilot group of registered occupational therapists in Sweden has tested the Swedish version of the assessment instrument I-HOPE [I-HOPE/S] in clinical work during the autumn, 2017. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to describe the occupational therapists’ experiences of using the assessment instrument I-HOPE/S in clinical work. Method:  The data sampling was performed through semi-structured interviews. The method applied in the present study consists of a manifest qualitative content analysis with a deductive approach. Results: The results of the study showed that overall I-HOPE/S is a person-centered assessment instrument that promoted satisfactory support to the occupational therapists for further actions. The activity cards were found central in the assessment instrument I-HOPE/S and were helpful in exposing forgotten activities. A limiting aspect of using I-HOPE/S was that a majority of the occupational therapists did not understand how to use the accumulated scores or how assess them. The assessment with I-HOPE/S was time-consuming. Conclusions: The assessment instrument I-HOPE/S has the potential to support occupational therapists in their daily clinical work.

Context: Older adults’ everyday usages of tablet computers in a home environment are currently left out from today’s research. Current researches include many specialized focuses regarding tablet computer interfaces but a holistic view of how older adults experience usage of tablet computers in their everyday life is still to a large extent missing. Objectives: The aim of this study is to apply a use- and user-centred action research approach to explore how older adults experience the usage of tablet computers in their everyday life. Older adults are observed using tablet computers in their home environment in order to explore experienced issues and identify possible improvements for the older adults’ interaction and use of tablet computers. Methods: This study is a qualitative explorative case study using a grounded theory approach. The study consists a two week observation period beginning with an introduction and tutorial to tablet computers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted directly before and after as well as a long term follow up interview, few months after the observation period. The research body with the first two interviews and observation period was conducted using grounded theory iteration, allowing for analysis between each participant. The study involved 10 older adults and took place in the older adults’ natural everyday home environment and targeted older adults born 1960 or earlier. Results: The study used different ways to introduce tablet computers to the older adults, individually adjusted to their knowledge about information communication technology in general and tablet computers in particular as well as for them familiar subjects. Associations using their familiar subjects were used to help the older adults to remember the functionality of different icons. Some of the interaction issues encountered could be solved on the spot using accessibility options and accessories. The participants’ interest in tablet computers increased during the main body of the study, but later decreased again between the last two interviews. Conclusions: Many interaction issues were identified during the study where the main issues were related to accuracy, typing, gesture and terminology. Suggestions are made concerning how to solve some of the issues encountered, like a dynamic grid for icons and text on the tablet computer home screen and an ergonomic version of a touchscreen pen. Although there are interaction issues that are directly related to the interface, there are other important aspects too that affect the experienced interaction issues when interacting with and using a tablet computer in one’s everyday life home environment. Influencers affecting how older adults feel about tablet computers played a very important role. Having the observer functioning as a technical mentor, during the two week observation period, played a bigger role than expected, but the short time the older adults had with the mentor was not enough to keep them interested on a long term basis.

Home environment and family lifestyle practices have an influence on child obesity risk, thereby making it critical to systematically examine these factors. Thus, parents (n = 489) of preschool children completed a cross-sectional online survey which was the baseline data collection conducted, before randomization, in the HomeStyles program. The survey comprehensively assessed these factors using a socio-ecological approach, incorporating intrapersonal, interpersonal and environmental measures. Healthy intrapersonal dietary behaviors identified were parent and child intakes of recommended amounts of 100% juice and low intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages. Unhealthy behaviors included low milk intake and high parent fat intake. The home environment's food supply was found to support healthy intakes of 100% juice and sugar-sweetened beverages, but provided too little milk and ample quantities of salty/fatty snacks. Physical activity levels, sedentary activity and the home's physical activity and media environment were found to be less than ideal. Environmental supports for active play inside homes were moderate and somewhat better in the area immediately outside homes and in the neighborhood. Family interpersonal interaction measures revealed several positive behaviors, including frequent family meals. Parents had considerable self-efficacy in their ability to perform food-and physical activity-related childhood obesity protective practices. This study identified lifestyle practices and home environment characteristics that health educators could target to help parents promote optimal child development and lower their children's risk for obesity.

Bakgrund: Både nationellt och internationellt väljer allt fler patienter att dö isitt eget hem. Vården av svårt sjuka och döende patienter har successivt flyttatsfrån sjukhus till särskilda boende eller till det egna hemmet. Palliativ vård byggerpå ett förhållningssätt som syftar till att förbättra livskvaliteten för patienter ochderas närstående i samband med livshotande sjukdom.Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelser av palliativ vård ihemmiljö.Metod: Examensarbetet utfördes som en litteraturöversikt och baserades på 16vetenskapliga artiklar. Samtliga artiklar inhämtades från databaserna CINAHL ochPubMed och var publicerade mellan år 2011–2021.Resultat: Tre huvudkategorier framkom; samverkan med annan vårdpersonal,närhet och samarbete med patient och närstående och utmaningar i arbetet. Utifråndessa huvudkategorier formades 6 underkategorier; samarbete med läkare,samarbete med andra sjuksköterskor, relationen med närstående, relationen medpatienter, behov av kunskap och känslomässig påverkan.Slutsats: Palliativ vård i hemmiljö ökar världen över då fler patienter vill dö isitt eget hem. Det framkommer att kunskapen behöver öka för sjuksköterskornaför att de ska känna sig säkrare. En stor del av den palliativa vården innebär att haen god relation med patient och närstående. För att lyckas är kontinuitet i vårdenoch att ge stöd och trygghet viktiga delar. Ett bra samarbete med andrasjuksköterskor och läkare gör att patienten får en god och säker vård. Denkänslomässiga påverkan för sjuksköterskorna visar på stress, hög arbetsbelastning,bristande återhämtning i vissa fall även hot och våld från patienter och närstående.Arbetsmiljön behöver förbättras för att kunna tillhandahålla en säker vård. / Background: Both nationally and internationally, more and more patients arechoosing to die in their own homes. The care of seriously ill and dying patients hasgradually moved from hospitals to nursing homes or patients´ own homes.Palliative care is based on an approach that aims to improve the quality of life forpatients and their relatives in connection with life-threatening illness.Aim: The aim is to study the nurse´s experiences of palliative care in a homeenvironment.Methods: The thesis was conducted as a literature review based on 16 scientificarticles published between 2011–2021.Results: Three main categories emerged; collaboration with other care staff,closeness and collaboration with patients and relatives and challenges at work.Based on these main categories, 6 subcategories were formed; collaboration withdoctors, collaboration with other nurses, the relationship with family members, therelationship with patients, the need for knowledge and emotional impact.Conclusion: Palliative care in a home environment is increasing worldwide asmore patients want to die in their own home. It emerges that knowledge needs toincrease in order for nurses to feel more secure in their professional role. A largepart of palliative care involves having a good relationship with the patients andrelatives. To succeed in this, continuity in care and providing support and securityare important parts. A good collaboration with other nurses and doctors means thatthe patient receives good and safe care. The emotional impact on the nurses showsstress, high workload, lack of recovery and in some cases even threats andviolence from patients and relatives. The working environment needs to beimproved in order to provide safe care.