O interesse mundial e os investimentos em fontes renováveis de energia têm aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Estas tecnologias têm a vantagem de aproveitar os recursos disponíveis localmente, reduzindo a dependência de fontes externas. Entretanto, um dos principais problemas associados a muitas das tecnologias de energias renováveis é sua imprevisibilidade ou intermitência. O armazenamento de energia é a técnica mais utilizada para moderar estas intermitências. Para aproveitamento em grande escala, os reservatórios hidrelétricos (de usinas hidrelétricas convencionais com reservatório e usinas hidrelétricas reversíveis) representam a tecnologia mais madura e amplamente aproveitada para armazenamento de energia elétrica na forma de energia potencial no volume de água. Isto faz destes uma opção importante a ser incluída no projeto de um sistema autônomo híbrido de geração de energia. Segundo diferentes autores consultados, o software HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) é a ferramenta mais amplamente utilizada em pesquisas relacionadas à simulação e configuração ótima deste tipo de sistemas. Esta tese apresenta um conjunto de procedimentos para determinar, em nível de pré-viabilidade, a configuração ótima (em termos do custo presente líquido) e o conjunto de arranjos viáveis de um sistema autônomo de geração de energia incluindo fontes renováveis intermitentes e reservatórios hidrelétricos. O software HOMER é aplicado na simulação e avaliação dos sistemas híbridos dos estudos de caso hipotéticos do presente trabalho, utilizados para validar os métodos propostos. Estes exemplos foram criados a partir de dados reais relacionados ao Estado de Rio Grande do Sul. Os procedimentos descritos são aplicáveis a qualquer região do mundo onde exista um local com potencial para reservatórios hidrelétricos, assim como dados de disponibilidade e custos relacionados a fontes renováveis intermitentes. Além de determinar a configuração ótima e o conjunto de arranjos viáveis, os resultados obtidos indicam que os procedimentos descritos podem ajudar na definição da melhor utilização de um local com potencial hidrelétrico. Igualmente, permitem estimar a quantidade de eletricidade excedente que poderia ser recuperada através de usinas reversíveis. Os resultados mostram que configuração ótima depende de muitos fatores, tais como restrições hidrológicas, a carga a ser atendida e o custo de geração de cada fonte. / Global interest and investments in renewable energy sources has increased considerably in recent years. These technologies have the advantage of using locally available resources, reducing dependence on external energy sources. However, most renewable energy technologies suffer from an intermittent characteristic due to the diurnal and seasonal patterns of the natural resources needed for power generation. Energy Storage is the most used technique to buffer this intermittency. For large-scale applications, hydropower reservoirs (of conventional and pumped storage plants) are the most mature and the most widely employed technology for electricity storage in the form of potential energy. For this reason, a hydropower reservoir is a suitable option to consider including in an autonomous hybrid power system. According to many authors, the HOMER model (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) is the most widely used tool in research studies related to simulation and optimal design of this type of systems. This thesis presents some procedures to define, as a pre-feasibility assessment, the optimal configuration (in terms of Net Present Cost) and set of feasible designs of an autonomous hybrid power system that includes intermittent renewable energy sources and hydropower reservoirs. The HOMER software is used for simulating and evaluating the hybrid power systems of the hypothetical case studies, used to validate the proposed methods. These examples were created based on real data related to the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The procedures described can be adapted to any other region of the world where exists a site suitable for the construction of hydropower reservoirs, along with available data regarding intermittent renewable sources and generation costs. Besides defining the optimal configuration and the set of feasible designs, the results indicate that the procedures explained could help in the definition of the best use of a site with hydropower potential. Likewise, these methods can also be used to estimate how much excess electricity can be recovered by means of pumped storage hydropower. The results show that the optimal system design depends on many factors such as hydrological constraints, average load to serve and energy cost of each source.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-11-12T14:43:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 kamilaperesrocha.pdf: 4837972 bytes, checksum: 8ccb175cc20788fe527b134046b240f4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-11-23T13:11:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kamilaperesrocha.pdf: 4837972 bytes, checksum: 8ccb175cc20788fe527b134046b240f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-23T13:11:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kamilaperesrocha.pdf: 4837972 bytes, checksum: 8ccb175cc20788fe527b134046b240f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-29 / O presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para o planejamento ótimo de microrredes em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. Para tanto, é apresentada a formulação dos elementos propostos incluindo sua modelagem técnico-econômica. O objetivo principal é a abordagem das vantagens do sistema de compensação de energia elétrica estipulado pela resolução normativa n◦ 482/2012 da ANEEL, na busca por redução dos custos de energia em um horizonte de planejamento de longo prazo. Para isso, faz-se a utilização da meta-heurística denominada SIA com propósito de obter o dimensionamento otimizado dos elementos da microrrede. A determinação dessa técnica se deve a quantidade de combinações possíveis devido a complexidade do problema apresentado. É traçado, ainda, um comparativo com o método de busca exaustiva para análise das soluções geradas e do tempo computacional requerido para as duas metodologias propostas. O projeto aborda a implantação de fontes de energia renovável eólica e solar e gerador a diesel para análise de estudos de caso para consumidores comercial e residencial. Por último, é realizado um comparativo com resultados provenientes de um software de dimensionamento de microrredes, denominado HOMER Pro R . / The present work presents a methodology for the optimal planning of microgrids in electricitydistributionnetworks. Forthatreason, theformulationoftheproposedelements includingtheirtechnical-economicmodelingispresented. Themainobjectiveistoapproach the advantages of the net metering stipulated by ANEEL normative resolution 482/2012, in the search for reduction of energy costs in a long-term planning horizon. Therefore, the meta-heuristic called SIA is implemented with the purpose of obtaining the optimized sizing of the elements of the microgrid. The determination of this technique come from the amount of possible combinations due to the complexity of the presented problem. A comparison with the exhaustive search method for the analysis of the generated solutions and the computational time required for the two proposed methodologies is also drawn. The project addresses the deployment of wind and solar renewable energy sources and diesel generator for analysis of case studies for commercial and residential consumers. Finally, a comparison is made with results from HOMER Pro R, a microgrid software.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de faire une lecture génétique de ce que consiste l’hostile hospitalité en Amérique et de ses prismes au cœur des littératures autochtones. J’y analyserai que l’histoire de l’hospitalité, dont la racine signifie à la fois hospes pour hôte et hostis pour ennemi, est une dialectique complexe lors du topos de la rencontre et témoigne d’une économie de l’échange qui au fil de ses transformations aura une incidence sur les tensions au sein de la littérature autochtone. J’étudierai comment dans cet échange fondé sur l’hospitalité le pôle étymologique de l’hostilité illustre que sous couvert d’hospitalité des lois sourdes d’équivalence, de compensation travaillèrent l’exclusion en des stratégies qui passeront par l’herméneutique, la mise en mythologie de ses cultures et d’insidieuses lois logocentriques religieuses. Différentes œuvres telles Ulysse et la Bible hébraïque poseront les fondements de ces traces au cœur des textes de la colonisation mexicaine et de la littérature autochtone nord-américaine afin d’illustrer l’empreinte patriarcale et hostile qui habite et transcende toujours les littératures actuelles. Les chapitres un à trois sont à entrevoir comme des fondements de cette trace transhistorique. Le premier chapitre esquissera une ligne de l’exclusion fondamentale entre le logos et le muthos depuis la Grèce archaïque, les circonvolutions du mythe de Thanksgiving et ses déviations historiques reverront les constructions hégémoniques de cette histoire de la survivance en Amérique. Le chapitre deux questionnera particulièrement l’économie de la transcendance au cœur de l’hospitalité, présence souvent habitée de diktats religieux et procédant d’une économie insidieuse d’exclusion. J’y montrerai à partir des scènes fondamentales de l’hospitalité dans l’Odyssée et la Bible hébraïque que ces histoires mettent en forme une hospitalité de plus en plus limitée devant prendre les traits du même et de l’équivalence au contraire de la tradition du potlatch dont l’économie est disruptive. Le chapitre trois se tournera essentiellement sur le corps des femmes dans les rites de l’hospitalité : de la Bible hébraïque à la figure de la Malinche, autochtone aztèque ayant été la traductrice de Cortes, les femmes furent des objets discriminés dans les rituels de l’hospitalité, des outils d’échanges et d’expropriation. Le dernier chapitre, éclairé des trois chapitres précédents, fera un bond dans le présent. À partir de textes de Leslie Marmon Silko, de Thomas King et des archives de la psychose du windigo, j’aborderai particulièrement la question de la langue et de l’exclusion épistémologique. Cette longue trace de l’hostilité au cœur de l’hospitalité dévoilera les sourdes lois régulant l’échange et montrera donc que si le texte et la lettre instituent cette première violence, ils ont aussi la possibilité de par leur dialectique, de proposer un dire de l’hospitalité et de renverser et se réapproprier une parole, le texte étant donc travaillé en miroir des mêmes paradoxes que le phénomène de l’hospitalité. / The objective of this thesis is to undertake a genetic reading of what hostile hospitality in America consists of and its prisms at the heart of indigenous literature. I will analyze that the history of hospitality, whose root means both hospes as host and hostis as enemy, is a complex dialectic at work in the topos of the encounter and testifies to an economy of exchange that, as it changes, will affect the tensions at the heart of indigenous literature. I will study how in this exchange based on hospitality, the etymological basis of hostility illustrates that under its guise, muted laws of equivalence and compensation elaborated exclusion into strategies that will run through hermeneutics, the mythology of its cultures and insidious religious logocentric laws. Various works such as The Odyssey and the Hebrew Bible laid the foundations for these traces in the texts of Mexican colonization and North American indigenous literature, patriarchal and hostile traces trace that still inhabits and transcends current literature. Chapters one to three are to be seen as the foundations of this transhistorical trace. The first chapter will outline a line of fundamental exclusion between the logos and the muthos from archaic Greece, the convolutions of the myth of Thanksgiving, and its historical deviations will consider the hegemonic constructions of this history of survival in America. Chapter two will focus on the economy of transcendence at the heart of hospitality, a presence often inhabited by religious diktats and stemming from an insidious economy of exclusion. I will show from the fundamental scenes of hospitality in The Odyssey and the Hebrew Bible that these stories shape an increasingly limited hospitality that must take on the same and equivalent features and differs from the potlatch tradition whose economy is disruptive. Chapter three will focus mainly on the bodies of women in the rites of hospitality: from the Hebrew Bible to the figure of La Malinche, an Aztec native who was the translator of Cortes, women were discriminated against in the rituals of hospitality, tools of exchange and expropriation. The last chapter, illuminated by the three previous chapters, will jump into the present. Based on texts by Leslie Marmon Silko, Thomas King, and the archives of the windigo psychosis, I will focus on the question of language and epistemological exclusion. These extensive traces of hostility at the heart of hospitality will show the muted laws regulating the exchange and will therefore show that even if the text and the letter institute this first violence, they also have the possibility, through their dialectics, to propose a way of saving hospitality by subverting the hostile part of its dialectic, the text being therefore elaborated as a reflection of the same paradoxes as the phenomenon of hospitality.

By 2020, Thailand ensured 100% electricity access to its 72 million inhabitants. This was partly done by promoting off-grid energy systems in rural areas instead of using costly grid extensions. Although electricity is ensured for all, future challenges and objectives include- increasing the share of renewable energy and decreasing energy dependence while simultaneously meeting the increasing demand. Off-grid energy solutions for rural areas have been studied in many previous projects. The most optimal energy system concerning cost, resilience, and emissions can be found by quantifying natural resources, estimating electricity consumption, and comparing technologies. This project aims to evaluate how an existing off-grid system can be complemented in the future. This was done by using the optimization program HOMER. The village Ban Wangwon, located in Prachuap Khiri Khan, was for a long time without electricity access due to a law obstructing them from connecting to the grid. This changed when in 2018, households were mounted with PV and BESS. Energy demand in the village was determined in three scenarios based on the World Banks tier system for rural energy and the previous population growth. In addition, the availability of meteorological and natural resources, energy load profile, and price of technology were determined based on the literature review and a field study. According to the results, the most optimal energy system for today's electricity use, Scenario 1, regarding both cost and emissions, was a PV/BESS system. In scenarios 2 and 3, a PV/BESS/Bio configuration proved the most cost-effective, although not optimal regarding emission rates for future energy demand. However, this system sees much lower emissions compared to when diesel generators were included, which makes this suitable for reaching Ban Wangwons requirements. Using a bio generator optimally requires a centralized energy system, requiring settlements with landowners. The biomass fuel considered in this work was pineapple crowns due to the abundance of pineapple factories and farms in the area. After a sensitivity analysis, the most impactful variables proved to be fuel prices, bio generator efficiency, and discount rate. Only one type of solar panel and battery was considered, and the load was assumed to be constant, which hindered the credibility of the results. Future projects could investigate more thoroughly how pineapple waste can be utilized in energy production, how price changes in renewable energy affect the outcome, and how a microgrid would be constructed. The results were considered beneficial in achieving SDGs 1 No poverty, 7 Affordable and clean energy, 11 Sustainable cities and communities, and 13 Climate action. / År 2020 säkerställde Thailand tillgång till el för 100% av sina 72 miljoner invånare. Detta gjordes delvis genom att främja fristående energisystem på landsbygden istället för att använda dyra elnätsförlängningar. Även om el finns tillgängligt för alla, inkluderar framtida utmaningar och mål att öka andelen förnybar energi samt minska energiberoendet samtidigt som efterfrågan på energi ökar. Fristående energilösningar för landsbygden har studerats i många tidigare projekt. Det mest optimala energisystemet gällande kostnader, resilliens och utsläpp kan bestämmas genom att kvantifiera naturliga resurser, uppskatta elförbrukning och jämföra teknologier. I detta projekt utvärderas hur ett redan befintligt fristående system kan kompletteras i framtiden. Detta gjordes med hjälp av optimeringsprogrammet HOMER. Byn Ban Wangwon, belägen i Prachuap Khiri Khan, var länge utan elektricitet på grund av en lag som hindrade dem från att ansluta till nätet. Detta ändrades när hushåll utrustades med PV och BESS år 2018. Energibehovet i byn bestämdes i tre scenarier baserat på the World Banks tier-system för energi på landsbygden samt den tidigare befolkningsökningen. Meteorologiska och naturliga resurser, energianvändningsprofil och teknikpris bestämdes baserat på en litteratur- och fältstudie. Enligt resultaten var det mest optimala energisystemet för dagens elanvädning, Scenario 1, ett PV/BESS system, avseende både kostnader och utsläpp. För de två övriga framtidsscenariorna, Scenario 2 och 3, visade sig en PV/BESS/Bio-konfiguration vara mest kostnadseffektiv, trots att den medför utsläpp. Detta system har dock mycket lägre utsläpp jämfört med dieselelgeneratorer, vilket gör det bra för att nå Ban Wangwons krav. Tillämpning av en biogenerator skulle kräva ett centraliserat energisystem, vilket skulle kräva överenskommelser med markägare. Biomassan som användes i detta arbete var ananasrester på grund av den stora mängden ananasfabriker och plantager i området. Efter en känslighetsanalys visade sig de mest påverkande variablerna vara bränslepris, bio-generatorns effektivitet och diskonteringsräntan. Endast en typ av solpanel och batteri togs i åtanke och elbehovet antogs vara konstant, vilket hindrar trovärdigheten i resultaten. Hur ananasavfall kan användas i energiproduktionen, hur prisförändringar inom förnybarenergi påverkar resultatet och hur ett microgrid skulle kunna konstrueras är alla relevanta frågor för framtida projekt. Resultaten ansågs vara fördelaktiga för att uppnå FN:s hållbarhetsmål 1 Ingen fattigdom, 7 Hållbar energi för alla, 11 Hållbara städer och samhällen och 13 Bekämpa klimatförändringarna.

No description available.

This research argues that a diesel-based isolated electrical system can be optimized byintegrating a high share of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation and that the frequencystability of such system can be improved by including the PV participation in frequencyregulation. A case study is developed in order to explore an island’s expansion of theinstalled generating capacity and its optimization. This study uses the tool HOMER tosolve the optimization problem and PowerFactory to verify the frequency stability of theproposed system. The PV integration allows for a reduction of diesel fuel consumption,emissions and generation costs. Additionally, in high PV penetration scenarios, the reducedinertia in such systems can lead to high frequency deviations that may trip the systemprotection. The study demonstrates that the instantaneous frequency deviation after a loadand generation imbalance can be reduced by designing the PVs to operate with an allocatedreserve and a decentralized time-based secondary frequency control. The frequency stabilitywas achieved after different disturbance scenarios under high PV penetration and reducedavailable inertia, indicating that high PV integration is economically and technically feasiblein small island grids. / I detta examensarbete studeras hur ett dieselbaserat och isolerat elsystem kan optimeras genom att integrera en hög andel solceller (PV) i elproduktionen och att frekvensstabilitet kan förbättras när PV användas i regleringen. En fallstudie har utvecklats under denna forskning för att analysera en ökning av den installerade generationskapacitet vid en ö samt hur detta kan optimeras. I denna studie användas verktyget HOMER för modeloptimering och PowerFactory för att testa den optimerade systemfrekvens stabilitet. Med PV generation kan diesel konsumption, utsläpp och kostnader minskas för hela systemet. En hög andel PV i generationen reducerar elsystemet totala svängmassa vilket kan ledda till avvikelser i systemfrekvensen som kan ursaka att skyddsystem aktiveras. Studien demonstrerar att den momentana systemavvikelsen efter en obalans kan reduceras genom att designa PV i systemet med en allokerad reserv och en decentraliserad och tidsbaserad sekundär frekvensreglering. Frekvensstabiliteten nåddes i olika obalans scenarier med hög andel solcellgeneration och misnkat svängsmassa. Detta tyder på att en hög andel PV integration är både ekonomisk- och tekniskt möjligt i mindre elsystem.

The study carried out in this master thesis is part of a larger project led by Energynautics GmbH focusing on renewable energy development in the Caribbean. One of the Caribbean states, consisting of multiple islands, has set a target of 30 % of renewable energy in the power sector by 2030. The first objective of the thesis is to develop optimal generation capacity expansion plans for two different islands of this country, utilizing solar PV generation, which is the only available renewable energy resource. To achieve this objective, three main tasks are identified. The first is the development of an optimal generation capacity expansion plan for the next three years using the optimization tool HOMER Energy. At the beginning only diesel generation is present on the islands. For each study case year, the installed capacity of PV and BESS is optimized and enabling technologies such as curtailment (controllability of PV) and grid-forming inverters are deployed. The second task focuses on the development of a new dispatch strategy, improving on the black box dispatch algorithms built into HOMER. The dispatch strategy minimises the cost of electricity generation and is based on a rolling 48 hours forecasts of the load and PV. It is implemented in MATLAB and linked to HOMER via the built-in MATLAB interface. As HOMER is focused on generation expansion and dispatch and inherently neglects the grid, a grid study is required to assess the stability of the network. This study is the last task of the thesis and is limited to determined steady-state voltage and the asset loading on one of the studied islands through load flow simulations in DIgSILENT PowerFactory. It is shown that there are no major issues even at high PV shares, however, grid performance can be improved if the PV unit is equipped with reactive power capability to control the voltage. A study on the impact of the Q(U)- control and the PQ-capability of the PV and BESS inverters is performed. / Studien som genomförts i detta examensarbete är en del av ett större projekt vilket leds av Energynautics GmbH med fokus på utveckling av förnybar energi i Karibien. En av de Karibiska staterna, bestående av flera öar, har ett mål på 30 % förnybar energi i elkraftssektorn innan 2030. Första syftet med examensarbetet är att utveckla optimala utbyggnadsplaner för produktionskapaciteten för två olika öar i detta land, med användning av solcellsproduktion, vilket är den enda tillgängliga förnybara energikällan. Den första uppgiften är utvecklingen av en optimal utbyggnadsplan för produktionskapaciteten för de kommande tre åren med optimeringsverktyget HOMER Energy. Från början fanns det bara dieselgeneratorer på öarna. För varje studerat år optimeras den installerade kapaciteten av PV och BESS samt aktivering av möjliggörande teknologier som begränsning av PV-produktion och grid-forming växelriktare. Den andra uppgiften fokuserar på utvecklingen av en ny driftsstrategi, förbättring av den basala driftsalgoritm som är inbyggd i HOMER. Driftsstrategin minimerar kostnaden av elproduktionen och är baserad på en 48 timmars prognos av laster och PV. Den är implementerad i MATLAB och kopplad till HOMER via det inbyggda MATLABgränssnittet. Eftersom HOMER fokuserar på produktionsutbyggnad och drift och i praktiken försummar elnätet, krävs en studie av elnätet för att utvärdera stabiliteten av elnätet. Studien av denna sista uppgift i examensarbetet är begränsad till att bestämma spänningen vid jämnviktsläge och den utvärderade lasten på en av de studerade öarna genom belastningsfördelningsberäkning i DIgSILENT PowerFactory. Det visade sig att det inte fanns några stora problem även med stora andelar PV, men elnätets prestanda kan förbättras om PV-omriktarna är utrustade med reaktiv effektstyrning som kontrollerar spänningen. En studie avinverkan från Q(U)-styrning och PQ-kapacitet av PV- och BESS-växelriktare har utförts.

The thesis consists of three main sections: the Introduction, the text (with apparatus), and the Commentary. The Introduction begins with a survey of the available evidence for the poem’s date and authorship, before moving on to consider its generic affiliations and influences, focusing on two particular areas: its links with the ill-defined genre of παρῳδία, and its relationship to animal-narratives elsewhere in ancient literature (particularly fable) and visual art. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the poem’s style and metre, a brief tour of its Nachleben up to the 13th century, and a summary of the notoriously tangled manuscript tradition. The text is new, and differs substantially from both that of Allen (in the OCT) and of West (the most recent English edition). The apparatus, as explained in more detail on p. 117, is somewhere between the two: it takes into account the readings of only nine MSS from the 80-100 extant, and does not attempt to represent every single textual variation even among these nine, but it is much fuller than the minimalist apparatus of the Loeb. It aims to provide a useful source for scholars interested in the poem’s many and serious textual cruces, while remaining more succinct and user-friendly than the dense and sometimes baffling apparatus of Ludwich’s monumental 1896 edition. The text is followed by an English prose translation: this makes no claims to beauty, and is simply intended as a relatively literal guide to the sense of the Greek. The Commentary, finally, is twofold. Any commentary on the Batrachomyomachia will inevitably spend much space and ink on purely textual issues, and on the fundamental task of unearthing meaning from the dizzying range of wild and nonsensical variants available. Interspersed with these textual points, however, this commentary includes considerations of the poem not as a mechanics problem but as a sophisticated Hellenistic work of art – exploring its intertextualities, its characterisation, its dramatic effects, its dry sense of humour, and subjecting it to the serious literary analysis it has often been denied.

No description available.

This thesis is a study on integration of photovoltaic generators into an existing diesel-unreliable grid connected system at the Lebanese village of Khiam. The main goal of implementing PV-diesel hybrid system is to reduce diesel consumption and the import of fossil fuel used in electricity power supply. Before designing the system, it is necessary to create a load profile for 120 households and pre-design the size of the PV generator, the capacity of storage system and inverter type/size selection. The load profile data is based on the average of monthly energy consumption gathered from Khiam village households. Detailed simulations and financial analysis are performed with HOMER to compare different systems and their viability. The simulations include four different designs starting from the existing system, diesel generator with unreliable grid, followed by PV generator and unreliable grid, PV and diesel generator and ended with the complete hybrid system. Once the Hybrid system is determined a detailed design is done to optimize the lowest cost PV-diesel hybrid system. The final simulated PV-diesel hybrid system is suggested with a PV capacity of 270 kWp, existing diesel capacity with 200 kVA, an inverter output of 115 kW and battery bank nominal capacity is 1872 kWh. The system renewable fraction is 53% and the project life cycle is 25 years. The PV-diesel hybrid system is projected to produce electricity at a cost of 0.12 USD/kWh. This cost is significantly lower than the 0.26 USD/kWh paid to the diesel operator, as well as lower than 0.13 USD/kWh paid to the utility grid. In addition, and according to the given information from the owner, an estimated diesel consumption of 104000 ltr/year, the simulation result shows diesel consumption at 40000 ltr/year. The reduced carbon dioxide production by 65%, from 776 to 272 tons per year, provides further justification for the PV installation in a commercial PV-diesel hybrid system.