In this report, the modeling process and operation of an autonomous hybrid power system is studied. It is built based on a hypothetical case study of electrification of a remote village of 100 inhabitants in Kenya. The power demand is estimated and the costs of equipment components are specified after extensive research, so that the techno-economical design of the system can be carried out. The microgrid consists of photovoltaics, wind turbine, batteries, diesel genset, basic loads and water pumping and purification load. The system is modeled and simulated in terms of power management and its operation as well as the performance of the dispatch strategy is assessed. Problems like the management of extra power or tackling the deficit of power in the system are addressed. The model represents reliably the behavior of the microgrid and several improving actions are suggested.

Aqui se explora a questão da apreensão do espaço do mundo conhecido no século V a.C, principalmente, a partir da obra do historiador grego Heródoto. Para isso parte-se da percepção do espaço do mundo, dividido em porções de acordo com uma cultura, a grega, para em seguida se estabelecer uma tipologia dos espaços do mundo, entendendo alguns momentos importantes da demarcação geográfica do planeta, dos povos e culturas. Num segundo momento a busca caminha para um tipo específico de espaço: aquele que é sacralizado pela cultura. Dessa forma entende-se que a cultura cria uma paisagem sagrada erigida a partir de lugares classificados através de uma tipologia que estabelecemos segundo a utilização do termo hieros e suas variantes, por Heródoto. Espaço sacralizado transformado em paisagem. No último momento, com base da tipologia do espaço sagrado, busca-se o sagrado entre Homero e Heródoto, entendendo as ligações como parte de um todo cultural de dois indivíduos que se preocupam em registrar o mundo, seus povos e culturas bem como as especificidades de suas relações com o meio em que vivem, mormente o sagrado. / Here the subject of the apprehension of the space of the known world is explored in the V century b.C., mainly, starting from the Greek historian's work Herodotus. For that begins of the perception of the space of the world, divided in portions in agreement with a culture, the Greek, for soon after to settle down a typology of the spaces of the world, understanding some important moments of the geographical demarcation of the planet, of the people and cultures. In a second moment the search bed for a specific type of space: that sacralizade for the culture. In that way understands each other that the culture creates a sacred landscape erected starting from places classified through of a typology that we established according to the use of the term hieros and your variants, by Herodotus. Sacred space transformed in sacred landscape. In the last moment, with base in the typology of the sacred space, the sacred is looked for between Homer and Herodotus, understanding the connections as part of an all cultural of two individuals that you/they worry in registering the world, our people and cultures as well as the specific details of your relationships with the sacred. (rever)

O Brasil vive um período de crises econômica e financeira que ecoa também no setor energético e que aumenta a importância de se agregar novas usinas de geração ao sistema energético. O acréscimo de novas usinas hidrelétricas e termelétricas, entre outras fontes de energia, além da repotenciação e/ou recapacitação de usinas já em operação ou que não tenham entrado em operação, sempre contribuirá para garantir o atendimento da demanda de consumidores e para reduzir o risco de desabastecimento de energia. Nesse sentido, este trabalho pretende contribuir, apresentando um estudo de pré- viabilidade para implementação de um sistema híbrido hidrelétrico fotovoltaico na barragem de Laranjeiras, com painéis fotovoltaicos sobre o espelho d’água. Essa barragem foi construída nos anos 60 e está localizada logo a jusante da barragem de Canastra, no município de Três Coroas, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O estudo foi realizado com recurso ao software HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable), o qual exportou na homepage da NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 8 760 valores horários anuais de radiação solar para a cidade de Três Coroas, e a potência a ser gerada pela hidrelétrica foi determinada a partir de 8 760 dados horários anuais de vazão turbinada de Canastra, os quais foram disponibilizados pela CEEE (Companhia Estadual de Energia Elétrica). Estruturalmente, o trabalho é composto por três artigos, onde o primeiro faz uma revisão de trabalhos recentes sobre o uso de painéis fotovoltaicos sobre estruturas flutuantes em sistemas híbridos hidrelétricos fotovoltaicos, e os dois últimos apresentam os resultados das simulações com HOMER considerando o funcionamento da usina a fio d’água e com reservatório, respetivamente. O estudo determinou ser ótimo o funcionamento do sistema híbrido, mediante a instalação de uma micro usina hidrelétrica ao pé da barragem, com 1 497 kW de capacidade instalada, operando com painéis fotovoltaicos sobre o espelho d'água da barragem, com 180 kW de capacidade instalada, com limite de potência para compra e venda da rede igual a 400 kW, para atender a demanda das cargas consumidoras até 40 MWh/d. Essa combinação resultaria em um custo inicial de 3 984 885 US$/kW e um custo de energia de 0,026 US$/kWh. E visando otimizar o sistema de geração de energia elétrica, foi simulado e tendo sido determinado ser viável o funcionamento da usina com reservatório, com uma vazão média de 9 171 L/s, operando com um sistema fotovoltaico de 360 kW, e um limite de potência para compra e venda da rede igual a 200 kW, para atender demandas de cargas consumidoras até 40 MWh/d. Essa combinação resultaria em um custo inicial de 3 285 617 US$/kW e um custo de energia de 0,021 US$/kWh.

Aqui se explora a questão da apreensão do espaço do mundo conhecido no século V a.C, principalmente, a partir da obra do historiador grego Heródoto. Para isso parte-se da percepção do espaço do mundo, dividido em porções de acordo com uma cultura, a grega, para em seguida se estabelecer uma tipologia dos espaços do mundo, entendendo alguns momentos importantes da demarcação geográfica do planeta, dos povos e culturas. Num segundo momento a busca caminha para um tipo específico de espaço: aquele que é sacralizado pela cultura. Dessa forma entende-se que a cultura cria uma paisagem sagrada erigida a partir de lugares classificados através de uma tipologia que estabelecemos segundo a utilização do termo hieros e suas variantes, por Heródoto. Espaço sacralizado transformado em paisagem. No último momento, com base da tipologia do espaço sagrado, busca-se o sagrado entre Homero e Heródoto, entendendo as ligações como parte de um todo cultural de dois indivíduos que se preocupam em registrar o mundo, seus povos e culturas bem como as especificidades de suas relações com o meio em que vivem, mormente o sagrado. / Here the subject of the apprehension of the space of the known world is explored in the V century b.C., mainly, starting from the Greek historian's work Herodotus. For that begins of the perception of the space of the world, divided in portions in agreement with a culture, the Greek, for soon after to settle down a typology of the spaces of the world, understanding some important moments of the geographical demarcation of the planet, of the people and cultures. In a second moment the search bed for a specific type of space: that sacralizade for the culture. In that way understands each other that the culture creates a sacred landscape erected starting from places classified through of a typology that we established according to the use of the term hieros and your variants, by Herodotus. Sacred space transformed in sacred landscape. In the last moment, with base in the typology of the sacred space, the sacred is looked for between Homer and Herodotus, understanding the connections as part of an all cultural of two individuals that you/they worry in registering the world, our people and cultures as well as the specific details of your relationships with the sacred. (rever)

O tema da razia de gado (boēlasía) é uma constante nos textos conservados da tradição épica grega arcaica, nos quais figura na forma de narrativas breves ou de referências alusivas. Apesar disso, pouco se escreveu acerca desse tema, e os poucos estudos realizados se concentraram apenas na consideração da recorrência boēlasía como um reflexo da importância do gado na economia da honra típica dos poemas homéricos ou na sua explicação como um derivado de estruturas míticas herdadas do protoindo-europeu. É justamente essa lacuna que esta tese se propõe a atacar, por meio da recolha e cotejo de parte das narrativas e referências homéricas a essa atividade e do seu exame a partir dos referenciais teóricos e metodológicos oriundos da crítica oralista do épos arcaico, particularmente os métodos de análise temática que partem da recepção dos poemas. / The cattle-raid (boēlasía) theme is a constant in the preserved texts of the tradition of Greek archaic epic, wherein it appears either in the form of brief narratives or of allusive references. Nonetheless, little has been written about this theme, and the few studies there are have focused only in the consideration of the recurrence of the boēlasía as a reflex of the importance of cattle in the honour economy typical of the homeric poems or in its explanation as a derivation of mythical structures inherited from the proto-indoeuropeans. This dissertation aims precisely at such blind spot, recovering and comparing part of the homerical references to this activity and examinig them via theoretical and methodological insights originated in the oralist critical tradition of the archaic épos, particularly those theme-based analytical methods that take into consideration the reception of the poems.

Les préverbes a)na- et kata- sont souvent considérés comme un couple complémentaire, parce qu’avec des verbes de déplacement a)na- marque un mouvement vers le haut et kata- un mouvement vers le bas. Ces deux préverbes ont pourtant eu des emplois très variés qui dépassent largement l’emploi spatial.L’étude des composés présents dans les oeuvres d’Homère, Hésiode et Hérodote permet d’identifier les connotations essentielles associées à ces préverbes dès les premiers textes. A défaut de pouvoir identifier une Urbedeutung, il est possible de comprendre comment le sens de ces préverbes a évolué d’un sens concret vers des emplois plus abstraits. L’étude successive de ces deux composés, en établissant des catégories de significations parmi les verbes, nous per-met découvrir un certain nombre de sèmes qui semblent constitutifs de chacun des deux préverbes. Cela nous montre que le préverbe a)na- est surtout associé à des verbes de mouvement, alors que le préverbe kata- est davantage lié à des verbes statifs ou qui évoquent un processus de destruction.La question de la valeur aspectuelle de ces préverbes est aussi un élément fondamental. L’étude de ces deux préverbes permet de comprendre comment ils ont pu tous les deux acquérir une valeur aspectuelle pour souligner notamment l’accomplissement du procès. Cependant, on constate qu’ils ne correspondent pas au même accomplissement, puisqu’a)na- dénote un accomplissement créatif, tandis que kata- souligne le plus souvent l’accomplissement d’un processus de disparition. / The preverbs a)na- et kata- are usually considered as a couple, because for motion verbs a)na- bears an up motion and kata- a down motion. These two preverbs have nevertheless been employed variously and more widely than for merely spatial indications.Studying the compound verbs of the works of Homer, Hesiod and Herodotus allows us to identify the essential conno-tations linked to these preverbs since early literature. Even if we cannot find the Urbedeutung, it’s possible to unders-tand how the meaning of these preverbs has progressed from a concret meaning to an abstract. The ordered investiga-tion of these compound verbs, by distinguishing the different categories of meaning, help us discover some semantic classes which seem to be essential for each preverb. Thus we see that the preverb a)na- is mostly linked to motion verbs, whereas the preverb kata- is more combined with stative verbs or verbs which discribe a disappearance.The question of aspect for the preverbs is also fundamental. The study of these two preverbs allows us to understand how they could, both of them, own an aspectual value to emphazise the process accomplishment. But we can see that it’s not the same accomplishment, since a)na- indicates a creative accomplishment, while kata- most often highlights the accomplishment of a dying process.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis explores the forms and significance of dispute settlement by arbitration, or ‘δίκη’, in the Iliad. I take as my focus the ‘storm simile’ of Iliad XVI: 384-393, which describes Zeus’ theodical reaction to corruption within the δίκη-court, and the ‘shield trial’ of Iliad XVIII: 498-508, which presents a detailed picture of such a court in action, and compare the forms and conception of arbitration that emerge from these two ecphrastic passages with those found in the narrative body of the poem. Analysing the terminology and procedures associated with dispute settlement in the Iliad, I explore the evidence for the development of an ‘ideology of δίκη’, that valorises arbitrated settlement as a solution to conflict, and that identifies δίκη as a procedure and a civic institution with an objective standard of fairness: the foundation of a civic concept of ‘justice’. I argue that this ideology is fully articulated in the storm simile and the shield trial, as well as Hesiod’s Works and Days, but that it is also detectable in the narrative body of the Iliad. I further argue that the poet of the Iliad employs references to this ideology, through the narrative media of speech and ecphrasis, to prompt and direct his audience’s evaluation of the nature and outcome of the poem’s central conflict: the dispute of Achilles and Agamemnon.

Le présent travail s’inscrit dans une démarche de reconstitution de la notion de vie au sein de la pensée antique. Il s’agit de rétablir son sens au coeur de la langue et de la culture grecque, et particulièrement, à l’intérieur de la philosophie et de la pensée aristotélicienne. L’étude s’organise autour de deux termes fondamentaux et propres à la langue grecque, à savoir les mots βίος et ζωή. La première partie s’attache à dégager la forme et le sens «original» des mots, et étudie les facteurs linguistiques et culturels intervenant dans la formation et l’évolution de la forme et du sens des mots en question. Les mots βίος et ζωή se présentent donc comme les éléments structurants de cette étude. La reconstitution du contexte historico-linguistique des mots conduit à la deuxième partie de ce travail, où sont analysés le travail de poètes tels Homère et Hésiode, ainsi que des premiers philosophes, usuellement nommés présocratiques. Dans cette partie du travail de recherche, la notion de vie est dégagée de l’enquête naturelle menée par les premiers penseurs, ainsi que des images fournies par la tradition poétique. Après avoir replacé la notion de vie au sein de son contexte historico-culturel et linguistique, on entame l’étude de la pensée aristotélicienne sur la vie. L’interrogation de départ tient au fait de déterminer si la notion de «vie» chez Aristote passe nécessairement et uniquement par l’étude des êtres vivants et de l’âme, ou si elle dépasse la finalité biologique pour embrasser autres domaines de sa philosophie. Cette partie vise une approche intégrationniste et dynamique de la vie à l’intérieur de la pensée aristotélicienne. La reconstitution de la notion de vie chez Aristote amène à une réflexion sur son lien avec l’enquête naturelle menée par les premiers penseurs. En dernier ressort, l’hétérogénéité de cette étude permet de voir de quelle façon Aristote, certes pionnier dans les recherches sur la vie, conserve pourtant toujours une structure de pensée propre à la Grèce antique : Aristote élabore sa pensée à partir et à l’intérieur de son temps et de la tradition qui lui précède. / The reconstitution of the notion of life within the ancient philosophy is the principal idea of the present study. The aim is to re-establish the conception of this notion within the Greek language and culture, especially within the knowledge of early philosophers and the philosophy of Aristotle. The arrangement of this contribution is based on the meaning and relation of the words βίος and ζωή, two fundamental terms, exclusive to the Greek language. The first part of the study shed new light on the formal constitution and «original» meaning of these words. In particular the linguistic and cultural factors which converge in their formation and evolution are investigated in detail. The reconstruction of the historical and linguistic context of the words βίος and ζωή gives rise to the second part of the study by the means of reconstructing the notion of life within the poetical tradition and investigation of nature, conducted by the early philosophers. The third part of the study approaches the notion of life in the philosophy of Aristotle from the principle question at issue: whether the idea of life is reduced to the investigation of living organisms and his theory of soul or if it exceeds the biologic purpose to encompass other categories of his philosophy. This analysis of the notion of life within the philosophy of Aristotle is conducted by an integrating and dynamic perspective. The reconstitution of the notion of life in the work of Aristotle leads to a reflection about the closeness of his ideas to anterior investigations of natural objects and processes done by the early philosophers. Apart from being a pioneer in the investigation of life, he is also tributary to a particular kind of thinking in ancient Greece. Aristotle’s way of thinking, although far-reaching, is based within his period and preceding traditions

Decarbonisation of different energy sectors of society is becoming a pressing issue globally withnumerous legislations and objectives being set to decarbonise electrical grids worldwide. Somehave already been met; however, islanded grids still heavily rely on fossil fuels to meet their electrical demand due to the weakness of their grid and limited available space forcing them to use space-efficient technologies such as diesel generators. This is the case of Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands (Spain) which produces 80-90% of its electricity from fossil fuels. This study will analyse the feasibility of decarbonising the electrical grid of Fuerteventura using a decentralised grid system with wind, solar, and battery storage to achieve 100% renewable generation. To select the best hybrid energy system for the case study, a 9-step methodology has been presented and followed in which both descriptive (qualitative) and quantitative data have been used to provide the background knowledge of the study and the inputs for the analysis which is done using the microgrids optimisation model HOMER. The analysis aims to understand the grid and renewable resources on the island to later develop the different scenarios to be reviewed. The three different scenarios, wind-battery, solar-battery, and wind-solar-battery were modelled and simulated using the latest HOMER software. Results showed reduced LCOE and capital costs in the wind-solar-battery scenario compared to the wind-battery and solar-battery scenarios due to increased use of wind and lower capacity of installed batteries needed. Space availability was shown to be a problem for the scenarios using wind as the turbines would occupy 5% of the islands surface. Environmental and visual impacts would also be noticeable under the wind-battery and wind-solar-battery scenarios as the entire island is a Biosphere Nature Reserve and is a well-known touristic destination for natural virgin beaches. Additionally, the results showed that all 3 scenarios had excess electricity values above 50% of the total electrical production and still experienced some capacity shortages. To solve this, diversification of the generation and storage facilities, implementation of DSM (Demand side management) and V2G (Vehicle-to-grid), and interconnection of the islands is proposed with the latter being the most realistic solution. The study concludes the wind-solar-battery is the most technological and economically feasible solution although several issues need to be addressed for a similar project to be implemented on a real island.