Universidade de Fortaleza / A alimentação fora do domicílio tem aumentado em muitos países, inclusive no Brasil, e esse hábito tem sido associado com o aumento da obesidade em países desenvolvidos. O objetivo desse trabalho é caracterizar a alimentação fora do domicílio na população brasileira e avaliar sua associação com a obesidade. Utilizou-se os dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) 2002-2003 realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Foram incluídos na análise todos os indivíduos acima de 10 anos (N=146.525). Estimou-se as frequências de consumo de alimentos fora do domicílio segundo idade, gênero, nível de escolaridade, renda mensal familiar per capita, situação do domicílio (urbana/rural) e localização do domicílio (município da capital do estado ou outro). O consumo de alimentos fora do domicílio foi definido como a aquisição de, pelo menos, um tipo de alimento para consumo fora de casa no período de sete dias. Foram também estimadas as frequências do consumo de nove grupos de alimentos (bebidas alcoólicas, refrigerantes, biscoitos, frutas, doces, leite e derivados, refeições, fast foods e salgadinhos), segundo idade, gênero, renda mensal familiar per capita e situação do domicílio. Uma segunda análise avaliou a associação entre consumo fora de casa e obrepeso/obesidade dos indivíduos entre 25 e 65 anos de idade residentes em domicílios situados na área urbana (N=56.178). A prevalência de consumo fora do domicílio foi de 35%, sendo maior para os adultos jovens, do gênero masculino, com maior nível de escolaridade e de renda mensal familiar per capita, residentes em domicílios situados na área urbana e no município da capital. O grupo dos refrigerantes entre os demais itens alimentares foi o que apresentou maior frequência de consumo fora de casa no Brasil. O consumo de alimentos fora de casa foi positivamente associado com sobrepeso e obesidade somente em homens. O consumo de refeições e de refrigerantes fora do domicílio apresentou maior associação com sobrepeso e obesidade entre os homens, no entanto apresentou associação negativa entre as mulheres. Os gastos com refeições consumidas fora do domicílio foram em média quase três vezes maiores do que os gastos com o consumo de fast-foods. Em conclusão, a idade, o gênero, a escolaridade, a renda e o local de moradia influenciam o consumo de alimentos fora do domicílio, fatores a serem incorporados nas políticas públicas de alimentação saudável. Particularmente os homens parecem fazer escolhas alimentares menos saudáveis quando se alimentam fora do domicílio. / Out-of-home eating has increased in many countries, including Brazil, and this habit has been associated with the increase of obesity in developed countries. The aim of this study is to characterize the out-of-home eating in the Brazilian population and to assess its association with obesity. We used data from the 2002-2003 Household Budget Survey (HBS), carried out by The Brazilian Census Bureau. All individuals over 10 years old (N = 146,525) were included in the analysis. The frequency of out-of-home eating was estimated according to age, gender, educational level, per-capita household income, and household area location urban/rural and state capital city/other). Out-of-home eating was defined as the purchase of, at least, one type of food for consumption away from home in a 7-day period. The frequency of consumption of nine food groups (alcoholic beverages, soft drinks, cookies, fruits, sweets, dairy products, sit-down meals, fast foods and deepfried snacks) was also estimated according to age, gender, per-capita household income and household area location. A secondary analysis evaluated the association between out-of-home eating and overweight/obesity among individuals between 25 and 65 years old, living in urban area of Brazil (N = 56,178). The prevalence of outof-home consumption was 35%, being higher among young adults, male, those with the highest educational level, highest per-capita household income, living in urban areas, and in the capital city of the state. Soft drinks group, compared to the other food items, presented the highest frequency of out-of-home consumption in Brazil. Out-of-home consumption was positively associated with overweight and obesity only among men. The consumption of soft drinks and sit-down meals away from home showed the greatest association with overweight and obesity among men, however it showed a negative association among women. The expenditures on sit- down meals were, in average, almost three times as high as the expenditures on fast foods. In conclusion, age, gender, schooling, income and household location influenced the out-of-home consumption. These factors should be incorporated in public policies for healthy eating. Particularly, men seem to make less healthy food choices when they eat out of home.

No description available.

In first part of this thesis was create a questionnaire, which has been applied to the chosen locality in České Budějovice. In the questionnaire were these types of questions: if inhabitants know what is the organic household refuse, if they take advantage of separating facillity of these refuse, what kind of separation meet they own needs, if they know about facillity of throw away of organic household refuse through the protabel collective truck in the year 2009 and next questions relevant to these theme. In the second part was get at the legislative and other conditions for the treatment of organic refuse in towns of the Czech republic. In these part was specified average value of annual organic househole refuse in České Budějovice and was process the information about waste collectors, containers and other waste-processing equipments

Extended households are far from a rare phenomenon in Latin America and their prevalence does not seem to be in decline. In Chile, they accounted for about a quarter of all households over the 1990–2011 period. This persistence contrasts with the dramatic transformations that have taken place in other dimensions of family life, such as the fall in fertility and marriage rates, and the increase in cohabitation and out-of-wedlock births. Recent studies on extended living arrangements in the region have mainly understood household extension as a strategy to face economic deprivation, giving little attention to other factors affecting it, such as gender inequalities and changing needs for support over the life course. In this dissertation, I contribute to the understanding of extended households Chile through the analysis of adult women living in family units over the 1990–2011 period. Unlike most other studies, I recognise the unequal positions that individuals and families occupy within the extended household, by distinguishing between women that head an extended household and those that join it as subfamilies. Using quantitative methods, I analyse a nationally representative household survey: the CASEN survey. This is the most complete data source on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the Chilean population. This dissertation offers a new assessment of the relationship between extended living arrangements and economic deprivation. Its findings only partially support the hypothesis of household extension as a family strategy to face economic hardship. Other key factors emerge when explaining extended living arrangements, including mothers’ full-time employment, the vulnerability of informal family structures, and other needs of support connected to the life course. There has been an increasing trend across 1990–2011 for young women who have started their family life to live in extended households. Multivariate analyses reveals that this increase was mainly influenced by the rising prevalence of cohabitation and single lone motherhood among younger generations, and to a lesser extent by the increase in young women’s full-time employment. These findings raise important theoretical issues for the Chilean context and show that patterns of social modernisation and family change in Chile have gone hand-in-hand with an increasing importance of the support provided by the extended family. This dissertation fills an important gap in the research on intra-household gender inequalities by analysing women’s economic dependence on extended household members. It shows that women in subfamilies are more likely to be economically dependent than those in head-families. Full-time employment, as well as marriage and cohabitation, emerge as highly protective factors against economic dependence. Special attention is paid to lone mothers, who are often excluded from research on women’s economic dependence. Lone mothers in subfamilies benefit economically from being in an extended household. Yet overall they have decreased their likelihood of being economically dependent over the 1990–2011 period. I argue that this reflects the increasing social protection towards lone mothers and recent legal reforms aimed at the equalisation of rights among couples and children irrespective of the marriage bond.

Abstrakt Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur kvinnor upplever arbetsfördelningen mellan könen i hemmet. Vårt mål är att skapa en förståelse samt belysa hur sju unga kvinnor som lever i en samborelation upplever den könsrelaterade fördelningen vad gäller hushållssysslor i de svenska hemmen idag. För att besvara studiens syfte använde vi oss av en kvalitativ metod där vi utgick från hermeneutiken som metodansats. Vi utförde sju semistrukturerade intervjuer, i syfte att fånga upp och beröra kvinnornas upplevelser och erfarenheter. Materialet vi fick ut av intervjuerna analyserades med begrepp som Individualisering (Beck), Första och Andra skiftet (Hochschild), Habitus (Bourdieu) samt Det andra könet (de Beauvoir). Studiens resultat visar att majoriteten av kvinnorna upplever att de utför mer hemarbete än sin partner. Vi kunde utläsa att kvinnorna har utformat olika strategier i syfte att få sin partner att utföra mer hushållssysslor, något som i våra ögon innebär att de får ta rollensom ”projektledare” i många fall. Resultatet indikerar även på att det finns en kluvenhetmellan en ny medvetenhet och gamla förhållanden, vilket hos kvinnorna har skapat såväl nya förväntningar som önskningar på situationen i hemmet. Detta är bland annat ett svar på framväxten av ett mer individualiserat samhälle där jämställdhetsfrågor står allt mer i fokus. / The purpose of this study is to highlight how women experience the division of labour at home between genders. Our goal is to create an understanding as well as illustrate how young women living in a co-relationship experience the gender-related distribution of domestic household chores in Swedish homes today. In order to answer the study's purpose, we used a qualitative method where we went from hermeneutics as a method. We conducted seven semi-structured interviews in order to capture and touch the women's experiences and experiences. The material we received from the interviews was analyzed with concepts such as Individualization (Beck), First and Second Shift (Hochschild), Habitus (Bourdieu) and The Second Sex (de Beauvoir). The study's findings show that the majority of women feel that they are doing more housework than their partner. We could state that women have designed different strategies to make their partners perform more household chores, which in our eyes means that they can take the role of "project manager" in many cases. The result also indicates that there is a gap between a new awareness and old conditions, which in women has created new expectations as well as the wishes of the home situation. This is, among other things, a response to the emergence of a more individualized society where equality issues are increasingly in focus.

Household air pollution contributes to the premature death of more than 4 million people annually. Improved cookstoves are one technological intervention that can potentially reduce exposure to household air pollution. However, improved cookstove implementation programs need to consider measures to increase sustainability and promote long-term adoption. The objectives of this research were 1) to develop and implement a new ferrocement cookstove for Peña Blanca, a rural indigenous community in the Ngäbe-Bugle region of Panama, 2) to evaluate its potential sustainability in comparison to the most common cooking technologies observed in the community, 3) to prepare a construction manual for the stove to promote future development, and 4) to provide guidelines for applying a holistic approach to improved cookstove projects. A bottom-up, community-driven approach to development focused on integration and capacity building was used to design and implement a ferrocement improved cookstove. A survey was administered to 26 households to understand the familial and environmental health of the community as well as knowledge, opinions, and needs related to cooking practices and improved stoves. Finally, the ferrocement stove developed for this study, along with the three stone fire, the ecojusta stove model, and a gas stove were evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively using a sustainability assessment framework developed specifically for improved cookstoves. The results of this study suggest that design and implementation of an improved cookstove in the field that incorporates community feedback and provides educational opportunities may produce solutions that are more likely to be sustainable and meet users’ needs. The process allows for design flexibility to reduce smoke and fuel use while incorporating community preferences such as simplicity and ease of use, ability to control heat, stove features and size. Results from conducting household surveys emphasize the importance of a community-based development process that focuses on meeting community-specific challenges and needs. Conditions such as extreme poverty and lack of support structures pose significant challenges and shape community opinions regarding cooking technology and practices. In fact, the community’s desires in this study differ greatly from that found in the established literature. Specifically, 84% of rural Panamanians from this study felt that reducing smoke indoors was important to them. Sustainability evaluations of improved cookstove implementation programs in Panama highlighted common strengths in the needs assessment and implementation project life stages. These programs excelled at involving the community in identifying project needs and participating in the construction of stoves. On the other hand, the post-implementation and follow-up life stages were assessed to be weaker as these programs generally do not perform evaluation and monitoring of stove use and adoption after the implementation stage or continue user education. Additional qualitative analysis from this study suggest that the traditional stove may be the most sustainable and appropriate stove technology at this time for the community if combined with improving education related to family health, the environment, and stove use that results in behavior change. This approach may have the potential to fulfill the goals of improved cookstove programs globally through education and behavior change as an alternative approach to implementing an inappropriate technology. Moreover, an improved stove that is developed in the community that uses local materials and provides educational opportunities that focus on caring for resources and improving stove operator skill is more likely to be sustainable than other options. General guidelines and lessons learned for applying a holistic approach to improved cookstove development in the field include enhancing community understanding through involvement of local leaders, empowering the community in the decision-making process, providing educational opportunities or facilitating the implementation of a technology that is affordable, effective, and that meets users’ diverse needs, or both. As well as evaluating sustainability likelihood by utilizing comprehensive tools such as surveys, stove testing, program assessment frameworks, life cycle assessments, and incorporating results from post-project monitoring and evaluation iteratively until needs are met and exposure to household air pollution and deforestation rates are reduced. The implications of this work are that 1) technology implementation may not be the best solution, similar investments made in education and behavior change may result in equal or greater sustainability early on, 2) the design and implementation of an improved cookstove in the field with high standards for technical design, that reduce emissions, and with flexibility for elements that do not affect performance can result in meeting users’ needs better with higher adoption rates, and 3) a more holistic approach to development using available tools is suspected to result in improved cookstove programs that improve human and environmental health while meeting users’ needs for the long-term.

The thesis compares the carbon footprints generated by household food consumption in urban and rural areas of selected regions within the European Union, and deepens the knowledge of the impact contemporary society has on global climate change. Selected regions come from the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary and the Netherlands. The first part summarises the findings of climate change and its impact on the environment, the concept of sustainable development, and the consumer behaviour of the Czech population in the food sector, with a focus on the possibility to influence carbon footprint production. The second part addresses the particular comparison of carbon footprints generated by household food consumption and evaluates the results. The conclusion from this part of the dissertation can be used as a guide to help reduce carbon footprints through food consumption.

A atividade leiteira no Brasil tem se desenvolvido e sofrido modificações em toda sua cadeia produtiva com exigências de qualidade, consolidação de bacias leiteiras e instalação de indústrias de laticínios onde há grande concentração de produtores de leite. Dada a competitividade do setor e visto que o Oeste Catarinense possui mais de 50 mil produtores de leite e diversas associações e redes de viabilização da agricultura familiar, esta pesquisa analisou as relações de cooperação e competição entre produtores de leite e outros agentes na região de abrangência da Rede Ascooper (Associação das Cooperativas e Associações de Produtores Rurais do Oeste de Santa Catarina). Utilizou-se metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa e aplicou-se a técnica de entrevista com os produtores rurais, visando-se a caracterização das propriedades, produção e o desenho das Redes de Valor, formadas por clientes, competidores, fornecedores e complementadores. O produtor de leite coopera e compete com estes agentes para a geração de valor ao seu produto e garantir benefícios mútuos e individuais em um jogo de produção e negócios. A relação de cooperação e competição simultâneas entre atores é denominada coopetição (NALEBUFF; BRANDENBURGER, 1996). Com auxílio do software Sphinx, analisou-se o conteúdo das entrevistas, as relações e as atividades exercidas em rede e individualmente pelos produtores de leite e os resultados concretos e percebidos pelos mesmos em termos de cooperação, competição e coopetição. Observou-se que os produtores estabelecem relações de coopetição, sem predominância de comportamento cooperativo ou competitivo. Eles complementam-se na formação de preço e de linhas de leite, nos grupos da comunidade, mas quase não realizam ações cooperativas de mutirões e trocas de equipamentos como antigamente. A cooperação se dá especialmente dentro das cooperativas, motivada pelo “estar em grupo” e pelas garantias e apoio que oferecem, o que reforça o papel dessas organizações como principais agentes nas Redes de Valor, atuando como clientes, complementadores, fornecedores e competidores. As indústrias de laticínios, com suas exigências de produção, não cooperam com os produtores durante a produção de leite, estando nas suas Redes de Valor apenas como clientes e competidores. A competição entre produtores ocorre principalmente devido ao preço, quantidade e qualidade do leite. A coopetição tem se mostrado uma forma de manter a atividade equilibrada, reduzindo o risco de exclusão dos produtores. Cooperação e competição entre produtores podem ocorrer de forma concomitante e atores como cooperativas e associações fortalecem estas relações e ampliam o poder dos produtores, tornando-os referência em produção, produtividade e formação de uma das mais importantes bacias leiteiras do país. / The dairy activity in Brazil has developed and changed throughout its supply chain with quality requirements, consolidation of dairy production and installation of the dairy industry where there is high concentration of milk producers. Given the competitiveness of the sector and since the West of Santa Catarina has over 50 000 dairy farmers and various associations and networks to assist the family farm, this research analyzed the relationships of cooperation and competition among producers of milk and other agents in the region coverage by Rede Ascooper (Associação das Cooperativas e Associações de Produtores Rurais do Oeste de Santa Catarina). We used qualitative research methodology and applied the technique of interviews with farmers in order to characterize the properties, production and design of Value Nets, formed by customers, competitors, suppliers and complementors. The dairy producer cooperates and competes with these agents to generate value to your product and ensure mutual and individual benefits in a production and business game. The relationship of simultaneous cooperation and competition between actors is called coopetition (NALEBUFF; BRANDENBURGER, 1996). With the aid of the Sphinx software, we analyzed the content of the interviews, relations and activities performed individually and in network by dairy producers and their concrete and perceived results in terms of cooperation, competition and coopetition. They complement each other in pricing and “dairy lines”, community groups, but most do not realize the cooperative actions of collaborative efforts and exchange of equipment as before. The cooperation takes place especially in the cooperative, motivated by "being in a group", by offering support and guarantees, which reinforces the role of such organizations as key players in Value Nets, acting as customers, complementors, suppliers and competitors. The dairy industries, with their production requirements, do not cooperate with the producers during the production of milk, being in their Value Net just as customers and competitors. Competition among producers is mainly due to price, quantity and quality of milk. The coopetition has been a way of maintaining balanced activity, reducing the risk of exclusion from the producers. Cooperation and competition between producers can occur concurrently. Actors such as associations and cooperatives strengthen these relationships and extend the power of producers, becoming them a reference in production, productivity and formation of one of the major dairy regions of the country.

135f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-11T16:36:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fabiana Costaseg.pdf: 752488 bytes, checksum: 21be37d658f94d1e0b6f449561271918 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Valdinéia Ferreira(neiabf@ufba.br) on 2013-05-07T15:33:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fabiana Costaseg.pdf: 752488 bytes, checksum: 21be37d658f94d1e0b6f449561271918 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-07T15:33:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fabiana Costaseg.pdf: 752488 bytes, checksum: 21be37d658f94d1e0b6f449561271918 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Pensar a questão da chefia familiar feminina é ter no horizonte a clareza de que estamos lidando com um objeto extremamente diversificado, inclusive porque o próprio contexto que perpassa sua existência – a família (ou as famílias?) - já é bastante complexo e rico de formas e significados. Partindo de uma pesquisa empírica com 32 mulheres negras chefes de famílias residentes em bairros do Subúrbio Ferroviário de Salvador-BA, desenvolvemos este trabalho buscando principalmente compreender como alguns dos principais eixos de subordinação se articulam no exercício da chefia familiar, e em que medida essas dimensões se traduzem em maiores dificuldades ou, paradoxalmente, numa abertura de possibilidades para novas formas de se pensar a família e o papel que a mulher desempenha, sobretudo em nosso contexto, a mulher negra e pobre, tanto no âmbito privado das relações, quanto na sua dimensão pública. As reflexões neste trabalho buscam atentar também para a desconstrução do mito da “coitadinha” que tomou força com as discussões acerca da feminização da pobreza. Dessa forma, a análise proposta permite reafirmar que as chefes não são dupla ou triplamente afetadas pelas desigualdades, mas afetadas de um modo distinto que só pode ser compreendido quando entram em jogo todas as facetas da desigualdade, não sobrepostas, mas interrelacionadas. / Salvador

p. 1-177 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-25T17:27:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 55555.pdf: 2031724 bytes, checksum: 6ce4077330412f22572bd43edcf78d50 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva(mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-05-04T17:32:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 55555.pdf: 2031724 bytes, checksum: 6ce4077330412f22572bd43edcf78d50 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-04T17:32:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 55555.pdf: 2031724 bytes, checksum: 6ce4077330412f22572bd43edcf78d50 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / A mortalidade neonatal, em vários países do mundo, corresponde ao componente mais expressivo da mortalidade infantil. No Brasil, esta mortalidade mantém-se em patamares elevados e com acentuadas desigualdades regionais em sua distribuição. Este estudo teve como objetivos, analisar a tendência temporal e fatores associados à mortalidade neonatal, identificar padrões na sua distribuição espacial e a relação desta com as condições de vida além de analisar a evolução das desigualdades sociais no risco de morte neonatal e suas relações com características maternas, condições de nascimento, atenção à saúde e de condições de vida em Salvador, Bahia, no período de 1980 a 2006. No primeiro artigo que compõe esta tese, construiu-se uma série temporal dos óbitos neonatais de 1980 a 2006, enquanto nos segundo e terceiro artigos, correspondentes a estudos de agregados espaciais referentes a 2000-2006, Zonas de Informação (ZI) compuseram as unidades de análise. Estas foram agregadas em estratos de elevada, intermediária, baixa e muito baixa condição de vida, com base em um Índice de Condições de Vida. Análise de Componentes Principais, correlação de Spearman, Regressão Linear ordinal e espacial e Qui-Quadrado de tendência foram métodos empregados na análise dos dados, além do Teste I de Moran (Global e Local) para avaliar dependência espacial, e Risco Relativo, para avaliar as desigualdades sociais. Os resultados demonstraram tendência de estabilização dos óbitos neonatais a partir de 1992 e as três principais causas são redutíveis por adequada atenção à gestação, ao parto e ao recém-nascido. Evidenciou-se autocorrelação espacial entre as taxas (I=0,1717; p=0,0100). O padrão espacial detectado teve a proporção de nascidos vivos (NV) com baixo peso como seu principal fator explicativo e definiu os maiores riscos para esta mortalidade (> 9,0/1000 NV) concentrados em áreas do centro e subúrbio, e os mais baixos (3,2 a 5,5/1000NV) ao sul e leste da cidade. Demonstrou-se associação da mortalidade neonatal com as condições de vida, confirmada pelo gradiente linear e crescente do risco nesta mortalidade do estrato de melhor para o de pior condição de vida, indicando a influência da desigualdade social nesta mortalidade. Há indícios de redução desta desigualdade, devido ao decréscimo ocorrido no estrato de intermediária condição de vida (β= -0,93; 0,039), aliada à reduzida variação no risco de morte neonatal do estrato de elevada condição de vida. São necessárias novas estratégias para a redução da mortalidade neonatal que contemplem maior qualificação e reestruturação da atenção à saúde materno-infantil, bem como outras que promovam melhorias nas condições de vida da população, sob o risco de comprometer a velocidade de decréscimo da mortalidade infantil no município. / Salvador