The aim of this study has been to answer the question of why, and due to which reasons, according to Swedish authorities and non-governmental organisations, sexual trafficking to Sweden is a fairly common occurrence.To answer this question I have used studies and reports from the chosen authorities and organisations which is addressing the issue of human trafficking to Sweden. The method I have chosen to use for the analysis of this material is a qualitative content analysis, and the theoretical framework I have used is an integrated model that is based on demand theory, economic theory, intersectional feminist theory and radical feminist theory.With the help of these theories, I have analysed the results from the content analysis, and connected the relevant theories, to specific categories of reasons for sexual trafficking.The results of this study shows that supply and demand, sexism, legal reasons, economic reasons, and cultural reasons, are amongst the most common ones responsible for sexual trafficking to Sweden.

Människohandel för sexuella ändamål regleras i 4 kap. 1a § BrB och innebär att någon genom olaga tvång, vilseledande, utnyttjande av någons utsatta belägenhet eller med annat sådant otillbörligt medel rekryterar, transporterar, överför, inhyser eller tar emot en person i syfte att exploatera honom eller henne för sexuella ändamål. I de fall där offret är under 18 år, döms gärningsmannen för människohandel även om denne inte använt sig av något sådant otillbörligt medel. Uppsatsens målsättning är att studera huruvida lagstiftningen rörande människohandel för sexuella ändamål har tillämpats sedan lagen infördes år 2002. Syftet med uppsatsen är således att studera om det förekommer någon förändring i brottsrubricering mellan åklagarens yrkande och domstolens beslut och varför denna eventuella förändring i brottsrubricering sker. Ett annat syfte är att föra en diskussion rörande polisens preventiva arbete gentemot brottet. Uppsatsen bygger på material i form av 41 domstolsavgöranden från Tingsrätt och Hovrätt mellan årtalen 2003 och 2012, där åtalet har gällt människohandel för sexuella ändamål. Uppsatsen tar sin utgångspunkt i en kombination av två vetenskapliga metoder, juridisk metod och textanalys, samt en mindre litteratursökning. Sammanfattningsvis har det framkommit att lagstiftningen om människohandel för sexuella ändamål är svår att såväl tolka som att tillämpa. I hälften av åtalen sker en förändring av brottsrubricering och denna förändring är en direkt konsekvens av domstolens svårighet att styrka rekvisitet otillbörligt medel. Vidare behövs mer forskning kring tillämpningsproblematiken rörande lagstiftningen.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur livssituationen för brottsoffer utsatta för arbetskraftsexploatering i Sverige beskrivs samt vilket skydd och stöd som erbjuds av samhället. Urvalet har varit målstyrt och består av tre specifika rapporter vilket har granskats genom tematisering och analyserats genom intersektionell teori. Resultatet visar att brottsoffer osynliggörs och på så sätt inte få de stöd och skydd de har rätt till. Det kan förklaras genom brister i kunskap och resurser hos relevanta aktörer, därtill visar analysen att brottsoffers etnicitet, ålder, kön och klass kan vara förklaringar till att de inte får samhällets stöd. / The purpose of this study is to illustrate how protection and support are offered to victims of labor exploitation. In addition, the study aims to explore the causes behind the discrepancy between Sweden’s international obligations, and the support and protection that are offered by society in practice today. The selection of sources has been goal-oriented and comprise three specific reports, which have been reviewed with the help of thematization and analyzed from the perspective of intersectional theory. The study shows that crime victims are rendered invisible and thereby do not receive the support and protection that they are entitled to. The causes behind this are, inter alia, a lack of knowledge and scarcity of resources with relevant actors. Furthermore, the study shows that crime victims’ ethnicity, age, sex, and class can be contributing factors to why they do not receive support from society.

The issue of human trafficking is, as stated by the EU, a crime that alters the fabric of our society and is a severe violation of human rights. However, the migration crisis within the EU has fueled a rise of the right across the continent. This rise reflects feelings of anxiety amongst citizens towards migration and resulting in hardening migration policies, increasing the vulnerability of migrants. It is this duality this study aims to understand by the introduction of ontological security. To understand the reality of victims, a qualitative content analysis revealed the ontological (in)securities of victims. Overall, they feel a lack of control and autonomy. This lack of control becomes highly visible in regards of obtaining a residence permit. The ontological (in)security felt by victims in this aspect, might be due to the ontological insecurity of the EU and its member states. The anxiety created by migration needs to be managed, resulting in an ambiguous policy. As found through a qualitative content analysis, the EU indicates a differentiation in EU victims and non-EU victims. This ambiguity is a result of the balancing act between the EU’s ontological security and the anxieties of its member states.

Human trafficking is an international crisis which has emerged as a human rights issue of the highest priority for many nations. This is not a new occurrence, although the onset of globalization has provoked increased intensity in this international crime. Recent studies, including the U.S. State Department’s 2009 Trafficking in Persons Report have predicted that the recent global economic crisis will inflate these numbers to an even larger number of victims. This thesis will investigate these phenomena ultimately asking: Do immigration policies and economic conditions contribute to the recent proliferation in cases of human trafficking for labor purposes? Moreover with the recent global economic crisis, has consumer demand affected an increase in cheap migrant labor furthering vulnerabilities that create prime situations for human trafficking and forced labor? This thesis will investigate these questions by focusing on the geographic parameters of the United States and Mexico due to their physical proximity and the history of immigration between these neighboring countries.

Purpose: The overarching purpose of this research paper is to broaden the understanding of the rehabilitation and reintegration of trafficking victims by illustrating and explaining common rehabilitation and reintegration processes of Burmese trafficking victims, girls and women, in Yangon, Myanmar. As part of that overarching purpose, this paper also aims to analyse how and if the victims’ human rights are being properly upheld. The paper highlights the problem of the state’s actions of upholding human security and the right to possess protection against modern slavery, with specific focus on trafficked girls or women as right holders and the state (in this case Myanmar) together with non-state responsibility-holders as duty bearers. Method: The paper is based on data derived from a field study, with the empirical material gathered through walk-along at a trafficking shelter and semi-structured interviews with several NGOs, IGOs and other actors and in Yangon, Myanmar. Analysis: In Myanmar there is a lack of shelter space and not enough focus on the long-lasting impact of trauma in a trafficked person's life. A majority of trafficking victims that escape from trafficking situations are placed in shelters operated by the Department of Social Welfare (DSW-shelters) for a few days before being repatriated to their families and/or home community. This method, i.e., the repatriation of victims to their respective home community, is cost efficient, but not always in the best interest of the victims as it increases the risk of re-trafficking. Some victims are offered help from reintegration programs where vocational training is a common component, but little other effort is made to rehabilitate the victim from their psychological trauma. Many victims that seek restorative justice within the court system do not enjoy a fair trial, as procedures are unclear, and corruption is common amongst both judges and prosecutors. The lack of restorative justice is another factor that hinders the victims rehabilitating from their trauma as it decreases the chance to fully reintegrating the victims into society on a long-term basis. Finally, the enforcement of anti-trafficking laws is weakened by the fact that the Myanmar Anti-Trafficking Police Force is understaffed, undereducated and overworked.

Trafficking in children is widespread abuse of children that happens in Ghana. The concept of human rights has not yet fully found its way into societal structures and beliefs, and that creates problems when we want to ensure the protection of children from violations. Ghana is a country where children are trafficked, both transnationally and inside the country. Mainly for the sake of child labour. Even with many legislative frameworks and ratifications of conventions, the number of children being abused is high. After a nine-week minor field study in Ghana interviewing NGO workers, I am in this thesis analyzing the experiences of people working for organizations in Ghana to eliminate child trafficking in relation to the theory of childism. How great of a factor is prejudice against children in Ghana that enables child trafficking. Does it even exist? Concludingly finding that more than one factor contributes to child trafficking, mainly the lack of realization of children’s rights and the realization of children as right bearers.

This thesis describes a research study to understand the current state of human trafficking data collection practices and reporting in the province of Alberta, Canada, and gather end-user design considerations for cyberinfrastructure that will enable data sharing between multiple and diverse stakeholders. The research also examines the barriers to change and the needs of stakeholders to improve the collective understanding of human trafficking in the province. Virtual semi-structured interviews were conducted with nineteen organizations including law enforcement and community serving non-profit agencies. While the research resulted in design considerations for a cyberinfrastructure prototype, findings revealed the complexity of the human trafficking ecosystem in Alberta and suggestions for how the community of stakeholders can shift towards a sustained collaborative data sharing culture. This study responds to the need to collect actionable data from multiple sources to reflect the prevalence and context of human trafficking more accurately.

Human trafficking is an ever-growing crime in this century. It is estimated that there are 29.8 million slaves around the world today - 16.36% of which are located in sub-Saharan Africa. The sub-Saharan region is a region in which human trafficking is combatted ineffectively due to a lack of food, lack of access to education, lack of post-education opportunities and lack of proper legislation. This thesis explores the environment in which human trafficking is taking place in sub-Saharan Africa, and proposes potential changes that will theoretically disallow human trafficking to take place in the region. The only way in which an environment conducive to trafficking in persons will ever change is through establishing partnerships amongst governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other international organizations. Through the analysis of case law from the United Nations Human Trafficking Case Law Database, data from the World Bank, the United States State Department Trafficking in Persons Reports, the United Nations Global Reports on Human Trafficking, and various reports from NGOs, this thesis evaluates the approaches taken by various governments in sub-Saharan Africa to change the environment in which human trafficking thrives. Through raising awareness of the environment of sub-Saharan Africa, and by describing three ways in which human trafficking can be combatted effectively, such as the use of food, education, and the law, this thesis contributes not only to the legal discipline, but also to helping combat trafficking in persons effectively throughout the world.

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