A onda de recessão econômica e de desaceleração do crescimento da década de 80, aliada à crise política e financeira vivenciada pelos Estados Nacionais na A.L., abriu terreno para que concepções neoliberais permeassem as decisões ligadas aos investimentos necessários em infra-estrutura. O Brasil, do Governo Collor ao FHC (1990 à 2002), seguiu esta orientação e, por meio dela, permitiu que vários segmentos dos serviços essenciais se tornassem passíveis de privatização e descentralização, dentre eles, o setor elétrico que foi reestruturado. Dado o contexto supra, este estudo visa analisar, sob um prisma sociológico e da geografia humana, o ressurgimento das pequenas centrais hidrelétricas no cenário nacional, intentando dar pistas da efetividade da política ambiental brasileira quando da implantação e recuperação destas usinas. Trata-se de examinar quais mecanismos político-institucionais permitem que o bem público, representado pelos recursos hídricos, possa ser apropriado para responder às necessidades de natureza privada, e como as necessidades sócio-ambientais imbricadas são contempladas nesse processo. É apresentado um estudo de caso para trazer à tona, por um micro recorte, a implantação de pequenos aproveitamentos hidrelétricos no qual a necessidade expansionista do setor reitera um padrão de excludência social e pouca efetividade decisória dos agentes sociais afetados. / The 80\'s wave of economic recession and decelerated development, allied to political and financial crises experienced by Latin American National States, opened field to a spread-out of classic conceptions through decisions connected to necessary infra-structure investments. Brazil followed this orientation, from Collor to FHC (1990 to 2002), and allowed many essential service segments to become liable of privatization and decentralization, among them, the electric sector, which was re-structured. Considering this context, this study aims to analyze under sociological and human geographical viewpoints, the resurgence of Small Hydroelectric Power Plants on the national scenery, intending to give cues of the Brazilian environmental policy effectiveness, by the time of these plants implantation and recovery. It concerns of examining which are the political-institutional mechanisms that allow the public welfare, represented by hydrous resources, to be convenient to private nature demands, and how the involved social-environmental demands are analyzed on this process. A case study is presented in order to bring-up, through a short brief, the implantation of small hydroelectric plants, where the growing necessity of the sector, reaffirms a pattern of social exclusion and few conclusive effectiveness of the affected social agents.

As políticas adotadas pelo Brasil para promover o seu desenvolvimento tem sido ancoradas pela produção de energia por aproveitamentos hidrelétricos. Estes empreendimentos são colocados como carros-chefe dos pacotes governamentais amparados por um discurso hegemônico de que a energia produzida pelos mesmos é \"limpa e renovável\". Para isto, basta observar os planos nacionais de energia para as próximas décadas, bem como os diferentes projetos em andamento no Brasil, como Jirau e Santo Antonio (rio Madeira) em Rondônia, Belo Monte (rio Xingu) e o Complexo Tapajós (rio Tapajós) ambos no estado do Pará na Amazônia Legal. Porém, na esteira da instalação destes empreendimentos, diferentes impactos são desencadeados afetando principalmente as populações tradicionais destes territórios. Para entender a intensidade destes, esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de verificar, a partir da implantação do AHE-Estreito, os desdobramentos do processo de desterritorialização forçada das comunidades tradicionais afetadas, bem como a perda de suas identidades desencadeada pela ruptura de suas territorialidades. Para atingir os objetivos propostos apropriou-se de diferentes procedimentos metodológicos, dentre eles a utilização da rede de interações de Sorensen, pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, trabalho de campo, fotodocumentação, entrevistas e relatos orais. Das interpretações dos dados obtidos, foi possível verificar que a desterritorialização ocasionou sinergicamente a disrupção social dos afetados, pois as perdas territoriais implicaram na perda de referenciais culturais, onde o território é composto por signos, símbolos e representações que impingem a construção da identidade. No contexto supra, esta identidade está sendo perdida pela destituição dos sujeitos dos seu territórios. É necessária uma política mais séria, e com maior rigor, referente ao acompanhamento de construção de empreendimentos do porte do AHE Estreito. Verificou-se que a reflexividade institucional é baixa diante de projetos componentes da modernidade, pois não dá conta dos desdobramentos advindos de sua instalação e proporciona mais insegurança nas relações sociais e institucionais, tendo como reflexos os impactos negativos recaídos sobre populações tradicionais/locais. O modelo mostrou ser insuficiente, marcado por uma ação burocratizada respaldada pelas normas e leis, desvinculada das reais necessidades dos afetados que não os incorpora nos processos decisórios sobre a produção de energia. É preciso possibilitar uma forte discussão ampliada sobre outras fontes e potencialidades de uso, em consonância com o respeito às comunidades tradicionais no Brasil, para que possamos reacender, de fato, um debate hegemonicamente visto como já decidido e minorar os impactos junto aos afetados. / The policies adopted by Brazil in order to promote its development has been anchored by the energy produced by hydroelectric use. These developments are placed as flagships of governmental packets backed by a hegemonic discourse that the energy produced by them is \"clean and renewable\". For this, simply observe the national energy plans for the coming decades, as well as the various projects underway in Brazil, as Jirau and Santo Antonio (Madeira river) in Rondônia, Belo Monte (Xingu River) and Complexo Tapajós (Tapajós) both in the state of Pará, and in the Amazônia Legal. However, in the trail of these enterprises, different impacts are triggered affecting populations of these traditional territories. To understand the intensity of these impacts, this research was accomplished in order to verify since the implementation of AHE-Strait, the unfolding of the process of forced dispossession of traditional communities affected, as well as the loss of their identities triggered by the disruption of their territorialities. To achieve the proposed objectives, this research appropriated from different methodological procedures, including the use of the network of interactions Sorensen, literature, documentary research, field work, photo documentation, interviews and oral histories. From the interpretations of the data, we found that the deterritorialization synergistically has caused social disruption affected. It happened because the territorial losses resulted in the loss of cultural references, where the territory is composed of signs, symbols and representations that impinge upon the construction of identity. In the above context, this identity is being lost by the removal of the subject from their territories. It is needed a more serious and more accurately policy of monitoring and construction of projects from the size of AHE Estreito. It was found that institutional reflexivity is low regarding to the projects components, for it does not cover the consequences arising from their installation and provides more insecurity in social and institutional relations, having as reflexes the negative impacts on traditional/local populations. The model proved to be insufficient, marked by an action supported by bureaucratic rules and laws, detached from the real needs of those affected than those incorporated in decision-making on energy production. It is important to enable a strong discussion about other sources and potential uses, consistent with respect for traditional communities in Brazil, thus we can rekindle indeed a debate hegemonically seen as already decided and mitigating the impacts from those affected.

O Licenciamento ambiental é um dos instrumentos da Política Nacional de Meio Ambiente, estabelecida pela lei 6.938 de 1981. Nos últimos 30 anos, o país passou por inúmeras transformações econômicas, políticas e sociais. No cenário de grande potencial hidrelétrico do país, demanda crescente por energia, fortalecimento e consolidação da legislação e do sistema de gestão ambiental, participação de novos atores econômicos interessados em prover a expansão do parque de geração de energia, maior participação dos movimentos sociais na esfera pública e uma memória não muito distante de graves problemas socioambientais ocasionados pela construção de hidrelétricas; é que se dão os conflitos que perpassam todo o processo de licenciamento ambiental de hidrelétricas e do qual se ocupa essa dissertação. Entre os anos de 2004 e 2008, muitos atores econômicos e sociais envolvidos com a temática do licenciamento ambiental no país se posicionaram publicamente, sobretudo a respeito dos conflitos relacionados à concessão das licenças ambientais para empreendimentos hidrelétricos. A reflexão sociológica a qual se propôs este projeto de pesquisa utiliza a Teoria da Modernização Ecológica como instrumental teórico e busca entender o estado da arte do licenciamento ambiental de hidrelétricas no Brasil. / The Environmental license is one of the tools of the National Environmental Policy, established by the law 6.938 of 1981. Over the past 30 years, the country has had lots of economical, political and social changes. The socio-environmental conflicts that permeate the environmental licensing process of UHEs, which constitute the subject of this dissertation, happen in a context characterized by the great hydroelectric potential of the country, the increasing demand for energy, the strengthening and consolidation of the legislation and of the environmental management system, the growing participation of the social movements in the public sphere, a recent memory of socio-environmental problems resulting from the construction of hydroelectric power stations and the participation of new economic agents interested in promoting the expansion of the energy generation park. Between 2004 and 2008, many economical and social agents that were involved with environmental licensing subjects in Brazil publicly expressed their positions, mainly in relation to the conflicts related to environmental license concession for hydroelectric enterprises. The sociological analysis of this research project uses the Ecological Modernization Theory as a theoretical instrument. It also aims to understand the environmental licensing process for hydroelectric power stations in Brazil.

The aim of this work was to develop a proposal regarding hydro-energy potential of small flows of water through the city „Hovězí near Vsetín“. The available water energy was used for running a Swirl Turbine featuring a siphon arrangement. This new concept makes use of a modified Kaplan Turbine, operating at small water heads. It operates also at higher revolutions and has higher discharge.

This dissertation is a history of efforts to develop the Litani River in Lebanon. Under French rule (1920–43), development projects shaped an unequal distribution of infrastructure that privileged Christian and urban regions. A cohort of nationalist Lebanese engineers advocated developing the Litani River, in Lebanon’s Shi‘a-majority southwest, as a means to foster national unity by resolving inequalities among Lebanon’s religious communities. The resulting Litani project (1955–65) was Lebanon’s first grand-scale hydroelectric project. The United States, France, and the World Bank made the project central to their respective strategies in the decolonizing Middle East. Lebanese engineers competed and collaborated with European and American experts to design infrastructure that connected the Litani, and Lebanon’s hinterland, with the capital, Beirut. Economists, religious leaders, farmers, and communists debated infrastructure designs in Beirut’s bourgeoning public sphere. The completed infrastructure generated electricity for Beirut’s consumers by extracting water from the impoverished rural margins. The World Bank deemed the project a qualified success as an investment. But most in Lebanon considered it a monumental failure because the infrastructure did not meet urgent needs. Rather, the infrastructure materialized preexisting inequalities between Beirut and its peripheries, which provided a visible injustice that a rural Shi‘i political-religious movement mobilized to demand equal rights. Unlike familiar histories of development in which rural communities resist state intrusion, in Lebanon, rural actors and engineers sought to build a larger and more equitable state by constructing socially just infrastructure.

<p style="text-align: justify;">Istraživanje modela rizika predstavlja stalnu&nbsp;proveru parametara vibracija sistema, na osnovu&nbsp;kojih se može prognozirati vreme zamene&nbsp;komponenata pre nego &scaron;to dođe do njihovih&nbsp;otkaza. Model se zasniva na stalnom praćenju&nbsp;parametara stanja u cilju eliminacije slabih mesta&nbsp;na tehničkom sistemu. Na taj način će biti&nbsp;ustanovljeni modeli za predviđanje i sprečavanje&nbsp;otkaza u radu tehničkog sistema. Karakteristika&nbsp;ovog modela je u neprekidnom praćenju stanja&nbsp;tehničkog sistema u procesu eksploatacije i&nbsp;iznalaženje uporednog modela za procenu rizika,&nbsp;prema ISO standardima. Istraživanje je imalo za<br />cilj da se izvr&scaron;i: procena dinamičkog stanja,&nbsp;osetljivosti i sklonosti rotirajućih elemenata<br />hidro-elektrane (HE) ka debalansu, kao i procenu&nbsp;sigurnosti funkcionisanja vratila i rotora<br />turbinskog dela uređaja HE sa aspekta&nbsp;minimalnog rizika od pojave zastoja.</p> / <p>Research into risk models is a constant check of&nbsp;the system&#39;s vibration parameters, based on&nbsp;which the time of replacing components can be&nbsp;predicted before their failure occurs. The model&nbsp;is based on continuous monitoring of state&nbsp;parameters in order to eliminate weak spots in the&nbsp;technical system. In this way, models will be&nbsp;established for predicting and preventing failure&nbsp;in the work, technical system. The characteristic<br />of this model is the continuous monitoring of the&nbsp;state of the technical system in the exploitation&nbsp;process and the finding of a comparative risk&nbsp;assessment model, according to ISO standards.&nbsp;The aim of the research was to evaluate the&nbsp;dynamic state, sensitivity and tendency of the&nbsp;rotating elements of the hydroelectric power<br />plant (HE), to the imbalance, as well as to assess&nbsp;the safety of the functioning of the shaft and rotor&nbsp;turbine part of the HE unit from the aspect of&nbsp;minimal risk of occurrence of delays.</p>

The world’s demand for energy has steadily increased in recent years, driven by economic and population growth, coupled with the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, using fossil fuels to meet the energy demand has led to various environmental and social problems, including air pollution, climate change, and geopolitical conflicts. As a result, there has been a growing interest in shifting from fossil energy to green energy sources, which offer a cleaner, and often more cost-effective alternative. This essay will explore the opportunities and challenges of transitioning from fossil energy to renewable energy, with a focus on the economic, environmental, and social implications of this shift, throughout the current state of renewable energy technologies and their potential for widespread adoption, as well as the political and regulatory frameworks that facilitate or hinder this transition. The essay also provides an empirical literature overview of the costs and benefits of transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy, including the impact on the environment and employment. I argue that while the transition to renewable energy will not be easy, it is necessary to ensure a sustainable future for our planet and future generations

ln mid-1988, Brigham Young University received a high-quality collection of photographic glass plates made by Edith Irvine at the tum of the century. The plates, her camera and other photographic equipment, and miscellaneous publications were donated to BYU by her nephew, Jim Irvine. When the plates arrived and the Archives Photolab had them proofed, we realized thal not only were the San Francisco earthquake/ fire and other areas of California history recorded, but we had, in fact, the work of an outstanding photographer. As we compared the proofs with the work of other photographers who handled similar subjects, we called on faculty members qualified to judge her work. All were unstinting in their praise. As our Archives Curator, Dennis Rowley, looked at them, he said, "I've never seen a sel of photographs create a mood like these do." The more I worked with them, the greater my need to do more than just process and preserve. As I discussed the collection with the faculty members, it became evident to me that I should make a change in my graduate program. I was determined to learn more about the photographer. The collection of photographs can be viewed in the Edith Irvine Collection.

Historical hydroelectric stations are part of an aging industrial heritage that is still extremely relevant today through its form of generating energy. Many stations built in the 20th c. are categorized as architectural heritage, therefore protected against demolition or radical change, thus also a radical expansion that would allow to modernize the station and allow for bigger energy output. Viskafors power station in Borås (Sweden) built in 1917 for the former local textile factory,  is a small-scale power station that is marked as architectural heritage, currently owned by Vattenfall.  The town of Viskafors is one of many factory towns along the river and as the industry went bankrupt in the 1970-ties it has become a suburb to the city of Borås. The only public buildings in Viskafors are schools. The town once defined by the industry is now left with an inaccessible waterfront and plenty of unused and unattainable space.The former factory grounds and the restricted area around the hydroelectric station, railway and regional road block the waterfront.The latest station renovation happened in 2013, leaving the second floor and the lift tower empty. Forming another void in the total space that Viskafors has to offer.Can this void be used as leverage to explore the potential of formerly unattainable space within the station and in connection to the waterfront? Keeping this in mind, this thesis aims to find meaningful ways to inhabit and repurpose formerly unattainable space as it is today; to find methods of organizing complex landscapes; initiate a discussion of new thinking of potential hybrid scenarios for the complexities of our future settlements.Can the future be a link to the past and vice versa?The project space stretches from the street level approaching the building to the rooftop, extends into the empty space of the station's second floor, and continues over the other side of the river. The existing second-floor space dimensions are  33 m x 11m x 5.5 m forming a box space. In theory, a box space this size holds infinite potential as long as it remains empty and has no walls, this project aims to explore the method of placing programmed pavilions/interventions as a space-organizing method of work and extending the approach to the rest of the project site area.The aim is to keep the hydroelectric station running while inhabiting the empty space surrounding it, and learning how to live with it.

In this study a comparative approach between both the Sámi of northern Sweden and the Three Affiliated Tribes of North Dakota in relation to the constructions of the Letsi Reservoir and Garrison Dams will be given. The comparison will help create an understanding of what kinds of impacts they had to a number of factors. These factors include financial, environmental and cultural impact to the aforementioned groups, with the Imperial mindsets of the State in question.