Les fullerènes de bisulfure métallique de type ( M eS2 , où Me= Mo et W) rencontrent un intérêt croissant du fait de leurs pouvoirs anti usure et réducteur de frottement en régime de lubrification limite. Les propriétés tribologiques de ces nanoparticules, dépendent à la fois de leurs caractéristiques intrinsèques (structure, morphologie, taille, ... ), des conditions de sollicitations (nature des surfaces, pression, température, ... ) ainsi que du cocktail d'additifs présent dans une formulation d'huile moteur. La compréhension de l'origine de ces propriétés passe obligatoirement par une parfaite connaissance du mode d'action des nanoparticules. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est d'identifier les paramètres pouvant avoir une influence sur le comportement des nanoparticules à l'échelle nanométrique et de faire le lien entre ce comportement, les mécanismes de lubrification des nanoparticules, et leurs propriétés tribologiques. Afin de répondre à cet objectif nous avons adopté une approche multi échelle qui consiste dans un premier temps à étudier le comportement de fullerènes individuels (IF - M eS2 , ou Me= Mo et W) en cours de sollicitation. Ainsi grâce à une méthodologie expérimentale originale couplant la technique de nano indentation à une observation in situ dans un microscope électronique à transmission haute résolution (HRMET), nous avons visualisé pour la toute première fois et en temps réelle comportement de nanoparticules individuelles d'if- M eS2 (Me= Mo et W) sollicitées en compression et/ou en cisaillement dans un contact dynamique. Cette étude a permis d'identifier l'influence des caractéristiques intrinsèques des fullerènes sur leur réponse à l'échelle nanométrique et d'estimer des pressions de contact pour lesquelles le fullerène s'exfolie, roule ou glisse dans le contact. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés aux mécanismes de lubrification des fullerènes en dispersion dans une base lubrifiante, en condition de lubrification limite. En se basant sur des analyses XPS et des observations MEB et MET des tribofilms et des débris d'usure générés à l'issu d'essais de frottement réalisés dans trois contacts de nature différente (acier, alumine et DLC), nous avons clairement montré que les propriétés lubrifiantes des nanoparticules d'IF - M eS2 (Me= Mo et W) dépendaient à la fois de leurs caractéristiques intrinsèques et de la nature des surfaces frottantes. Ainsi un lien a été établi entre le comportement des fullerènes à l'échelle nanométrique et leur mode d'action dans un contact tribologique. Enfin, l'influence de la mise en dispersion des nanoparticules sur leurs propriétés tribologiques a été étudiée. Les propriétés tribologiques des nanoparticules dans une huile moteur ont été également évaluées. Deux approches expérimentales de type 'Bottom up' et 'Top dawn'ont été adoptées afin d'évaluer les interactions entre les nanoparticules et l'ensemble des additifs présents dans une huile complétement formulée. L'influence de la température sur les propriétés tribologiques des nanoparticules a été également abordée.

The union organization rate has continuously diminished since the mid 90's. The aim of this essay is to investigate non-members approach to the union. Central questions are what personal experiences the respondents have of the union and how they view the union as a phenomenon. According to previous research the main cause of the great decline in membership to LO are the increased membership fees to the union and the unemployment insurance funds (UIF) in 2007. The increased fee led to a greater accumulated cost for those who were both union- and UIF -members, which had a negative effect on the membership numbers for the union. This study is based on qualitative interviews with three persons working within the agreement area of IF Metall and three persons within the agreement area of Kommunal. To interpret our empirical material we use Max Weber´s theory of social action. The study shows that the membership fee is an important factor for the decision to stay out of the union but even more important is the lack of personal benefits that union membership is associated with. Generally the interviewees think that the union, to increase the personal benefits, should be more present in the working place and that they should work more intensively to improve the work environment, workplace safety and job security. The union is not considered to offer personal safety to the extent they ought to. The protection that is requested stretch from qualified support in labour law negotiations to a secure and steady income in case of unemployment or sickness. / Den fackliga organisationsgraden har kontinuerligt minskat sedan mitten av 1990-talet. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka fackligt oorganiserades förhållningssätt till facket. Centrala frågor är vilka personliga erfarenheter respondenterna har av facket samt vilken syn de har på facket som fenomen. Enligt tidigare forskning är de höjda egenavgifterna till a-kassorna och de stigande medlemsavgifterna till fackförbunden kring 2007 den främsta orsaken till medlemsraset inom LO. De ökade avgifterna ledde till en ökad ackumulerad kostnad för de som både var fack- och a-kassemedlemmar, vilket påverkade medlemsantalet negativt för facket. Denna studie baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer med tre fackligt oorganiserade personer inom IF Metalls avtalsområde och tre inom Kommunals. I tolkningen av det empiriska materialet använder vi oss av Max Webers teori om sociala handlingstyper. Vår studie visar att medlemskostnaden spelar en viktig roll i beslutet att avstå medlemskap men att den upplevda personliga nyttan med medlemskap är ännu mer avgörande. Intervjupersonerna anser generellt att facket, för att öka den personliga nyttan, skulle behöva vara mer närvarande ute på arbetsplatserna och ta mer kamp för en förbättrad fysisk och psykosocial arbetsmiljö och anställningstrygghet. Facket anses inte heller i tillräcklig grad ge det personliga skydd som det borde till medlemmarna. Skyddet de efterfrågar kan handla om allt från ett kvalificerat stöd i arbetsrättsliga förhandlingar till en tryggad inkomst vid arbetslöshet och sjukdom.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-02-01T17:08:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Josiane Lopes Medeiros - 2015.pdf: 2417472 bytes, checksum: ab11712afa018ed7bdacf06272fe60e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-02T06:59:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Josiane Lopes Medeiros - 2015.pdf: 2417472 bytes, checksum: ab11712afa018ed7bdacf06272fe60e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-02T06:59:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Josiane Lopes Medeiros - 2015.pdf: 2417472 bytes, checksum: ab11712afa018ed7bdacf06272fe60e4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / This study is linked to the line of research Educational Policies, Management and Teacher Education of the Postgraduate Programme in Education of the Federal University of Goiás - Jataí Regional. The aim of this study was to analyze the implications of the Institutional Programme of Initiation to Teaching (Pibid) in the Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology – Rio Verde Campus (IF Goiano RV), advances, limits, challenges and perspectives of the rules of the programme in the Science teacher education. Considering this, it was investigated the theme in its historicity, analyzing the educational policies for teacher education in Brazil, from the first Lula da Silva’s government (2003-2006) to July 2015, and the perceptions of 38 participants engaged, 16 undergraduate students and scholarship students of Pibid, 10 supervisor-teachers of the basic public education, and 12 egress scholarship students; situating the questions in the context of a teacher education, in the unitary perspective. The Methodological approach used in the research was qualitative and the collected data, analyzed according to the assumptions of the content analysis, in order to perceive the different constitutive aspects of the teacher education. In addition to the literature review, we conducted a field survey with the application of a questionnaire to 26 current scholarship students of Pibid in the Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology RV and 12 egresses. In order to analyze the collected data, it was considered the political and the theoretical aspects which influenced the teacher education, the educational policies of teacher education and the documents which regulate Pibid as well as the perception of the investigation subjects. This study revealed consensus and contradictions in the laws which regulate the teacher education in Brazil, pointing that Pibid is understood as a way of teaching appreciation , as well as one of the main initiative of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for the initial and continuing formation. The research highlighted the teaching as a job that, as such, reveals a specific formation, with quality, with a curriculum which allows to the teachers the understanding of the historical, social and political dimension of their role in the context and historical construction of their claims, duties and achievements. This would be to conceive the teacher education in the unitary perspective, what implies recognizing the importance of both initial and continuing formation, as processes of salary appreciation, social enhancement, career, and concrete working conditions. From the achieved results, we highlight limits and possibilities in the model of initiation represented by Pibid: limits regarding the concern of future teachers in relation to the enhancement of career, social prestige, lack of structure and encouragement from teachers, lack of resources and problems concerning the point of view of the school management about Pibid and its scholars; and possibilities for allowing a coexistence mediated by theory and practice, as well as a mediation between Higher Education Institutions (IES) and basic education schools. / Este estudo vincula-se à linha de pesquisa Políticas Educacionais, Gestão e Formação de Professores, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Regional Jataí. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as implicações do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência (Pibid) no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano - Câmpus Rio Verde (IF Goiano RV), os avanços, os limites, os desafios, as perspectivas e o papel do programa na formação do professor de Ciências. Diante disso, investigou-se o tema em sua historicidade, analisando políticas educacionais para a formação de professores no Brasil, a partir do primeiro Governo Lula da Silva (2003-2006) até julho de 2015, e as percepções de 38 atores envolvidos, 16 licenciandos bolsistas atuais do Pibid, 10 professores supervisores da Educação Básica pública e 12 bolsistas egressos; situando as questões no contexto de uma formação do professor, na perspectiva unitária. A abordagem metodológica utilizada na pesquisa foi qualitativa e os dados coletados, analisados segundo os pressupostos da análise de conteúdo, a fim de se perceber os diferentes aspectos constitutivos da formação. Além da revisão da literatura, realizamos uma pesquisa de campo com a aplicação de questionário a 26 atuais bolsistas do Pibid do IF Goiano RV e a 12 egressos. Para análise dos dados obtidos, considerou-se aspectos políticos e teóricos que influenciam a formação docente, as políticas educacionais de formação docente e os documentos que regulamentam o Pibid, bem como a percepção dos sujeitos pesquisados. O estudo revelou consensos e contradições nas leis que regulamentam a formação de professores no Brasil, apontando que o Pibid é compreendido como forma de valorização docente e como uma das principais iniciativas da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) para a formação inicial e continuada. A pesquisa evidenciou a docência como um trabalho que, como tal, revela uma formação específica, de qualidade, com um currículo que permite ao professor o entendimento da dimensão histórica, social e política de seu papel no contexto e construção histórica de suas lutas, deveres e conquistas. Isto seria conceber a formação de professores na perspectiva unitária, o que implica reconhecer a importância tanto da formação inicial e continuada quanto dos processos de valorização salarial, social, de carreira, e de condições concretas de trabalho. A partir dos resultados alcançados, destacamos limites e possibilidades no modelo de iniciação representada pelo Pibid: limites no que diz respeito à preocupação dos futuros professores quanto: à valorização da carreira, ao prestígio social, à falta de estrutura e de estímulo por parte dos professores, à falta de recursos e aos problemas com a visão da gestão escolar sobre o Pibid e seus bolsistas; e possibilidades por permitir uma convivência mediada por teoria e prática, como também a mediação entre as IES formadoras e as escolas de Educação Básica.

Les enjeux environnementaux actuels, ainsi que la hausse continue du prix du pétrole, ont incité les constructeurs automobiles du monde entier à améliorer le rendement de leurs véhicules. Les propriétés tribologiques des lubrifiants des moteurs et boîtes de vitesses ont une influence considérable sur le rendement global des véhicules. Ils réduisent en effet le frottement généré par un grand nombre de contacts, et permettent parfois la réduction de la taille de différents composants en leur conférant une meilleure résistance à l’usure. Les avancées récentes en termes de synthèse de nanoparticules ont ouvert de nouvelles perspectives en termes d’additivation de lubrifiants avec, par exemple, la découverte des excellentes propriétés tribologiques des nanoparticules inorganiques de type fullerène comme le disulfure de molybdène ou de tungstène. L’objectif de ce manuscrit est d’évaluer le potentiel tribologique des nanoparticules IF-MoS2 dans l’optique d’une application automobile. L’influence de la taille et de la structure des nanoparticules a d’abord été étudiée. Les nanoparticules peu cristallines se sont révélées être plus aptes à maintenir un tribofilm performant sur des surfaces en acier dans des conditions de lubrification limite, indépendamment de leur taille. Toutes les nanoparticules testées ont cependant atteint des performances équivalentes lorsqu’une recirculation de l’huile était imposée, permettant de maintenir une alimentation continue du contact en nanoparticules. Une fois incorporées dans une formulation d’huile complète, les nanoparticules IF-MoS2 perdent leurs propriétés tribologiques. Les dispersants contenus dans l’huile, bien que permettant une bonne dispersion des IF-MoS2, semblent responsables de leur inefficacité en empêchant la formation de tribofilms sur les surfaces antagonistes. Une fois correctement dispersées, les nanoparticules pénètrent toujours le contact et se retrouvent bien exfoliées. Une adsorption excessive des dispersants sur les feuillets de MoS2 ainsi libérés et/ou sur les surfaces en acier semble nuire à l’adhésion du tribofilm. Un équilibre entre dispersion des nanoparticules et performance tribologique a ensuite été trouvé, en utilisant de très faibles concentrations de dispersants. Le comportement des huiles dopées en nanoparticules dans des conditions plus proches d’une application automobile a finalement été exploré. Les IF-MoS2 ont permis une réduction significative du frottement et de l’usure à température ambiante et en roulement/glissement, à la fois pour des surfaces lisses et rugueuses. Les risques associés à la présence de nanoparticules dans l’huile dans les régimes de lubrification en film complet ont été partiellement levés. Aucun impact significatif n’a en effet été constaté sur le coefficient de frottement pour l’ensemble des conditions d’essais retenues. Le potentiel des nanoparticules IF-MoS2 pour la protection des surfaces soumises à la fatigue de contact a enfin été démontré. / The growing environmental concerns, along with the continuous increase in the price of fossil fuels, have highly motivated car manufacturers worldwide to improve the efficiency of their vehicles. The tribological properties of engine and gearbox lubricants have a significant impact on the global efficiency of vehicles, as they contribute to reducing friction in many contacts and allow the downsizing of various components by providing their surfaces with anti-wear protection. The recent breakthroughs in nanoparticle synthesis have opened new prospects in terms of lubricant additivation, with the discovery of the excellent friction and wear reducing properties of nanoparticles such as Inorganic Fullerene-like (IF-) molybdenum or tungsten disulfides. The tribological potential of IF-MoS2 for automobile applications was investigated in this work. The respective influences of nanoparticle size and structure were first of all studied, revealing that poorly crystalline nanoparticles were more efficient in maintaining low-friction tribofilms on steel substrates in severe boundary lubrication regimes regardless of size (for the range studied). All the nanoparticles tested however showed similar performances when proper oil recirculation was ensured, providing a continuous feeding of the contact in nanoparticles. The IF-MoS2 nanoparticles lost their lubricating abilities when added to fully-formulated lubricants. This behavior was attributed to the presence of dispersants in the oil, which dispersed the nanoparticles effectively but prevented them from forming tribofilms on the rubbing surfaces. The well-dispersed IF-MoS2 were shown to enter the contact and exfoliate, but an excessive adsorption of the dispersants on the released MoS2 platelets and/or the steel surfaces is thought to prevent tribofilm adhesion. A balance between nanoparticle dispersion and tribological performance was then found, by using very low concentrations of dispersants. The behavior of nanoparticle-doped oils in various scenarios related to automobile applications was finally explored. The IF-MoS2 provided significant friction and wear reduction at ambient temperature and in milder rolling/sliding test conditions, for smooth and rough surfaces. The risks related to the presence of nanoparticles in the oil in full-film lubrication regimes were partially lifted, with no significant influence on friction witnessed for all the test conditions considered. The ability of IF-MoS2 nanoparticles to protect steel surfaces from surface-initiated Rolling Contact Fatigue was finally shown.

Dissertation "Risk assessment in selected municipality with extended powers with precautions suggestion to eliminate losses and damages to public assets" deals with analyses and assessment of the current situation at the selected municipality with extended powers. Vision of the first part of the thesis is to analyse current status of the analysis issues and risk assessment on the territory of the municipality. The second part of the thesis contains methods to achieve the risk assessment, evaluation of the current threats in the municipality and will provide a draft measure for the targeted risk management.

Inom klinisk patologi bedöms vävnadsprover under mikroskop, med syftet att fastställa diagnos. Utgångsmaterial är antingen ett helt organ eller en liten bit från det sjukligt förändrade organet. I det senare fallet kallas preparatet för biopsi och dessa tas med hjälp av biopsiverktyg och oftast under ultraljudledning. Njurbiopsier kan tas vid misstänkt transplantatavstötning, av medicinska skäl, vid inflammatoriska tillstånd (nefriter) samt nefrotiska tillstånd. En del av biopsimaterialet fixeras i 4 % formaldehyd för ljusmikroskopisk (LM) bedömning, medan resten transporteras i transportlösningar som Michels- eller Zeus lösning. Det materialet fryses ned direkt för kryostatsnittning, dessa transportlösningar syftar till att bevara vävnaden färsk för immunofluorescens (IF) analys. Problem kan uppstå när materialet som bedöms med LM inte innehåller ett acceptabelt antal glomeruli, där minst 12- 15 stycken krävs för att biopsin skall vara representativ. Om det är alltför få till antalet brukar man tina och formaldehydfixera IF materialet. Morfologin blir oftast dålig och inte lämplig för bedömning. Den enda som man kan göra är att ombiopsera patienten. Detta är kostsamt, obekvämt för patienten och inte helt riskfritt. Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka ifall man kan ersätta transportlösningarna med ett fixativ som skulle medföra bättre morfologi i de fall som IF materialet måste tinas upp och användas för LM, men samtidigt erbjuda samma kvalitet på IF-signalen. Tre fixeringsmedel jämfördes med rutinmetodens 4 % formaldehyd; dels kommersiellt tillgängliga som Histochoice och HOPE (Hepes-Glutamic acid buffer mediated Organic solvent Protection Effect) och ett fixativ som är baserat på zinkjoner. Resultatet visade att när det gäller LM-undersökning på paraffininbäddat material så gav HOPE och Histochoice acceptabel morfologi av glomeruli. Vid upptinande av materialet följt av formaldehyd/paraffin, sågs fortsatt god kvalitet i den glomerulära morfologin, medan den tubulära morfologin var klart undermålig. Zn-fixering ledde till bubblor i cytoplasman vilket inte är acceptabel morfologi. I IF-analys gav alla fixativ negativ signal utom Zn-fixering, vilken gav en positiv signal. Det innebär att ingen säker diagnos kan ställas vid användning av de undersökta fixeringsmedlen som kan ersätta transportlösningar eller rutinlaboratoriet formaldehyd. Zn-fixativ såg lovande ut om det bortses från bubblorna, men detta behöver undersökas ytterligare i framtida studier / lt is important for clinical pathology to assess tissue samples (preparations) under the microscope to make a diagnosis. Starting materials is either a whole organ, or a small piece of the diseased body. The material can also be in the form of so-called biopsies, which are taken by biopsytools and ultrasound. Kidney biopsy may be taken for suspected transplant rejection, medical reasons and at nephritic (inflammation), and nephrotic states. Half of the material from kidney biopsies are transported in transport solutions of the type Michel / Zeus that serves the purpose of preserving the tissue fresh for immunofluorescence (IF) analysis. The other half is fixed in 4% formaldehyde for light microscope (LM) assessment, a procedure that precludes IF staining due to destruction of the antigenicity of the tissues. Problems might occur when the material is assessed by LM and do not contain an acceptable number of glomeruli, at least 12-15 are regarded as acceptable for diagnosis. If these are fewer in numbers, the material previously used for IF may be thawed and formaldehyde fixed. The morphology is however often adversely affected by this procedure, rendering the tissue unsuitable for morphological assessment. Therefore the only remaining option is to re-biopsy patients. This is costly, inconvenient for the parients, and not completely safe. This study was performed in order to explore if transport solutions can be replaced by a fixative that would result in a better morphology after thawing of the tissues, but with retained IF -quality. Three fixing agents were compared with routine method 4% formaldehyde; the commercially available Histochoice and HOPE fixatives (Hepes-Glutamic acid buffer mediated Organic solvent Protection Effect) and a fixative that was based on zinc ions. The results showed that in terms of LM, the fixatives HOPE and Histochoice gave acceptable morphology of the glomeruli, while the tubules were poor. It also showed that there were a lot of bubbles in the cytoplasm at the Zn-fixing. As for IF-analysis, all were negative except Zn that gave a positive signal. This means that no secure diagnosis can replace the routine transport formaldehyde. Zn fixative looked promising, except the bubbles, but needs to be further investigated in future studies.

Skrivprojektet Tillfälligheter består av sju texter som på olika sätt binds ihop av tematiken i ordet tillfälligheter. Jag har haft intentionen att utforska hur jag i mitt skrivande kan närma mig genren science fiction. Genren är bred och ger stora möjligheter till variation och användning av fantasin utan begränsningar. Eftersom man gärna skriver det man själv gillar att läsa är det mjuk sf, alternativa världar, tidsresor och dystopier samt så kallad New Weird jag främst har fokuserat på. Science fiction försöker ofta besvara frågan "What if?" och jag har anammat den utgångspunkten i mitt arbete med projektet och utgått från att det är just tillfälligheter som har fått styra händelserna i de sju berättelserna. De sju texternas genreanpassning och stil kan kortfattat beskrivas som följer: Equinox – tidsresor; uppbyggd som en vetenskaplig uppsats och med ett retrospektivt berättande utifrån ett förstapersonsperspektiv Kalejdoskop – New Weird; hur namnens betydelser får personifiera karaktärerna 22:43 – en alternativ värld; skriven endast med dialog utan sägeverb Brunnen – dystopisk saga med stark verklighetsförankring och några stänk av skräck CCTV – teknologi, AI; om ett inanimat objekts upplevelse och tolkning av mänskligt beteende Tom Taylor – dystopi, mjuk sf (psykologi, ekologi) och samhällskritik; retrospektivt blandat med rak kronologi och cirkelrörelse Eschatos – en dystopisk omvänd travesti på Första Moseboks skapelseberättelse skriven som en dikt

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Denna uppsats undersöker den konstnärliga dimensionen av supporterkulturen, med särskilt fokus på de organiserade koreografierna som äger rum på fotbollsarenor, även kända som tifon. Studien syftar till att analysera representationerna av tifon och den roll de spelar inom supporterkulturen för det svenska fotbollslaget Hammarby IF. De forskningsfrågor som utforskas är: Vilken övergripande roll fyller tifo och på vilka sätt kan dessa skapade visuella element kopplas till och påverka identiteten inom supporter- kulturen för Hammarby IF? För att uppnå detta har jag kontaktat fotografer och valt ut fyra olika tifon som förmedlar distinkta teman och budskap. Materialet analyseras med utgångspunkt från teorier som visuella kulturstudier, semiotik och performativitetsteori. Metodiken innebär att genom denotation och konnotation avslöja underliggande betydelser av det som visas. Som ett resultat avslöjar studien hur de olika tifona huvudsakligen representerar identitet, rivalitet, samhällskritik och hyllning, vilket bidrar till en djupare förståelse för samspelet mellan konst, sport och kultur. / This essay examines the artistic dimension of supporter culture, with a particular focus on the organized choreographies that take place in football stadiums, commonly known as tifos. The study aims to analyze representations of tifos and the role they play within the supporter culture of the Swedish football team Hammarby IF. The research questions to be explored are: What overarching role does tifo fulfill and in what ways can these created visual elements be linked to and influence identity within the supporter culture of Hammarby IF? To achieve this, I have contacted photographers and selected four different tifos that convey distinct themes and messages. The material is analyzed drawing upon theories such as visual cultural studies, semiotics, and performativity theory. The methodology involves annotating and connotating the visual elements to uncover underlying meanings of what is displayed. As a result, the study reveals how the different tifos primarily represent identity, rivalry, societal critique and homage, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of the interplay between art, sports, and culture.

Master of Regional and Community Planning / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Claude A. Keithley / Planning Support Systems allow planners to create alternative development scenarios to forecast a more accurate and precise future trend of development in their communities. The software What If?™ has been developed and introduced in the planning profession since its first release in the 1990’s. This report evaluates the software What If?™ based on the planning decision-making process. The report provides three aspects of evaluation: technical, empirical, and subjective. In addition, the paper will be also providing an overall understanding of the analytical capability of What If?™, and an overview of its operating procedures.