Submitted by Aline Martins (1146629@mackenzie.br) on 2016-09-14T19:37:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) THIAGO NAPOLITANO TAVARES.pdf: 764051 bytes, checksum: 38acc4cdfc20827d28507d47671c6d82 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paola Damato (repositorio@mackenzie.br) on 2016-09-20T14:56:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) THIAGO NAPOLITANO TAVARES.pdf: 764051 bytes, checksum: 38acc4cdfc20827d28507d47671c6d82 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-20T14:56:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) THIAGO NAPOLITANO TAVARES.pdf: 764051 bytes, checksum: 38acc4cdfc20827d28507d47671c6d82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-04 / The issuance of IFRS 15 is significant a change in the process of convergence of accounting practices adopted by FASB and IASB. The implementation of an almost uniform standard that controls the revenue recognition will bring important changes in the environment of internal controls and processes of the companies. Though the adoption of IFRS 15 is effective from January 1, 2018, it’s necessary to prepare an advance mapping in order to measure the scale of the changes and implement them in the context of each organization considering the sector of activity and types of contracts. This research specifically addresses the impacts identified in the construction contracts. This research has qualitative and exploratory characteristics because there are no studies that already identified the impacts by applying the new standard. The final result of this research has been obtained through interviews with auditors and accountants specialized in construction contracts, especially considering the importance of knowing the impact perceived by those who prepare the financial statements and by whom audits itself. Important changes have been identified, particularly in the revenue recognition process, as the new standard requires greater analysis on contractual clauses and essence of contracts under the accounting perspective. Among the findings are: change in the number of performance obligations, estimates of variable consideration for revenue recognition and identification of financial component on the contracts. Accountants and auditors of companies with construction contracts are the main users of the impacts identified in this research. / A emissão do IFRS 15 representa importante mudança no processo de convergência das práticas contábeis adotadas por FASB e IASB. A emissão de uma norma pelos dois órgãos conjuntamente, que objetiva regular o reconhecimento de receita, trará mudanças importantes no ambiente de controles e processos internos das empresas. Embora a adoção do IFRS 15 seja efetiva a partir de 1º de janeiro de 2018, é necessário o mapeamento e preparo antecipado de modo a mensurar a dimensão das mudanças e inseri-las no contexto de cada organização conforme o setor de atuação e tipos de contratos celebrados. Este trabalho trata especificamente dos impactos identificados nos contratos de construção. A pesquisa tem caráter exploratório qualitativo por não existirem estudos que identifiquem os impactos ao utilizar a nova norma. O produto final deste trabalho foi obtido através de entrevistas com auditores e contadores especializados em contratos de construção, principalmente por considerar a importância em conhecer os impactos percebidos por quem prepara as demonstrações financeiras e por quem as audita. Foram identificadas mudanças importantes, principalmente no processo de reconhecimento de receita, pois a nova norma exige maior observância das cláusulas contratuais e da essência dos contratos sob a ótica contábil. Dentre os achados, destacam-se: mudança no número das obrigações de desempenho, utilização de fator limitante para reconhecimento de receita da parcela variável dos contratos e identificação de componentes financeiros. Os contadores e auditores de empresas que possuem contratos de construção são os principais usuários dos impactados identificados neste trabalho.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-21T11:27:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Fagundes.pdf: 1168509 bytes, checksum: b1c013ba779c496d7048e46609201752 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-21T11:27:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Fagundes.pdf: 1168509 bytes, checksum: b1c013ba779c496d7048e46609201752 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-15 / With the publication of IFRS 15 and CPC 47 regulations, construction industry will be greatly affected due to the impacts on revenue recognition. Consequently, performance appraisals of this sector, which lacks in-depth studies and greatly affects the country’s economy, may undergo significant changes. Revenue recognition is an essential part of balance sheet analysis and decision-making, once profit is determined from the revenue line in the income statement. Therefore, analyzing the application of CPC 47, a convergence of IFRS 15 and also a milestone in the international accounting evolution as the first regulation created with the membership of both USGAAP and IFRS, is what motivated this research whose aim is to demonstrate the application of IFRS 15 in construction companies and real estate developers, as well as to emphasize the main changes of regulations applied to this sector. In this regard, methodologically, this study is supported by relevant bibliography and regulatory instruments to the subject, that is, qualitative inductive method. The results show that the regulations proposed by IFRS 15 have greater reliability, transparency, and are more appropriate to the IFRS profile. Thus, it is concluded that, due to the magnitude of the proposed change, companies will have a hard work to adapt, demonstrating the lack of improvement in the applicability of the regulation to the other sectors affected / Com a publicação das normas IFRS 15 e CPC 47, a construção civil será bastante afetada devido aos impactos causados no reconhecimento da receita. Consequentemente, as avaliações de desempenho desse setor podem sofrer alterações significativas, setor este carente de estudos mais aprofundados e que afeta grandemente a economia do País. O reconhecimento da receita é parte fundamental para análise de balanço e tomada de decisão, já que, a partir da linha da receita no demonstrativo do resultado, é que se determina o lucro. Dessa forma, analisar a aplicação do CPC 47, uma convergência da IFRS 15 e também um marco para evolução contábil internacional por ser a primeira norma criada com a composição de membros tanto do US GAAP quanto do IFRS é o que motivou esta pesquisa, que tem por objetivo demonstrar a aplicação do IFRS 15 nas empresas de construção civil e incorporadoras, bem como evidenciar as principais mudanças de normas aplicada a esse setor. Para isso, metodologicamente, este trabalho está apoiado em bibliografia e instrumentos regulatórios pertinentes ao assunto, ou seja, qualitativa indutiva. Os resultados mostram que as normas propostas pelo IFRS 15 possuem maior confiabilidade, transparência, além de estarem mais adequadas ao perfil das IFRS. Portanto conclui-se que, devido ao tamanho da mudança proposta, as empresas terão um trabalho árduo para adequação, demonstrando a lacuna de melhoramento na aplicabilidade da norma aos demais setores afetados

No description available.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s several revenue recognition scandals arose, which led to a discussion about the need for a new principle-based standard with a balance sheet-based approach for revenue recognition. On 1st of January 2018 IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers became effective and replaced all previous revenue recognition standards and interpretations. All companies are expected to be affected regarding when and how much the company reports its revenue, though the scope may vary from one company to another. This study aims to investigate how the application of IFRS 15 has impacted companies based on the business models they apply in their customer agreements. To operationalize the purpose of the study a quantitative method was adopted to gather the empirical data, which have been obtained from the companies’ annual reports. An enumeration was implemented, why all listed companies on Nasdaq Stockholm which are required to implement IFRS 15 have been studied. The results indicate that a minority of the companies have showed an impact and most of the companies have not been impacted after an implementation of the new revenue recognition standard. The study has identified that the reason why companies are affected by IFRS 15 depends on the business models’ companies apply in their customer agreements. The minority of companies that have been affected by IFRS 15 are the ones which have developed business models that includes complex customer contracts, i.e. customer contracts consisting of complex commitments and promises of goods and services to customers. Accordingly, the majority of the studied companies uses business models with non-complex customer contracts in their customer agreements, e.g. simple sale of only one good, hence their revenue recognition under IFRS 15 does not differ from previous accounting standards.

The purpose of this study is to explore how IFRS 15 have influenced Swedish auditors and financial analysts’ understanding of companies’ revenue transactions. How accounting structural changes under IFRS 15 contribute to potential informational effects remains a largely unexplored topic. By applying asymmetric information theory, behavioral decision theory and the concept of uniformity versus uniqueness, this study explores potential factors that influence information intermediaries’ understandability of companies’ revenue transactions. This study uses an explorative approach consisting of 8 semi-structured interviews with Swedish auditors and financial analysts working in the telecommunication and construction industry. From a practical point of view, this study may assist the IASB and other regulators in obtaining a better understanding of information intermediaries’ ability to appropriately interpret and use financial information under IFRS 15. From a theoretical standpoint, the findings can provide areas of potential future studies in the field of accounting information research. Although the implementation of IFRS 15 has a limited quantitative accounting effect, this study finds that the implementation contributes to informational effects on financial analysts and auditors’ information environment. The findings indicate that the perceived informational effects are dependent on entities' application of the standard; intermediaries’ accounting knowledge and experience; as well as companies' transparency and manipulating incentives.

Intäktsredovisning är av stor vikt för företag och bedöms i de flesta fall vara en av de största bokföringsposterna. Olika redovisningsmetoder kan ge upphov till olika utfall vilket kan påverka de intressenter som företaget interagerar med. Sedan den 1 januari 2018 har en ny redovisningsstandard för intäktsredovisning trätt i kraft - IFRS 15. Den nya standarden har utvecklats av IASB i ett led för att uppnå konvergens genom en enda uppsättning av redovisningsstandarder internationellt. För noterade företag inom EU är det obligatoriskt att upprätta koncernredovisning i enlighet med IFRS. Ur ett svenskt perspektiv kommer således noterade koncerner att påverkas av den nya intäktsstandarden. För moderbolagen i noterade koncerner blir utfallet samma eftersom dessa företag måste tillämpa regelverket RFR 2 för redovisning. RFR 2 följer IFRS, men med anpassning för ÅRL och dess upplysningskrav. För dotterbolagen i noterade koncerner finns dock möjlighet att välja mellan regelverken RFR 2 och K3 vid upprättande av den finansiella rapporteringen. K3 är utvecklat av BFN och följer enbart de upplysningskrav som följer av ÅRL. Syftet med studien är att redogöra för hur intäktsredovisningen och utfallen skiljer sig åt vid tillämpning av K3 och RFR 2. Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka hur de olika tillämpningarna påverkar nyckeltal, beskattning och utdelningsmöjligheter ur ett intressentperspektiv. För att uppnå syftet har tre typfall konstruerats som berör entreprenadavtal, tjänsteuppdrag och försäljning av varor. Typfallen har analyserats genom att tillämpa respektive regelverk avseende recognition av intäkter, nyckeltal, inkomstskatt och utdelningsmöjligheter med hjälp av en modifierad intressentmodell. Den metod som tillämpats för studien är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av abduktiv karaktär. Typfallens utfall ger slutsatsen att recognition av intäkter möjliggörs vid ett tidigare stadie vid tillämpning av RFR 2 och den nya intäktsstandarden IFRS 15 avseende försäljning av varor. Vid entreprenadavtal ges dock en senareläggning av recognition i jämförelse med K3 och vid tjänsteuppdrag görs ingen åtskillnad mellan regelverken. Vår slutsats är vidare att dessa skillnader även ger effekt på både nyckeltal, inkomstskatt att betala och utdelningsmöjligheter. / Revenue recognition is of great importance to companies and is, in most cases, considered to be one of the largest accounting posts. Different accounting methods can give rise to different outcomes, which may affect the stakeholders that the company interacts with. Since January 1, 2018, a new accounting standard for revenue recognition is effective - IFRS 15. The new standard has been developed by the IASB as a step to achieve convergence through a single set of accounting standards internationally. For listed companies within the EU, it is mandatory to prepare consolidated accounts in accordance with IFRS. Thus, from a Swedish perspective, listed groups will be affected by the new revenue standard. For parent companies in listed groups, the outcome will be the same as these companies must apply the RFR 2 regulatory framework. RFR 2 complies with IFRS, but with adaptation for ÅRL and its disclosure requirements. However, for subsidiaries in listed groups there is the option to choose between the RFR 2 and K3 regulations when preparing the financial reporting. K3 is developed by BFN and only complies with the disclosure requirements that follow from ÅRL. The purpose of the study is to explain how the income statement and outcomes differ when applying K3 and RFR 2. Furthermore, the study aims at investigating how the various applications affect key performance indicators, taxation and dividend opportunities from an interest-rate perspective. To achieve this objective, three types of cases have been designed concerning contractual contracts, service assignments and sales of goods. The cases have been analyzed by applying the respective rules regarding recognition of revenues, key performance indicators, income tax and dividend opportunities using a modified stakeholder model. The method used for the study is a qualitative content analysis of abductive nature. The outcome of the cases gives rise to the conclusion that recognition of revenue is possible at an earlier stage when applying RFR 2 and the new revenue standard IFRS 15 regarding the sale of goods. However, in the case of a contractual contract, a retrenchment of recognition is given in comparison with K3 and in the case of service assignments, no distinction is made between the rules. Our conclusion is further that these differences also affect both key performance indicators, income tax to pay and dividend opportunities.

Nuvarande redovisningsregler och principer under IFRS är till viss del öppna för subjektiva bedömningar om hur kostnader och intäkter ska redovisas. Denna subjektivitet går stundom under benämningen resultatmanipulering och innebär då att företagets resultat antingen justeras i positiv eller negativ riktning beroende på bakomliggande incitament. De subjektiva valen kan delas in i operationella åtgärder eller diskretionära periodiseringar, beroende på om de påverkar kassaflödet eller ej. Denna studie fokuserar på hur redovisningsreglerna kan användas för att uppnå resultatmanipulering och inriktas därför på de diskretionära periodiseringarna. Forskning har påvisat att möjligheten till resultatmanipulering är särskilt påtaglig i samband med att företag byter vd. Det baseras på teorierna om horisontproblemet och stålbad, att vd:n i varje given situation ämnar uppnå maximal personlig vinning. Då tidigare studier sällan undersökt den svenska marknaden avser vi uppnå kontribution om hur teorierna om resultatmanipulering är applicerbara under svenska regelverk och normer, från dess att IFRS infördes till dags dato. Via syftet att undersöka sambandet mellan ett byte av vd och resultatmanipulering har vi för avsikt att hjälpa investerare till att bättre förstå marknaden och till förbättrade investeringsbeslut. Via kvantitativ analys av årsredovisningar har vi med hjälp av den modifierade Jonesmodellen tagit fram ett mått på företags diskretionära periodiseringar. Måttet har likställts med resultatmanipulering och ställts i relation till företags vd-byten. Kopplat till horisontproblemet har nivån på resultatmanipulering jämförts mot vd-byte som sker efterföljande räkenskapsår. Teorin om stålbad har i sin tur testats genom att undersöka om resultatmanipulering nyttjas under en vd:s första verksamma år, alternativt i något av de efterföljande två räkenskapsåren. Resultaten påvisade att den svenska marknaden skiljer sig mot både bakomliggande teori och tidigare forskning. Förekomsten av horisontproblemet eller stålbad kunde inte bevisas, däremot fann studien att resultatet skrivs upp via resultatmanipulering i de två efterföljande åren efter att ett byte av vd skett. Anmärkningsvärt bevisades även att resultatminskande åtgärder utförs året innan ett rutinmässigt vd-byte inträffar. Sett till orsakssambanden bevisades därutöver att sannolikheten för att ett vd-byte kom att inträffa ökade vid användning av negativ resultatmanipulering samt när företagets lönsamhet var lägre än marknadsgenomsnittet. Studien belyser att kausalitetsproblem föreligger mellan resultatmanipulering, vd-byte och företagets lönsamhet. De exakta orsakssambanden kan studien inte förmå förklara utan vi påvisar att ytterligare forskning behöver genomföras för att klargöra det sanna orsaksförhållandet. Avslutningsvis renderar studien teoretiskt bidrag då den påvisar att teorierna om horisontproblemet och stålbad i samband med vd-byte inte stämmer in på den svenska marknaden.