<p>Abstract</p><p>The purpose of this paper is to compare existing theories and policies on CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning) with the actual situation among practising teachers of ESL (English as a Second Language) of secondary schools in Sweden. The evaluation focuses on the differences between theories and reality, and discusses why, if any, the differences exist. Some background information on second language acquisition is provided, and recent theories and standpoints within the field of CALL are mentioned to highlight the differences between theory and reality. The evaluation was made by handing out a survey to 33 teachers of ESL, asking questions about their use of computers in their everyday teaching. The survey shows that the gap between the theories and standpoints within the field of CALL, and the reality of teachers in schools often is huge. The survey shows that the main reasons for this are either a lack of functioning computers, or the lack of time for teachers to educate themselves in the field of CALL.</p> / <p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Den här undersökningen gjordes för att i stort kartlägga om datorer används på ett reflekterat och genomtänkt sätt i undervisning i engelska. Jag genomförde min undersökning genom att dela ut en enkät bland lärare som undervisade i engelska i Lidköpingsområdet, år 7-9. Av de svar som lämnades in skulle man kunna dra slutsatsen att datorn används oreflekterat och inte speciellt ofta i språkundervisningen, och detta på grund av ej fungerande teknik, brist på kunskap eller brist på eget intresse och tid. Vidare kan man se att datorn i huvudsak används som en ordbehandlare eller som ett verktyg för informationssökning, och varför det är så diskuteras längre fram i mitt arbete. Mina förslag på alternativ, och mer utförliga beskrivningar av mina slutsatser finns i min diskussion.</p>

Further development of a two-dimensional thermal analysis code (G2DHeat) to include internal decomposition and charring ablation of insulation materials is presented. An overview of the structural changes made to the program code by implementing an implicit solution routine, including source term is given, before testing and verification of accuracy is performed. A kinetic model for decomposition reactions, as well as routines for handling the generated gas from the decomposition reactions, changes concerning the material properties and erosion of surface material are implemented and explained. Comparisons of results are made with similar results obtained by commercial programs. Possible reasons affecting the results are pointed out, before additional comparisons with experimentally observed measurements are performed. Based on the simulated results it is concluded that a great deal of testing remains for proper validation of the program. How to include better boundary conditions for simulating charring ablation is suggested and recommended for further development of the program.

This paper treats further development of the TEG injection process described in Bråthen (2007). An introduction to separation technology, conventional glycol regeneration and compact mixing is presented, as these are important parts of the alternative dehydration concept. Advantages, disadvantages and operational problems are pointed out, before the problems with the TEG injection process is described. Using hot stripping gas for regeneration of the TEG is one of the suggested improvements, but large glycol losses, large flow rates of stripping gas and oxidizing of glycol are found to be the consequences, thus making the alternative unfeasible. The only improvements used, are to use inline separators for the first separation stages and compact mixers for mixing of TEG and natural gas. A simulation model is developed using the simulation software HYSYS with the CPA EoS as fluid package. Both the absorption and the regeneration part of the process is modeled, and operational data from the Snøhvit LNG facility is used as reference. From simulations it is found that TEG injection requires about 50% more circulated TEG than conventional absorber dehydration to obtain the same water content in the dehydrated gas. The weight and volume of the absorption part of the process is however found to be considerably smaller than the operational process at the Kristin field in the Norwegian North Sea, thus partly compensating for the increased TEG circulation rate. Use of MEG and DEG instead of TEG for the injection concept is also simulated, but it is concluded that TEG is the best suited because of lower regeneration energy, lower absorbent loss and best dehydration performance for low to intermediate flow rates of stripping gas. MEG is found to be unsuited for dehydration because of very large losses of absorbent.

Based on the no-slip boundary condition for walls at rest for the lattice Boltzmann Bathnagar-Gross-Krook method by J.C.G. Verschaeve [Phys. Rev. 80,036703 (2009)], a no-slip boundary condition for walls with a tangential movement is derived. Numerical tests verify that the present boundary condition is second order accurate and stable for relaxation frequencies close to two.

I denne oppgaven skulle jeg kartlegge de tekniske konsekvenser ved endringer i design av rør varmeveksler for varmegjenvinning og de teknisk/økonomiske konsekvenser for eventuell fjernvarmeutbygging ved redusert varmetetthet. Spillvarmen som skulle brukes ble hentet fra elektrolysehallen i et aluminiumsverk. Det var 170 ovner i elektrolysehallen. Varmen fra elektrolysehallen gikk ned i rør i kjelleren under hver ovn. For rør varmevekslere var det 2 alternativer kjølekappe rundt hvert rør til ovn og røykkjel der avgassen fra alle ovnene ble samlet i 4 store varmevekslere. Inntemperaturen til avgassen fra elektrolysehallen til varmeveksler var 400 C, og uttemperaturen til avgassen ut varmevekseleren i det første alternativet var 235 C. Innetemperaturen til avgassen fra elektrolysehallen til varmeveksleren var 400 C mens ute temperatur for røykkjelen var 120 C. I begge tilfellene så skulle vannet bli varme opp fra 50 C til 70 C. Røykkjelen egnet seg best til dette med dimensjonene: lengde 25 meter, diameter 0,1 meter. Antall rør er 10. Energien fra varmevekslere ble brukt videre til å dekke energibehovet til byen, både offentlige og private bygg. Det ble sett på 2 tilfeller energibehovet nå og energibehovet i år 2020. Det ble estimert med at energibehovet til byen blir redusert med 30% fra 2008 til 2020 i følge regjeringens soria moria erklæring angående energibruk. I byen er det også installert et pellets verk. Dette kan utnyttes til å samle rest energi og bruke dette for å dekke topplasten. Det totale energibehovet i 2008 var 21692169.2Kilowatt timer, mens det totale energibehovet i 2020 var 15184518.44 Kilowatt timer. Rørnettet ble distribuert på en total lengde på 8 km. Rørene ble lagt ned i en perfekt grunnforhold i sand og omtrent 1 meter under jorden. Maksimale trykk som er tillat i rørnettet er 16 bar. 10 meter stigning i terrenget tilsvarer 1 bar. Det høyeste toppen i terrenget var 70 meter. Det høyeste trykket blir derved 7 bar. Temperaturen til nettet ble på 70 C Rørnettet hadde en optimal diameter på 240 mm og kostnaden per meter ble i 2008 227 kr, mens i 2020 ble kostnaden 248,84 kr per meter. Den totale distribuerte kostnaden ble i 2008 på 1816071.664 kr, mens den i 2020 ble den totale distribuerte kostnaden på 1990779.649 kr. Kostnaden per Kilowatt timer ble i 2008 på 0,08 kr. Mens den i 2020 ble på 0,13 kr per Kilowatt timer. For selve anleggskostnadene så ble det betraktning til at investeringskostnadene var 1,5 kr per Kilowatt time. Det medførte at anleggsinvester ble 32,538,254 kr. For anleggskostnadene ble det antatt at man fikk 30 % støtte av Enova. Totale Anleggskostnad ble da henholdsvis 14223167.5 kr i 2008 og 12588089 kr i 2020. Dette medførte at i 2008 ble det anleggskostnaden 0,66 kr per Kilowatt time, i 2020 ble anleggskostnaden 0,89 kr per Kilowatt time. Dette medførte at de totale kostnadene per Kilowatt time økte med 30 % når varmebehovet sank med 30 %.

The following paper presents HVAC system commissioning activities, highlighting the most critical techniques and features to consider when commissioning the underfloor air distribution (UFAD) system. UFAD systems are non-standard and unique and therefore a special attention is needed to some issues and situations specific only for UFAD installations, e.g. coordination of the raised access floor, carpet and furnishings, temperature stratification etc. Some of the most important tests to be performed during commissioning of UFAD systems, are the air leakage, air stratification and thermal decay testing. In order to achieve successful operation of UFAD, the active participation of all involved parties, e.g. architects, interior designers, HVAC designers, contractors etc. is needed since the very beginning of the project. Commissioning of UFAD just requires a discipline, structured approach and commitment from all participants involved. The practical study involved assessment of expected UFAD performance at the Sparebank kvartalet office building complex in Trondheim, Norway. The underfloor plenum was not properly sealed, creating a significant risk of future energy waste. The openings in the raised access floor construction also lead to the dust and dirt accumulation in the plenum. This in its turn would not only impair indoor air quality, but could also lead to the malfunction of mechanical equipment installed in the plenum. Trying to seal the plenum after laying down the carpet was found to be difficult, costly and time consuming. Even though relatively good air distribution in the entire floor was achieved, some diffusers (automatically controlled) are located too close to the workstations and it will be probably needed to rearrange their layout in order to avoid draught complaints by occupants. The easier commissioning and better performance of UFAD in Sparebank Kvartalet could actually be achieved in a less time consuming and costly way if the commissioning would start early in the pre-design phase, with a well established commissioning plan.

SammendragAnalyse av konsekvenser ved tiltak for bygging av hus med særlig lavt energiforbrukDenne oppgaven er knyttet til planlegging og utvikling av lavenergi bolighus. Spesielt gjelder dette de nye kravene som ersatt i den norske standarden NS 3700:2010 Kriterier for passivhus og lavenergihus - Boligbygninger. Standarden er utviklet forsertifisering av tre forskjellige klasser med lavenergiboliger for norske forhold. Denne oppgaven omhandler i hovedsakpassivhusspesifikasjonen, som er den strengeste klassifiseringen.Det er blant annet utført beregninger på forholdet mellom energibruk og gulvareal. Disse tyder på at varmetransport vedtransmisjon er den dominerende parameter for energitap i et lavenergibygg, på samme måte som for en normal standard bygning.Dette innebærer at den lineære korreksjon for energibehov som er gjort i NS 3700 vil lette kriteriene for å kvalifisere små bygningermed samme bygningsstandard som større bygninger. Likevel, siden beregningene viser at forholdet mellom gulvflate og spesifikkenergibruk ikke er lineært, vil kravene være strengere for små bygninger.Standarden gjør videre bruk av lokale klimadata for kontrollberegninger mot energikravene. Da det er mangel påstandardiserte timebaserte data for de fleste norske steder, er det i dette arbeidet undersøkt hvordan interpolerte data, generert fraulike klimadatabaser, samsvarer med standardiserte offisielle værdata. Undersøkelsene viser at de interpolerte dataene avviker frastandardiserte måledata, spesielt for dimensjonerende forhold. Dette indikerer at energiberegninger med lokale timebaserteklimadata blant annet kan underestimere bygningens oppvarmingsbehov.For kravene til netto oppvarmingsbehov er det også gitt en klimakorreksjon basert på årsmiddeltemperatur for angittlokalisering. Undersøkelser på ulike klimasteder viser at denne gjennomsnittsbaserte parameteren ikke er den beste indikatoren pågitt varmelast for ulike lokaliseringer. Beregningene viser også at det er mulig å sertifisere en passivkvalifisert bygning for Osloklimaogså i kaldere klima.Det er videre undersøkt varmtvannets andel av varmebehovet i en lavenergibygning og effekten av varmegjenvinning avventilasjonsluft. Disse undersøkelsene viser at varmtvann representerer det dominerende energibehovet i energieffektive boliger,samt viktigheten av fungerende varmegjenvinningssystemer med høy virkningsgrad.Avslutningsvis konkluderes arbeidet med at den nye standarden er mer fokusert på detaljerte spesifikasjoner enn denoriginale standarden og implementeringene i Sverige og Finland. Likevel er de resulterende kravene til oppvarmingsbehov mindrekrevende enn for de andre nordiske standardene med tilsvarende bygningsutforming og klima, og varierer ikke alltid forutsigbart forde ulike forhold.Una Myklebust Halvorsen, Trondheim juni 2010

In a refrigerated seawater (RSW) system using carbon dioxide (CO2) as the refrigerant, a variable bypass valve was installed in front of a suction gas heat exchanger (SGHX). A simulation tool was developed and utilized to optimize the systems transcritical performance (COP) with respect to the gas cooler pressure and choke valve inlet temperature for cooling and combined cooling and water heating. The simulations indicate that the RSW system performance can be increased compared to running a system with a traditional non-variable suction gas heat exchanger, but only when the cooling water temperatures are high (above ~25°C) or where air is used as the cooling medium, for instance commercial or mobile refrigeration. It is strongly recommended that a system to be used for simultaneous cooling and heating should have an improved design compared to the current setup, as this mode of operation shows low cooling capacity and poor energy efficiency.

Vi har i den här uppsatsen fokuserat på hur Informations- och KommunikationsTeknik (IKT) kan användas av pedagoger i en förskoleklass. Syftet har varit att undersöka hur IKT används samt göra en inventering av IKT-relaterat material. För att få svar på våra frågeställningar har vi använt oss av en kvalitativ metod genom observation, fotografering samt intervju. Vi utförde vår empiriska undersökning i en förskoleklass där det arbetade två pedagoger. Efter vår inventering blev pedagogerna förvånade över att de hade så mycket IKT-relaterat material i klassrummet. När vi bearbetat och analyserat vårt material kom vi fram till att pedagogens inställning till IKT är betydelsefull för att det ska användas av pedagogen. Vidare är det viktigt att det finns IKT-relaterad utrustning i nära anslutning till klassrummet för att användningen ska ske spontant. De pedagoger vi intervjuat anser att det bör finnas fler datorer än en i anslutning till klassrummet för att datorerna ska kunna användas i verksamheten. Både pedagogerna vi har intervjuat och litteraturen vi läst påpekar vikten av att skolan följer med i samhällets utveckling, eftersom lärandet enligt de båda källorna måste förändras för att tillfredställa arbetsmarknaden.

New forms of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have become more influential in development contexts. The concept of “The Digital Divide” points at a large division between rich and poor countries regarding access to ICTs. Critics say that the debate concerning this topic for far too long has focused mainly on the technology itself rather than social factors which impact social inclusion and development. Scholars agree that ICTs holds a tremendous potential, but how is this implemented in development contexts and how can it be used with more sensitivity towards local preconditions and social aspects? This paper aims to examine how ICTs are being used in the context of development within an India based organisation for women called SEWA (Self Employed Women’s Association). SEWA is an organisation with about 800 000 members that work to strengthen poor, self-employed women in the informal sector within six Indian states. The purpose of the report is to investigate how new ICTs are used within SEWA and what they mean to its members regarding employment, standards of life and social development. The research questions are: A) How does SEWA work to implement ICT in the everyday life of its members? B) Which forms of ICTs are used within SEWA and what do they mean for the members? And C) How has the implementation of ICTs affected the employment opportunities, life standards and social development of the SEWA members? The research is done through a qualitative method based on personal interviews and group interviews during April 2006 in Ahmedabad, India. The theoretical framework includes earlier research, and concepts like The Digital Divide, Technology determinism, Social capital, The Network Society, Gender relations and Empowerment. The empirical data is answering our research questions and quotes from the interviews are referred to and interpreted. Our results are discussed related to the theories and a few of our main conclusions include the following: SEWA is integrating ICTs in the everyday life of its members with thorough respect for local preconditions, needs and through education. Despite the fact that they work solely with poor women they use the full range of ICTs in different areas of their organisation. SEWA is an example of how appropriate technology can help poor and vulnerable women to receive better education, income possibilities, social safety and access to information in underprivileged societies. SEWA has a strategy to work with “employment through ICT” which has contributed to a personal development of their female members. Not only have their confidence and status within the society improved but also their awareness of intrinsic values and rights. Furthermore the use of ICTs has helped in easing the existing inequalities between men and women within SEWA:s reach, even though gender issues has been quite a struggle for the organisation and its members.