Energy demands can be particularly high in arctic-nesting birds that face harsh, unpredictable conditions during the breeding season. Consequences of these demands, particularly energy-partitioning during egg laying and incubation, are fundamentally important for arctic nesters. This study investigated differences in breeding strategies between Long-tailed Duck (<i>Clangula hyemalis</i>) and King Eider (<i>Somateria spectabilis</i>) in the central Canadian arctic. The focus was on ecological variables and influences of variation in nutrient resources used during incubation and egg production. Research was done at Karrak Lake, Nunavut, where both species nest sympatrically at relatively high densities, permitting comparative research about breeding strategies.<p>This study used stable-carbon (d13C) and nitrogen (d15N) isotope analysis to investigate origins and allocation of endogenous (stored) and exogenous (external) nutrients used in egg production. Remote temperature sensors were placed in nests to estimate and compare incubation rhythms and gain insight into capital and income incubating strategies of both species. Results suggest that breeding Long-tailed Ducks and King Eiders used a mixed breeding strategy, that is they relied on both exogenous and endogenous resources for reproduction. Close correspondence between d13C and d15N values of egg components and potential diet items indicated that King Eiders allocated exogenous nutrients for egg production (albumen 98.1%, yolk protein 96.8%, whole yolk 98.4%, and yolk lipids 84%). Female King Eiders relied on endogenous nutrients for incubation, as evidenced by high incubation constancy (96%). Conversely, the range of d13C values in components of Long-tailed Duck eggs and d13C values of diet items suggested that although some females allocated endogenous reserves for egg production, most females allocated exogenous resources for egg production (albumen 98.5%, yolk protein 78.3%, whole yolk 84.9%, and yolk lipids 38.3%). Long-tailed Duck females had an 84% incubation constancy, suggesting less reliance on endogenous nutrients for incubation than was estimated for female King Eiders. Knowledge about the relative importance of endogenous reserves and exogenous nutrients for egg production and incubation may help direct management decisions to specific winter/staging and or breeding areas used by King Eiders and Long-tailed Ducks.

A major obstacle facing the successful creation of an African aquaculture industry, based upon Oreochromids, is the irregular supply of good quality fish seed. There are several causative biological processes behind its irregular supply. The aim of this research was therefore to determine the basic requirements for the establishment and maintenance of a small breeding facility, for O. mossambicus. The goal was to make a unit that was simple and which could be easily replicated in rural, satellite aquaculture seed stations. The results obtained illustrate that a small reproduction unit can produce large quantities of healthy 90-day fry. Asynchronous hatching of the eggs and spawning asynchrony in female Oreochromis mossambicus are two elements which negatively affect uniformity in the fry produced. Typical fish seed production uses large ponds partitioned into breeding allotments or a series of breeding pools. While the earthen ponds provide a substrate in which a nest can be excavated, its presence is not required for mating success in the closely related O. niloticus (Linneaus 1758). Female mate choice, as well as apparent fecundity, according to nest size has been clearly recorded in related cichlids but no investigations have been made as to nest size and spawning synchrony in O. mossambicus. The main focus of this investigation was to ascertain whether O. mossambicus would accept artificial nest substitutes in preference to their own constructed ones and secondly, whether different alternatives would elicit different levels of acceptance. The observed results indicate a ready acceptance for artificial nest alternatives, with nest lip height being prioritised by the fish . The implications thereof are discussed in relation to the potential for optimization of breeding arenas for O. mossambicus by the provision of artificial nests whose dimensions satisfy both male and female preferences. In established communities, Oreochromis mossambicus display various complex and ritualised behaviours during stable and disruptive events. The aim of this research was primarily to produce a glossary of behaviours defining these interactions, particularly with reference to male-male behaviours. Three males and six females were allowed to acclimatise over one month, with various social groupings being established within the first few days. Results from this study illustrated not only a dynamic social structure, signaled via various chemosensory and visual methods, but also supported recent findings in apparent male-male courtship and the underlying ii causes. Furthermore, the observed male-male activity of the nestholder malesfirmly corroborate the current practice in aquaculture whereby only one male is allocated per breeding arena. The use of artificial incubation of Oreochromis spp. eggs has become widespread in high intensity fish seed production. Various types of incubator exist, and their selection is dependent on the specific attributes of the egg to be incubated. Currently available incubators are typically of a funnel (up-flow) or round bottomed (down-flow) design. Neither permits easy access to the eggs, which is particularly important when dealing with poor quality water as is typically found in rural areas. The aim of this study was to devise and test an easy-to-use incubator, applicable to rural seed production projects, which offers advantages over currently available incubator types. The final design, WETNURSE Type II, offered improved hatching rates over Type I, with a mean hatching success of 75%. While falling short of the desired 80% success rate (Rana 1986), the various other benefits provided by the design justify further optimization and testing. Three distinct populations of O. mossambicus, representing populations of inbred, randomly mated and genetically unknown (wild-caught) pedigree were analysed according to their food conversion efficiency (FCE). The intra- and inter-sample crosses were done with single males in order to produce half-sib progeny batches which allowed for the assessment of sire influences on the FCE of the progeny batches. The results show that the population of unknown pedigree is comparable to that of the randomly mating population, indicating the presence of sufficient genetic variation to permit further selection; the genetic contribution of the males to their respective progeny was insignificant in relation to that made by the female.

The amount of organic carbon (OC) present in Siberian Arctic permafrost soils is estimated at twice the amount of carbon currently in the atmosphere. The shelf seas of the Arctic Ocean receive large amounts of this terrestrial OC from Eurasian Arctic rivers and from coastal erosion. Degradation of this land-derived material in the sea would result in the production of dissolved carbon dioxide and may then add to the atmospheric carbon dioxide reservoir. Observations from the Siberian Arctic suggest that transfer of carbon from land to the marine environment is accelerating. However, it is not clear how much of the transported OC is degraded and oxidized, nor how much is removed from the active carbon cycle by burial in marine sediment. Using bulk geochemical parameters, total OC, d13C and D14C isotope composition, and specific molecular markers of plant wax lipids and lignin phenols, the abundance and composition of OC was determined in both dissolved and particulate carrier phases: the colloidal OC (COC; part of the dissolved OC), particulate OC (POC), and sedimentary OC (SOC). Statistical modelling was used to quantify the relative contribution of OC sources to these phases. Terrestrial OC is derived from the seasonally thawing top layer of permafrost soil (topsoil OC) and frozen OC derived from beneath the active layer eroded at the coast, commonly identified as yedoma ice complex deposit OC (yedoma ICD-OC). These carbon pools are transported differently in the aquatic conduits. Topsoil OC was found in young DOC and POC, in the river water, and the shelf water column, suggesting long-distance transport of this fraction. The yedoma ICD-OC was found as old particulate OC that settles out rapidly to the underlying sediment and is laterally transported across the shelf, likely dispersed by bottom nepheloid layer transport or via ice rafting. These two modes of OC transport resulted in different degradation states of topsoil OC and yedoma ICD-OC. Terrestrial CuO oxidation derived biomarkers indicated a highly degraded component in the COC. In contrast, the terrestrial component of the SOC was much less degraded. In line with earlier suggestions the mineral component in yedoma ICD functions as weight and surface protection of the associated OC, which led to burial in the sediment, and limited OC degradation. The degradability of the terrestrial OC in shelf sediment was also addressed in direct incubation studies. Molecular markers indicate marine OC (from primary production) was more readily degraded than terrestrial OC. Degradation was also faster in sediment from the East Siberian Sea, where the marine contribution was higher compared to the Laptev Sea. Although terrestrial carbon in the sediment was degraded slower, the terrestrial component also contributed to carbon dioxide formation in the incubations of marine sediment. These results contribute to our understanding of the marine fate of land-derived OC from the Siberian Arctic. The mobilization of topsoil OC is expected to grow in magnitude with climate warming and associated active layer deepening. This translocated topsoil OC component was found to be highly degraded, which suggests degradation during transport and a possible contribution to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Similarly, the yedoma ICD-OC (and or old mineral soil carbon) may become a stronger source with accelerated warming, but slow degradation may limit its impact on active carbon cycling in the Siberian Shelf Seas. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Chez le rongeur, lorsque l'expression d'une peur conditionnée au contexte s'appuie sur un souvenir ancien, des réponses de peur importantes sont souvent rapportées lors de l'exposition à un contexte différent de celui dans lequel les chocs électriques ont été administrés. Cette généralisation des réponses de peur serait liée à une réorganisation concomitante des réseaux sous-tendant l'expression de la peur, en particulier à un " désengagement " de l'hippocampe dans le rappel des informations contextuelles. Cependant, d'autres études suggèrent que des modifications dans les traitements amenant à l'expression de comportements défensifs, liés à la peur ou l'anxiété, puissent également se mettre en place avec le temps suite à un conditionnement. Ainsi, une incubation des réponses de peur, correspondant à une augmentation globale des niveaux de peur avec le temps, pourrait contribuer à la généralisation de ces réponses. Nos travaux, par une approche d'imagerie de gènes précoces immédiats ainsi que d'évaluation comportementale, ont visé à démêler les mécanismes impliqués dans la généralisation de la peur conditionnée au contexte accompagnant sa consolidation à long terme. Nos résultats suggèrent que la généralisation soit moins liée à une altération du souvenir du contexte qu'à des modifications portant sur le traitement et / ou l'expression des émotions. La nature de ces dernières modifications semble dépendre du statut prédictif initial du contexte (en avant- ou en arrière-plan). De manière cohérente avec l'observation d'une absence de dégradation de la trace du contexte avec le temps, le rôle de l'hippocampe dans le rappel de l'information contextuelle nous est apparu maintenu au cours du temps. Les réorganisations observées dans les réseaux sous-tendant l'expression des réponses de peur concerneraient plutôt des modifications liées au traitement associatif et / ou émotionnel des informations contextuelles. Dans leur ensemble, nos résultats soulèvent la nécessaire prise en compte du haut degré de complexité des traitements amenant à l'expression d'une peur conditionnée, pour qui souhaite évaluer la qualité de la représentation contextuelle sur la base de réponses de peur discriminantes.

Divine healing has been often seen in opposition to human healing. The two spheres, have been considered as separate, both in space and in terms of elements involved. Asclepian sanctuaries have been mostly presented as domains of exclusively divine intervention, without any involvement of the human factor, possibly with the sole exception of dream interpretation. However, the written testimonies of temple cures, both those in the form of cure inscriptions dedicated in sanctuaries and the literary accounts of the incubation experience, give us reasons to suppose that the practical side of the functioning of the asklepieia could have assumed the involvement of human medicine, with the extent of this involvement differing in various epochs. Regardless of physicians' participation or its lack in the procedure, the methods applied in sanctuary healing appear to have evolved in parallel to the developments in medicine and their popular perception. Archaeological finds as well as the image of Asclepius as the god of medicine itself seem to confirm this. Nevertheless, by no means should these connections between the two spheres be treated as transforming the space of religious meaning into hospitals functioning under the auspices of a powerful god. Although acknowledging them does entail inclusion of human medicine within the space dedicated to Asclepius, it does not thereby deny the procedure of incubation its religious and metaphysical dimension. On the contrary, it shows that to the Greek mind divine and human healing were not mutually exclusive, but overlapped and coincided with each other, proving that the Greek sense of rationality was quite different from the modern and could comprise far more than what we call today "scientific thinking".

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2562.pdf: 618378 bytes, checksum: 662d3f5ec8e8b74fa6fd265ff408e9cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-29 / Technological based firms (TBFs) have been widely studied because of its importance in the nation´s innovation system. Health industry is one of the most innovative sector at the economy and it´s constituted also of great corporations and health care manufacture equipment and biotechnology small firms that compete at health equipment manufactory and biotechnology market niches. Ribeirão Preto is characterized as one of the technological region at São Paulo state. The development of SUPERA is one of the strategies adopted to consolidate the city as a health technological polar region. This work analysis the social relations between technological-based firms and institutional agents of health sector. For this purpose it´s used social networks methods to calculate specific measures such as density and centrality degree of actors. It evidences that SUPERA is at the center of studied information and cooperation networks. Theorists defend that these kind of network support companies´ innovation process and its competitiveness. The analysis of density and centrality measures so as actor´s scores of 2-mode matrices where calculated using the software Ucinet. The results confirm the central role of SUPERA for the creation of new TBFs; identify that the studied firms are inserted in low density networks and that strong relations seems to exist more frequently in cooperation relations between university-firms rather than with another institutions. It concludes that there are few entrepreneur´s information exchange relations and that they do not recognize the relevance of institutional agents in the firms innovation process. Cooperative action is almost inexistent or occurs in the informal level without relevance to the TBFs´ innovative system. The incubation process seems to be the extension of academic projects that tends to the mantain the distances between firms and market reality. / As empresas de base tecnológica têm sido amplamente estudadas devido a sua importância no sistema de inovação do país. O complexo industrial da saúde é um dos setores da economia com altos índices de inovação. É constituído tanto por grandes corporações, quanto por empresas de menor porte que atuam em nichos das áreas de fabricação de equipamentos médico-hospitalar e biotecnologia. O município de Ribeirão Preto possui elementos que o configuram como um pólo de saúde. A implantação da incubadora SUPERA é uma das estratégias adotada para firmar a cidade como pólo tecnológico. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as relações entre as empresas incubadas, e dessas com os agentes institucionais do setor, de acordo com os pressupostos da abordagem de redes por meio de princípios teóricos e metodológicos específicos. Acredita-se que as redes de empresas inseridas no ambiente de incubação favorecem as relações de troca de informação e cooperação para o desenvolvimento de produto, e que essas podem sustentar o processo de inovação das empresas e sua competitividade no mercado. As análises foram realizadas com base nas matrizes de relações 2-mode através das medidas de densidade, centralidade e escores dos atores calculados pelo Ucinet. Os resultados confirmam o papel central da incubadora para a criação de empresas de base tecnológica; identificam que as empresas estudadas estão inseridas em redes com estrutura pouco coesas; que as relações de cooperação ocorrem mais fortemente entre universidade-empresas. Há pouca relação de troca de informação entre os empresários incubados e esses não reconhecem a relevância dos demais agentes institucionais no processo de inovação de suas empresas. As ações de cooperação são inexistentes ou ocorrem no nível informal sem relevância ao sistema inovativo das empresas. O processo de incubação se revela na possibilidade de continuidade dos projetos acadêmicos e, portanto, num distanciamento do mercado.

The present work was carried out in the Santa Maria technological incubator (ITSM), in order to analyze how the incubation process contributes to the development of the entrepreneurial characteristics, in the perception of TBC managers graduated at ITSM. Thus, the data were collected through semi-structured interviews with nine managers of graduated companies, and the questions during the interview focused on their life history, professional trajectory and incubation process and through the application of the questionnaire developed by Mansfield et al. (1987), on entrepreneurial behavioral characteristics (CCE's), with the same interview respondents.The categories of analysis defined a priori were: Incubation process and Entrepreneurial behavioral characteristics. The categories of analysis defined not a priori, based on the interviewees' reports, were: Influence of family on professional choice and Need for management knowledge. The profile of the managers participating in the survey according to the measurement made from the application of the questionnaire indicates a satisfactory level of development of the CCE’s. Through the analysis of the data collected in the interviews and in the questionnaire, it was possible to evaluate that the objective of the study has been met, since according to the perception of TBC managers graduated at ITSM, the incubation process was decisive for their enterprises sustainability and, in addition, it provided the development of these individuals as entrepreneurs. / O presente trabalho foi realizado na incubadora tecnológica de Santa Maria (ITSM), com o intuito de analisar como o processo de incubação contribui com o desenvolvimento das características empreendedoras, na percepção de gestores de EBT’s graduadas na ITSM. Assim sendo, os dados foram coletados através da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com nove gestores de empresas graduadas, sendo que os questionamentos abordados na entrevista tiveram foco na história de vida, trajetória profissional e processo de incubação e através da aplicação do questionário desenvolvido por Mansfield et al. (1987), sobre características comportamentais empreendedoras (CCE’s), com os mesmos respondentes das entrevistas. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo das entrevistas, baseada em Bardin (2011), os questionários foram analisados qualitativamente devido ao baixo número de respondentes (nove). As categorias de análise definidas a priori foram: processo de incubação e características comportamentais empreendedoras. As categorias de análise definidas não a priori, com base nos relatos dos entrevistados, foram: influência da família na escolha profissional e necessidade de conhecimento em gestão. O perfil dos gestores participantes da pesquisa de acordo com a mensuração feita a partir da aplicação do questionário aponta um nível satisfatório de desenvolvimento das CCE’s. Através do cruzamento da análise dos dados coletados nas entrevistas e no questionário foi possível avaliar que o objetivo do estudo foi atendido, visto que, de acordo com a percepção dos gestores de EBT’s graduadas na ITSM, o processo de incubação foi decisivo para a sustentabilidade de seus empreendimentos, e, além disso, propiciou o desenvolvimento desses indivíduos como empreendedores.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2632315 bytes, checksum: d33798ae37ec1db08e156eb3480efaca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation was elaborated based on two experiments related to evaluation of indigestible compounds in cattle feeds and feces. In the first experiment, the aim was to evaluate the contents of in situ indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and the fibrous particles lost in aqueous environment in some ruminant feeds by using bags made with different textiles. The physical structure of the textiles was too evaluated. Samples of wheat bran (WB), soybean hulls (SH), corn silage (CS), and signal grass hay (SGH) were used. The bags for rumen incubation were made with nylon (50 &#956;m); F57 (Ankon®); e non-woven textile (NWT 100 g/m²). The feed samples were ground (1 mm) and put in the bags (4 x 5 cm) (6 bags/textile), according to relationship 20 mg of dry matter/cm2 of surface. The bags were incubated in the rumen of a cow fed with a mixed diet (30% of concentrate) during 144 hours. After that, the bags were cleaning with tap water and treated with neutral detergent. The residue was assumed as iNDF. The iNDF contents in WB, SH and CS were similar for F57 and NWT (P>.05), being the results lower when nylon was used (P<.05). For the SGH samples all textiles produced different results (P<.05) being the lower contents obtained with nylon. The fibrous particles lost in aqueous environment was evaluated by cleaning the bags in warm tap water (39ºC) (10 bags/textile). The particles lost was significant for nylon (P<.05). This lost could be considered the cause of lower iNDF contents obtained by using nylon textile, once the microscopic evaluation did not show that rupture of textile occurred during incubation or neutral detergent extraction. In the second experiment, it were evaluated the effects of in situ incubation time and structure of particles on the estimates of indigestible fractions of dry matter (iDM), neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), and acid detergent fiber (iADF). Samples of corn grain, wheat bran, corn silage, elephant grass, sugarcane, signal grass hay, corn straw, and feces obtained from cattle fed high and low concentrate diets were used. The samples were ground through 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm screen sieve and put in 4 x 5 cm non-woven textile bags (20 mg of dry matter/cm² of surface). The samples were divided in three groups, being each group incubated in the rumen of a crossbred heifer. The incubation procedure was conducted three times with the change of groups among animals. It were used the following incubation times: 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, 240, and 312 hours. The contents of iDM, iNDF, and iADF were evaluated sequentially in each bag. The degradation profiles were interpreted by a non-linear logistic model. The size of particles did not influence the estimates of iDM, iNDF, and iADF (P>.10). On the other hand, the particles size has altered (P<.10) the rumen degradation dynamic rates of DM for corn silage and corn grain; of NDF for sugarcane, corn silage, and corn straw; and ADF for sugarcane. For those samples, the particle size has been positively associated with the incubation time necessary to estimate de indigestible fraction. Incubation times of 240 hours for DM and NDF, and 264 hours for ADF were suggested for obtaining accurate estimates of indigestible fractions. The use of 2 mm particle size can increase the precision of estimates. / A presente dissertação foi elaborada com base em dois experimentos relacionados à avaliação dos teores de compostos indigestíveis em alimentos e fezes bovinas. No primeiro experimento, objetivou-se avaliar os teores de fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi) obtidos por procedimento in situ e a perda de partículas fibrosas em meio aquoso de alguns alimentos para ruminantes por intermédio de sacos de diferentes tecidos. Avaliou-se, concomitantemente a estrutura física dos tecidos utilizados. Os alimentos avaliados foram: farelo de trigo (FT), casca de soja (CS), silagem de milho (SM) e feno de capim-braquiária (FB). Foram avaliados os tecidos: nylon (50 &#956;m); F57 (Ankon®); e tecido não-tecido (TNT 100 g/m²). Os alimentos foram moídos (1 mm) e acondicionados em sacos de dimensão de 4 x 5 cm (6 amostras/tecido), obedecendo-se à relação de 20 mg de matéria seca/cm2 quadrado de superfície. Os sacos foram incubados por 144 horas no rúmen de uma vaca alimentada com dieta mista (30% de concentrado). Posteriormente, os sacos foram retirados, lavados em água corrente até o total clareamento, e tratados com detergente neutro, sendo o resíduo considerado como FDNi. Verificou-se similaridade entre os teores de FDNi obtidos com TNT e F57 (P>0,05), sendo estes superiores aos obtidos com nylon (P<0,05) para os alimentos FT, CS e SM. Para FB, os teores diferiram entre todos os tecidos (P<0,05), sendo os maiores valores observados para F57, os menores para o nylon, tendo o TNT apresentado posição intermediária. A perda de partículas fibrosas em meio aquoso foi avaliada por intermédio da lavagem dos sacos contendo os alimentos em água (39ºC) (10 amostras/tecido). Verificou-se perda de partículas (P<0,05) quando empregado o nylon como ambiente para avaliação das amostras, corroborando os menores teores de FDNi obtidos com este tecido. Observou-se, por intermédio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, que a perda de partículas para o nylon deve ser atribuída à estrutura do tecido e não a possíveis danos causados durante os processos de incubação e extração com detergente. No segundo experimento, objetivou-se avaliar a influência do tempo de incubação in situ e da estrutura de partículas sobre as estimativas das frações indigestíveis da matéria seca (MSi), da fibra em detergente neutro (FDNi) e da fibra em detergente ácido (FDAi). Avaliaram-se amostras de: fubá de milho, casca de soja, farelo de trigo, farelo de soja, farelo de algodão, silagem de milho, capim-elefante, cana-de-açúcar, feno de capim-braquiária, palha de milho, fezes de bovinos alimentados com alto ou baixo nível de concentrados na dieta. As amostras foram processadas em moinho com peneiras de porosidade 1, 2 ou 3 mm, sendo acondicionadas (20mg de matéria seca/cm² de superfície) em sacos de tecido não-tecido (100g/m2) de dimensão 4 x 5 cm. Os materiais foram divididos em três grupos, sendo cada grupo incubado no rúmen de 3 novilhas mestiças (Holandês x Zebu). O procedimento de incubação foi repetido por três vezes, sendo que, a cada período procedeu-se à incubação dos grupos em animais distintos. Foram utilizados os tempos: 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216, 240 e 312 horas. Os teores de MSi, FDNi e FDAi foram avaliados seqüencialmente, sendo os perfis de degradação interpretados por intermédio de modelo logístico não-linear. Verificou-se ausência de efeito do tamanho de partícula sobre as estimativas de MSi, FDNi e FDAi (P>0,10). Em relação aos efeitos dos tamanhos de partículas sobre a velocidade de degradação, verificaram-se efeitos significativos (P<0,10) para a silagem de milho e fubá de milho no tocante à MS; cana-de-açúcar, silagem de milho e palha de milho para a FDN; e cana-de-açúcar para a FDA. Para estas amostras, o tamanho de partícula associou-se positivamente ao tempo necessário para se estimar a fração indigestível. Tempos de incubação de 240 horas para MS e FDN e de 264 horas para FDA são recomendados para que se obtenham estimativas exatas das frações indigestíveis. O uso de partículas com 2 mm é recomendado em função da maior precisão das estimativas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T15:09:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1244404 bytes, checksum: 74cbeff3f63289d9d456cd44cdf61404 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis aims to analyze university extension projects, directed to solidarity popular economy. This way of doing economics has been expressed as an international movement, and that here, in Brazil, is mostly perceived in public universities since the mid-90s of last century, from the Technological Incubators of Popular Cooperatives (ITCPs), which are a university extension program and that encourage solidarity and popular projects, seeking to exercise self-management. The research sought to answer the following question: what educational components are present in the extension developed by incubators of solidarity popular enterprises? The basic hypothesis is that the university extension developed by popular incubators presents ethical, theoretical and methodological components which converge with basic elements to popular education. The research was qualitative in nature, based on the theory of historical materialism, assuming the materialist dialectics as a method of analysis, prioritizing the contradiction category. Based on Marxist analysis, however, this research emphasized the interpretation, setting up what is called a dialectical hermeneutics. It took part of the empirical field of the research four incubators, namely INCUBACOOP/ UFRPE, ITCP/COPPE/UFRJ, ITCP/USP and INCUBES/UFPB. It was used as a technique for data collection, documents produced by the incubators and semistructured interviews, strengthening the documentary analysis. The data showed that the incubators of solidarity popular projects present themselves as a new and rich proposal of extension, able to build concrete possibilities of a transformative praxis, based on the ethical principles of dialogue, appreciation of the cultures of others, participation and listening, this is, consideration of the speaking of others; and yet, based in the utopian principles of autonomy, self-management and human emancipation, present in popular education. Paradoxically, the implementation of these educational acts revealed professionals that although were already working in the solidarity economy, ignored the theoretical-methodological bases of the educational proposal of incubator, it also revealed a verticalized internal structure and consequent centralization of the power of decisions within it, besides the methodological sight of incubation simply summarized to techniques. / A presente tese tem como objetivo analisar projetos de extensão universitária, direcionados à economia popular solidária. Esse jeito de fazer economia tem se expressado como um movimento internacional, e que aqui no Brasil, passa pelas universidades públicas, desde meados da década de 90 do século passado, a partir de Incubadoras Tecnológicas de Cooperativas Populares (ITCPs), as quais se tratam de um programa de extensão universitária e que incentivam empreendimentos populares e solidários, buscando exercitar a autogestão. A pesquisa procurou responder a seguinte questão: que componentes educativos encontram-se presentes na extensão desenvolvida por incubadoras de empreendimentos solidários populares? A hipótese básica é que a extensão universitária desenvolvida pelas incubadoras populares apresenta componentes éticos e teórico-metodológicos convergentes com elementos que fundamentam a educação popular. A pesquisa foi de natureza qualitativa, tendo como caminho teórico o materialismo histórico, assumindo-se a dialética materialista como método de análise, priorizando a categoria contradição. Baseando-se na análise marxista, contudo, tal pesquisa enfatizou a interpretação, configurando-se o que se denomina de uma hermenêutica-dialética. Fizeram parte do campo empírico da pesquisa quatro incubadoras, a saber: INCUBACOOP/UFRPE, ITCP/COPPE/UFRJ, ITCP/USP e INCUBES/UFPB. Foram utilizadas como técnica de coleta de dados, documentos produzidos pelas incubadoras e a entrevista semiestruturada, fortalecendo a análise documental. Os dados evidenciaram que as incubadoras de empreendimentos populares solidários se apresentam como uma nova e rica proposta extensionista, capaz de construir possibilidades concretas de uma práxis transformadora, baseada nos princípios éticos do diálogo, da valorização da cultura do outro, da participação e da escuta; e, ainda, nos princípios utópicos da autonomia, da autogestão e da emancipação humana, presentes na educação popular. Contraditoriamente, a implementação dessas ações educativas revelou profissionais que, embora já estivessem atuando na economia solidária, desconheciam a fundamentação teórico-metodológica da proposta educativa da incubadora; revelou também estrutura interna verticalizada e consequente centralização do poder decisório no seu interior, além da visão metodológica de incubação simplesmente resumida a técnicas.

The weight´s effect on egg´s quality, performance characteristics and incubation of chicks were observed in two experiments. Three treatments were used, defined by the weight of the eggs, breeding Leghorn 38 weeks old: small (S) 53 to 57g, medium (M) 58 to 62g and large (L) 63 to 67g. We have evaluated: a) the eggs - strength and shell thickness, Haugh units (HU), albumen height and percentage of egg compounds b) in incubation - eggs weight loss , hatching and embryo diagnosis, c) in one day old chicks in the yolk sac: weight and length of the chick, absolute and relative weight of the yolk sac, d) dry material (DM), crude protein (CP) albumen´s energy , and the yolk sac. Eggs range of different weights produced by Leghorn breeders of the same age (38 weeks) did not show differences among them for shelll strength, relative weight of albumen and yolk, albumen and yolk in DM and gross energy in the yolk. There are differences in the shell thickness, UH, albumen height, absolute weight of egg components, the relative weight of shell, the yolk and albumen protein and gross energy albumen. In the incubation, the weight loss of eggs and the hatch decreases with increasing egg weight range. Unhatched eggs increase with the increase of initial mortality and pecked alive and dead. The chick weight, absolute and relative weight of the yolk sac are directly proportional to the weight of the egg. The proportion of protein in the yolk sac decreases with increasing egg weight and gross energy content is higher in the yolk sac of chicks hatched from medium eggs. / Os efeitos do peso do ovo sobre a qualidade dos ovos, rendimento de incubação e características dos pintos foram avaliados, em dois experimentos. Foram utilizados três tratamentos definidos pela faixa de peso dos ovos de reprodutoras Leghorn, da linhagem Dekalb White, com 38 semanas de idade: pequeno (P) de 53 a 57g, médio (M) de 58 a 62g e grande (G) 63 a 67g. Avaliou-se: a) nos ovos: resistência e espessura da casca, unidades Haugh (UH), altura de albúmen e porcentagem dos seus componentes; b) na incubação: perda de peso dos ovos, eclosão e embriodiagnóstico; c) nos pintos de um dia e no saco vitelino: peso e comprimento do pinto, peso absoluto e relativo do saco vitelino; d) matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e energia bruta do albúmen, gema e saco vitelino. Ovos de faixa de pesos diferentes produzidos por reprodutoras Leghorn de mesma idade (38 semanas) não demonstram diferenças entre si para resistência da casca, peso relativo do albúmen e da gema, MS no albúmen e gema e energia bruta na gema. As diferenças residem na espessura da casca, UH, altura do albúmen, peso absoluto dos componentes dos ovos, peso relativo da casca, na PB da gema e albúmen e na energia bruta do albúmen. Na incubação, a perda de peso dos ovos e a eclosão diminuem com o aumento da faixa de peso dos ovos. Ovos não eclodidos aumentam em função do aumento da mortalidade inicial e bicados vivos e mortos. O peso do pinto, peso relativo e absoluto do saco vitelino são diretamente proporcionais ao peso do ovo. A percentagem de PB no saco vitelino diminui com o aumento do peso dos ovos e o teor de energia bruta é maior no saco vitelino de pintos nascidos de ovos médios. / Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias