Neurobehavioural problems (i.e. cognitive impairment/behaviour problems) are common in childhood epilepsy. There are very limited data in children with early-onset epilepsy (CWEOE; onset ≤4 years). This study: (1) estimated the incidence of early-onset epilepsy, (2) described the spectrum and prevalence of neurobehavioural problems in CWEOE, and their risk factors, and (3) explored eye-gaze behaviour as a marker of neurobehavioural problems. This two year, prospective, population-based, case-controlled study identified newly diagnosed CWEOE in South East Scotland using active multi-source capture-recapture surveillance. CWEOE and controls completed detailed age-appropriate neuropsychological assessment - including Bayley III/WPPSI III, NEPSY II and social-emotional behaviour questionnaires. Children completed five eye-tracking tasks which assessed memory, attention, and social cognition. 59 CWEOE were identified (36M:23F); ascertainment-adjusted incidence 62/100,000 ≤4yrs/yr (95%CI 40-88). Asian and White-European children were at increased risk of epilepsy. 46 CWEOE (95%CI 62-84, 27M:19F) and 37 sex-age matched controls (18M:19F) underwent neuropsychological assessment. CWEOE had poorer general cognitive ability (p < .001, η²=.24), and increased parent reports of abnormal behaviour – significantly so in adaptive behaviour, ASD behaviours, hyperactivity/inattention, and atypical social behaviour. Overall 63% of CWEOE met criteria for neurobehavioural problems across multiple domains, vs 27% of controls (p < .001). Risk factors varied by domain. Prematurity and symptomatic/cryptogenic aetiology were common risk factors but other seizure-related variables were not. CWEOE with social problems exhibited abnormal eye-gaze behaviour toward social stimuli. Subtle atypicalities in sustained attention were noted in CWEOE, and an unexpected absence of antisaccade production was seen in all children. This is the first population-based study to describe the neurobehavioural profile, and explore eye-gaze behaviour, in CWEOE. Neurobehavioural problems are present, detectable, and highly prevalent in CWEOE, with implications for medical, psychosocial and educational resource provision, and provides an argument for early intervention. Eye-tracking may be a viable marker of neurobehavioural problems, and this study provides impetus for future eye-tracking investigations in CWEOE. Lastly, certain ethnic groups may be at increased risk of early-onset epilepsy in Scotland, providing opportunity for targeted intervention.

With the growing number of children who receive a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), there is an increasing need to identify risk markers that will allow for earlier diagnosis of this disorder. Since no single atypical behavior has been found that is shared by all 12-month-old infants who are later diagnosed with ASD, it is likely that a constellation of markers combine in a way that is more predictive of outcome at this age. Establishing a Cumulative Risk Index (CRI) is one way to investigate which combination of early risk markers is most predictive of later ASD diagnostic outcome. Temperament is one construct of behavior that could act as an early risk marker for ASD and therefore, could add predictive power to a CRI for this disorder. Temperament is defined as a "behavioral style" that includes individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation and emphasizes emotional, attentional and activity related characteristics. Another important aspect of temperament is that it exerts bidirectional influences upon the social environment. Therefore, the study of temperament could provide a method for understanding how children with ASD influence and are influenced by the environment of a testing session. Though important information has been collected about early temperament in children with ASD, much of the data is limited due to its dependence on retrospective and parent-report measures. One measure that allows for direct assessment of temperament during a controlled testing session is the Infant Behavior Record (IBR). The purpose of this study is to investigate early temperament in ASD by using the IBR as an assessment of temperament behaviors in high-risk 12-month old infants. Through this, we hope to reveal group differences in IBR scores, establish a relationship between temperament scores and cognitive test performance, and increase predictive value of the CRI when IBR scores are included. For this study, a revised version of the IBR was filled out while watching video record of the administration of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) at an infant's 12-month lab visit. Scores for the IBR reflected the examiner's impressions of the infant's orientation to objects and people and emotional state. Through using the IBR to study task orientation (TO), affect/extraversion (AE) and activity level (AL) in high-risk infants, this study found that only decreased AE behaviors distinguished high-risk infants who went on to develop ASD (HRA+ASD) from high-risk infants who did not receive an ASD diagnosis (HRA-ASD) (p=.08). To determine the relationship of temperament and cognitive assessment performance, IBR scores were compared to MSEL scores. This study found that across all participants, TO and AE behaviors were positively correlated with MSEL scores (AE rs=.27, p<.001; TO rs=.37, p<.001). This relationship remained true for both the high-risk (AE rs=.20, p<.001; TO rs=.23, p<.001) and the low risk groups (AE rs=.32, p<.001; TO rs=.54, p<.001), as well as for the HRA-ASD infants (AE, trend, p=.057; rs=.24, p<.001; TO rs=.459, p<.001), and the low-risk infants who did not go on to receive a diagnosis of ASD (AE rs=.35, p<.001; TO rs=.47, p<.001). The only group in this study that was found to have no correlations between temperament scores and MSEL scores was HRA+ASD. Since only AE behaviors distinguished HRA+ASD infants, this was the only IBR factor added to a pilot model of the CRI. This study found that the inclusion of AE to a pilot model of the CRI did not add significant predictive value to the model (p=.15). Through using the IBR to investigate temperament in HRA infants, the findings of this study suggest that there are some important differences in temperament behaviors for HRA+ASD infants. Specifically, reduced AE behaviors seem to distinguish the HRA+ASD infants from the other outcome groups. Also, this study found that increased TO and AE behaviors were associated with better performance on a cognitive assessment for all groups except HRA+ASD. These two findings are important, as they differentiate this outcome group from all others, suggesting that there may be a different set of mechanisms employed during a testing session for HRA+ASD infants. This study also found that AE risk did not contribute predictive value to a CRI for this disorder. Taken together these findings suggest that though temperament profiles appear to differ in HRA+ASD infants during the first year of life, this construct of behavior is not a valuable early behavioral risk marker for identifying ASD.

Orientador: Olga Maria Piazentin Rolim Rodrigues / Banca: Ana Lúcia Rossito Aiello / Banca: Ligia Ebner Melchiori / Resumo: A avaliação do desenvolvimento de bebês e a investigação de possíveis variáveis que influenciaram neste processo são medidas importantes na tomada de decisão para ações futuras. O presente projeto teve como objetivos descrever o desenvolvimento mensal de bebês, identificando os comportamentos típicos a cada mês em cinco áreas específicas (Linguagem, Autocuidados, Cognição, Socialização e Desenvolvimetno Motor) e avaliar o desenvolvimento dos mesmos, relacionano com as variáveis: idade materna, escolaridade materna e tipologia familiar. O estudo, transversal, contou com a participação de 212 mães e seus bebês de até seis meses de idade que foram avaliados recentemente. Foi realizada uma entrevista inicial com as mães e o Inventário Portage Operacionalizado (IPO) foi aplicado nos bebês. Os testes estatísticos ANOVA e de correlação de Pearson foram implementados. Os resultados apontaram comportamentos típicos nos primeiros seis meses de vida dos bebês. As analises realizadas com a amostra geral apontaram que na área de Linguagem, os bebês filhos de mães com idade acima de 24 anos (p=0,001), ensino médio completo e/ou ensino superior completo e/ou incompleto (p=0,034) e integrantes de famílias nucleares (p=0,002) apresentaram melhor desempenho. Em autocuidados, bebês de mães com até 17 anos e 11 meses, ensino fundamental incompleto e integrantes de famílias estendidas (p=0,002), apresentaram as maiores médias. Nas demais áreas Cognição, Socialização e Desenvolvimento Motor as maiores médias foram dos bebês filhos de ma~es com idade acima de 24 anos, ensino médio completo e/ou superior completo e/ou incompleto e integrantes de famílias estendidas, existindo diferenças estatisticamente significativas. As análises realizadas subdividindo o total de avaliações mês a mês... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The evaluation of babies' development and the investigation of possible variables that affect on this process are very important for implement future actions. This project aimed to describe the monthy development of babies, identifying typical behavior every month in five specific areas (Language, Self-Care, Cognition, Socialization and Motor Development) and assess their development, relating to the variables: maternal age, maternal education and family typology. The transversal study was conducted with 212 mothers and their babies on the age until 6 mnths who where evaluated monthly. An initial interview was realized with the mothers and for evaluation of babies development was been assessed Operating Portage Inventory (IPO). The statistical tests ANOVA and Pearson correlation were applied. The results showed typical behavior on the first six months of the babies. The analysis conducated with the general sample have indicated that on Language, the best performance was of babies children of mothers older than 24 years (p=0,001), graduated from high school and/or higher complete and/or incomplete (p=0,034) and nuclear family members (p=0,002). On Self-Care, babies children of mothers up to 17 to 17 years old and 11 months, not graduated from elementary school, and members of extended family (p=0,002) showed better development. On the other areas (Cognition, Socialization and Motor Development) the babies children of mothers old than 24 years, graduated from high school and/or higher complete and/or incomplete and members of extended family showed the highest averages. The analyzes carried out by subdividing the total of the assessments monthly, considering the variable maternal age, showed that on language, babies children of older mothers older than 24 years showed the highest averages oll months, there were statistically significant differences on fifh month... (Complete abstract click electronic acce / Mestre

Premature births, which are among the leading causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity in South Africa, often result not only in adverse effects on the infant due to the poorly developed organs and systems, but also affect the mother. Much literature exists about the causes of premature birth, clinical manifestations and management of premature infants; but healthcare practitioners, researchers and authors have not reported much on the mothers’ thoughts and feelings while going through the experience of premature labour and birth. This study deals with the experiences of mothers relating to live premature birth and the premature infant at a private hospital in the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality, an urban area within the Eastern Cape Province. The objectives of the study were to explore and describe the experiences of mothers relating to live premature birth and the premature infant at a private hospital in the Eastern Cape Province and to make recommendations based on the research findings which could be utilised by midwives when caring for mothers who had experienced a premature birth. This study, which is qualitative in nature, utilised an explorative, descriptive and contextual design. The population of the study was mothers between the ages of 18 and 38 years who had had a premature birth and were of a gestational age ranging from 28 to 34 weeks. Data collection took place at a private hospital in the Eastern Cape Province over a period of five months. A private room that was designated for the data collection and was not far from the unit where the neonate was kept, proved to be suitable for data-collection purposes. Semi-structured one-on-one interviews were conducted and recorded with an audio digital taperecorder, with a purposefully selected sample of 12 mothers including the pilot study. Data analysis followed formally after data saturation and the data collected was transcribed verbatim and analysed as recommended by Tesch, namely, data coding. An independent coder was used to verify and finalise the results. Two main themes with three sub-themes each and several categories emerged from the data analysis. The two main themes were that: 1. participants had experienced premature birth as an unexpected and traumatic occurrence; and 2. participants had experienced positive support as a coping mechanism throughout the premature birth. Direct quotations were used from the raw data collected to support the description of experiences and findings of this study. Trustworthiness of the study was maintained by using the criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. Ethical principles such as autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice were used to ensure that the research was conducted in an ethical manner. A summary of the study including limitations, recommendations and conclusions was provided.

Objetivo: validar a Children’s and Infants’ Postoperative Pain Scale (CHIPPS) em crianças brasileiras de zero a 60 de meses idade. Pacientes e métodos: 100 crianças saudáveis de zero a 60 meses recebendo vacinação por via parenteral foram estudadas. A escala foi traduzida e testada para confiabilidade interobservador, consistência interna, validades de conteúdo, construção e critério concorrente. O comportamento das crianças foi gravado em vídeo antes, durante e após a vacinação na unidade básica de saúde. Três observadores independentes analisaram o comportamento através dos filmes. Resultados: a escala mostrou excelente confiabilidade interobservador (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse 0,89) e muito boa consistência interna com alfa de Cronbach de 0,86. A correlação positiva entre a CHIPPS e a MBPS (Modified Behavioral Pain Scale) confirma a validade de critério concorrente (coeficiente de Spearman 0,70 antes e 0,81 após a vacinação). A validade de construção foi determinada pela comparação dos escores de cada criança antes da vacinação (sem dor) e após o procedimento (com dor), tendo a diferença nos escores de dor sido estatisticamente significativa (teste de Wilcoxon, p<0,001). Os especialistas que revisaram a escala concordaram com a validade de conteúdo. Conclusão: Com base nos dados obtidos através do presente estudo, podemos inferir que a CHIPPS é uma escala válida e confiável para ser usada em crianças brasileiras pré-verbais. / Objective: This study was designed to validate the Children’s and Infants’ Postoperative Pain Scale (CHIPPS) in Brazilian children aged zero to 60 months. Methods: 100 healthy children receiving parenteral vaccination were studied. The scale was translated and tested for inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, and construct, content, and concurrent validity. The children’s behavior was videotaped before, during and after the vaccination in primary care unit. Three observers then rated pain behavior from videotapes. Results: The scale had showed excellent inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.89) and a very good internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.86.The positive correlation between CHIPPS and MBPS (Modified Behavior Pain Scale) supports concurrent (criterion) validity (Spearman coefficient 0.70 before and 0.81 after vaccinations). The construct validity was determined by comparing the scores of each child before vaccination (without pain) and during the procedure (experiencing pain), and the difference in pain scores was statistically significant (Wilcoxon signed rank test; p<0.001). Content validity (by expert review) was very good. Conclusions: Based on the results obtained, we can infer that CHIPPS is a valid and reliable tool for Brazilian children aged zero to five years old.

A neutropenia é um achado freqüente em recém-nascidos de mães com pré-eclampsia. Estudos avaliando a ativação leucocitária nestes recém-nascidos são escassos. No entanto, as principais citocinas pró-inflamatórias envolvidas são a IL-8 e o GRO-α. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os níveis plasmáticos de IL-8 e GRO-α em recémnascidos prematuros de mães com pré-eclampsia. Metodologia: Foram incluídos recém-nascidos com idade gestacional menor de 36 semanas e peso de nascimento inferior a 2000 gramas, sendo divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a presença ou ausência de pré-eclampsia materna. Os critérios de exclusão foram: malformações congênitas, erro inato de metabolismo ou anormalidades cromossômicas, infecções do grupo STORCH, óbito na sala de parto e recém-nascidos nos quais as mães possuíam hipertensão crônica sem a presença de pré-eclampsia. Nas primeiras 48 horas de vida, no momento de coleta assistencial, uma pequena amostra adicional de sangue foi obtida para dosagem de IL-8 e GRO-α pelo método de enzimoimunoensaio. Foram usados os testes qui-quadrado, T student, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: 119 recém-prematuros (64 sem pré-eclampsia e 55 com pré-eclampsia). Os grupos foram similares quanto ao peso de nascimento, idade gestacional, escore de Apgar no 5’minuto, sepse, doença de membrana hialina , ventilação mecânica, nutrição parenteral total, enterocolite necrosante, hemorragia periventricular. O grupo com préeclampsia apresentou mais neutropenia, foi mais PIG, parto cesariano e menos bolsa rota superior a 18 horas. Os níveis de IL-8 foram maiores no grupo sem pré-eclampsia materna [157.1 pg/ml (86.4-261.3) e 26.54 pg/ml (3.6-87.2) p<0.001 para não préeclampticos e pré-eclampticos, respectivamente]. Após análise por regressão múltipla apenas a ausência de pré-eclampsia foi associada com níveis elevados de IL-8. Conclusão: O prematuro de mãe com pré-eclampsia apresenta níveis reduzidos de IL-8, sugerindo que a ativação leucocitária possa estar prejudicada nestes recém-nascidos. / Neutropenia is frequent in newborn infants of preeclamptic mothers.Information on leukocyte activation in those newborns is scarce, but IL-8 and GRO- are the main proinflammatory cytokines involved. The aim was to study IL-8 and GRO- plasma levels in preterm newborn infants of preeclamptic mothers. Methods: Newborn infants with gestational age < 36 weeks and birth weight < 2000 grams were included and divided: non-preeclamptic and preeclamptic groups. Exclusion criteria: major congenital malformations, inborn errors of metabolism or chromosomal anomalies,STORCH infections, inborn preterm that died in the delivery room, and those whose mothers had chronic hypertension without preeclampsia. During the regular blood sample collection in the first 48 hours, a small amount was used for IL-8 and GRO- measurement by enzyme immunoassay. Chi-square, Student s t test, Mann Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis and multiple logistic regression model were employed. Results: 119 preterm infants (64 non-preeclamptic and 55 preeclamptic). They were similar in birth weight, gestational age, Apgar scores at 5 minutes, sepsis, SDR, mechanical ventilation, TPN, NEC, intraventricular hemorrhage and death. The preeclamptic group had more neutropenia, SGA, C Section, and less rupture of membranes for > 18 hours. IL-8 was higher in the non-preeclamptic [157.1 pg/ml (86.4-261.3) e 26.54 pg/ml (3.6-87.2) p<0.001 non-preeclamptic and preeclamptic groups, respectively]. GRO-α was similar [229.5 pg/ml (116.6-321.3) and 185.5 pg/ml (63.9-306.7) p=0.236 in non-preeclamptic and preeclamptic groups, respectively]. After multiple regression analysis only absence of preeclampsia was associated with high IL-8 levels. Conclusions: Preterm newborn infants of preeclamptic mothers have a decreased plasma level of IL-8, suggesting that the leukocyte activation may be impaired in infants of preeclamptic mothers.

Submitted by Luis Guilherme Macena (guilhermelg2004@gmail.com) on 2013-07-05T17:08:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Veiga de Goés.pdf: 254166 bytes, checksum: ae588ada788155dbef2d841b6d215d99 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-05T17:08:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Veiga de Goés.pdf: 254166 bytes, checksum: ae588ada788155dbef2d841b6d215d99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Ensino. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e da Mulher. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Objetivo do estudo é descrever sobre o neurodesenvolvimento de crianças nascidas pré-termo com idade gestacional inferior a 33 semanas nos primeiros dois anos de idade corrigida, avaliadas entre 18 e 24 meses de idade corrigida, através da Escala Bayley III. Estudo transversal realizado entre dezembro de 2010 e julho de 2011 em uma coorte de crianças nascidas pré-termo e acompanhadas no Ambulatório de Seguimento de Recém-nascidos de Risco do Departamento de Neonatologia do Instituto Fernandes Figueira. A coorte foi iniciada em 2005 com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento e o crescimento de prematuros nascidos com idade gestacional inferior a 33 semanas. Foram registradas informações sobre a história gestacional, do parto, dados antropométricos do recém-nascido, história neonatal, alimentar, sócio-econômica e familiar, evolução após a alta da Unidade Neonatal e os resultados obtidos na avaliação da Escala Bayley III. Foram avaliadas 104 crianças, sendo 45,2 % do sexo masculino e 21,2% pequenos para a idade gestacional, com a idade gestacional média de 29 semanas e 5 dias. A média do escore de linguagem (81,9) foi abaixo de -1 DP diferentemente da média dos escores cognitivo (93,7) e motor (91,1), que estavam entre ± 1 DP. Anormalidade no desenvolvimento da linguagem ocorreu em 50% das crianças, alteração motora em 25% e alteração cognitiva em 13%. Houve maior comprometimento na linguagem receptiva (3,3 pontos abaixo do padrão de referência). Não houve diferença no desenvolvimento motor, linguagem e cognitivo nas crianças PIG e AIG. O sexo masculino apresentou risco para o desenvolvimento anormal da linguagem e motor e a pneumonia foi fator de risco para escore baixo na linguagem. As razões de prevalência de escore cognitivo abaixo de 85, em relação a fatores de exposição perinatais e socioeconômicos, mostraram risco para pneumonia (RP 3,4 - IC 1,23-9,3) e APGAR inferior a 6 no quinto minuto (RP 3,6 - IC 1,07-12,0). Na avaliação do escore de linguagem, os fatores relacionados a resultados inferiores ao valor de 85 foram sexo masculino (RP 1,5 - IC 1,03-2,25), APGAR inferior a 6 no quinto minuto (RP 1,65 - IC 1,01-2,7) e pneumonia (RP 2,05 - IC 1,54-2,73), sendo a convivência com os pais um fator protetor (RP 0,48 - IC 0,23-0,98). Considerando o escore motor apenas o sexo masculino (RP 2,15 - IC 1,04-4,42) mostrou risco para anormalidade. Nenhum fator se mostrou significativo para anormalidade do escore cognitivo. Não houve influência da escolaridade paterna e materna, da presença da figura materna e da renda per capitanas médias dos resultados dos escores. A ausência da figura paterna mostrou risco para escore motor inferior a 85 (RP 2,96 - IC 1,55-5,6). Na análise multivariada nenhum fator se mostrou significativo para anormalidade do escore cognitivo. Em relação ao escore da linguagem, somente o sexo masculino e pneumonia mostraram risco para o desenvolvimento anormal, sendo que família do tipo única foi fator de proteção em relação à linguagem. Quanto ao risco para escore motor anormal somente foi significativo ser do sexo masculino. Na avaliação do desenvolvimento em pré-termos nascidos abaixo de 33 semanas de idade gestacional através da Escala Bayley III, o desenvolvimento da linguagem foi alterado, com escore abaixo da média, sendo 50% dos lactentes com atraso leve, porém as médias dos escores cognitivo e o motor foram normais. O desenvolvimento das crianças PIG e AIG foi semelhante nas 3 áreas estudadas e o sexo masculino foi fator de risco tanto para alteração motora quanto para linguagem. A média do escore bruto da linguagem receptiva foi inferior à média esperada para idade sem alteração na linguagem expressiva. / The purpose of the study is to describe the neurodevelopment of children born preterm with gestational age less than 33 weeks during the first two years corrected age, assessed between 18 and 24 months corrected age, with the Bayley Scale III. Cross-sectional study carried out between December 2010 and July 2011 in a cohort of children born preterm and followed up in the Follow Up Clinic of the Department of Neonatology of the Instituto Fernandes Figueira. This cohort was started in 2005 with the objective of assessing the development and growth of premature infants with gestational age less than 33 weeks. Information on history of pregnancy, birth, anthropometric data of the newborn, neonatal history, nutrition, socio-economic and family outcomes after discharge from the neonatal unit and the results obtained in the Bayley Scale III were recorded. 104 children were evaluated, with 45.2% male and 21.2% small for gestational age newborns, and the mean gestational age was 29 weeks and 5 days. The average language score (81.9) was below -1 SD differently from the average cognitive (93.7) and motor (91.1), which were within ± 1 SD. Abnormalities in language development occurred in 50% of children, motor disorders in 25% and cognitive impairment in 13% . There was greater impairment in receptive language (3.3 points below the standard). There was no difference in motor, language and cognitive development between SGA and AGA children. Male sex was risk for abnormal language and motor development, and pneumonia was a risk factor for low scores in language. The prevalence ratio for cognitive score below 85, in relation to perinatal and socioeconomic factors, showed risk for pneumonia (3.4 RP - CI 1.23 to 9.3) and APGAR less than 6 at the fifth minute (PR 3 , 6 - CI 1.07 to 12). In relation to language score below 85, the risk factors were male sex (PR 1.5 - CI 1.03 to 2.25), APGAR score less than 6 at the fifth minute (RP 1.65 - IC 1.01 to 2.7) and pneumonia (RP 2.05 - CI 1.54 to 2.73), and living with parents was a protective factor (RP 0.48 - CI 0.23 to 0.98). Considering the motor, score only male sex (PR 2.15 - CI 1.04 to 4.42) showed risk for abnormality. No factors were significant for abnormal cognitive score. There was no influence of maternal and paternal education, the presence of the mother and the income (per capita) in the average results of scores. The absence of a father figure showed risk for motor score less than 85 (PR 2.96 - CI 1.55 to 5.6). In the multivariate analysis, no factor was significant for abnormal cognitive score. In relation to language score, only male sex and pneumonia showed risk for abnormal development, and structured family was a protective factor in relation to language. The risk for abnormal motor score was significant only among males. In the assessment of development in preterm infants below 33 weeks gestational age using the Bayley Scale III, language development was altered with a score below the average, with mild delay in 50% of infants, but the mean cognitive and motor scores were normal. The development of AGA and SGA children was similar in the three areas studied and the male sex was a risk factor for both motor and language abnormality. The raw receptive language score was lower than expected for age with no abnormality in expressive language.

Objetivo: Verificar os efeitos do tabagismo materno durante a gestação sobre o crescimento de lactentes nos seis primeiros meses de vida. Métodos: Estudo observacional longitudinal, utilizando amostra de conveniência de recém-nascidos (RN), divididos em três grupos: filhos de mães tabagistas, àqueles com restrição de crescimento intrauterino idiopático (RCIU) e um grupo controle. A amostra foi selecionada em dois hospitais de Porto Alegre, capital estadual situada no extremo sul do Brasil, no período de 2011 a 2014. Os recém-nascidos foram avaliados ao nascimento, aos 7 e 15 dias, no primeiro, terceiro e sexto mês. As medidas antropométricas utilizadas foram peso, comprimento, perímetro cefálico e dobras cutâneas. Os indicadores de crescimento utilizados foram expressos em escore-z (OMS). As análises foram realizadas pelo método de Equações de Estimativas Generalizadas. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 194 duplas mãe/recém-nascidos: 71 no grupo tabaco, 23 no grupo RCIU e 100 no grupo controle. Em relação ao peso ao nascer, o grupo tabaco apresentou menor média em comparação ao controle (p=0,002) e o grupo RCIU diferiu de ambos (p<0,001). Comprimento ao nascer do grupo tabaco e controle foram semelhantes, porém o grupo RCIU foi menor que ambos (p<0,001). Não houve diferença na trajetória de crescimento entre o grupo tabaco e controle, porém foram verificadas diferenças no crescimento do grupo RCIU em relação aos demais. Conclusão: A restrição de crescimento intrauterino mostrou ter maior impacto sobre a trajetória de crescimento dos lactentes estudados, independente de outros fatores, como o fumo e a alimentação. / Objective: To investigate the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the growth of infants in the first six months of life. Methods: Longitudinal observational study using a convenience sample of newborns (NBs) divided into three groups: infants of smoking mothers (tobacco), with idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and a control group. The sample was selected from two hospitals in Porto Alegre, located in southern Brazil, between 2011 and 2014. NBs were evaluated at birth, 7 and 15 days, and in the first, third, and sixth month. Anthropometric measures were weight, length, head circumference, and skinfold thickness. The growth indicators used were expressed as z-scores (WHO). The analyses were performed using the generalized estimating equation method. Results: The sample included 194 mother/newborn pairs: 71 tobacco group, 23 IUGR group, and 100 control group. In terms of weight at birth, tobacco was lower than that of the control (p=0.002) and the IUGR had a statistically significant difference when compared with both the other groups (p<0.001). The birth length tobacco and control groups were similar, but the IUGR group was lower than both (p <0.001). We found no differences in growth trajectory between tobacco and control group, but there were differences in the growth of the IUGR group when compared with the other groups. Conclusion: Intrauterine growth restriction had major impact on the growth trajectory of the infants studied, regardless of other factors, such as smoking and diet.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T14:22:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-01-19. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-10T14:29:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000851402.pdf: 1086924 bytes, checksum: d01cb9f4eba10b500b059e2fe7102a41 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A obesidade é uma doença de etiologia multifatorial, resultante de interações complexas entre fatores genéticos e ambientais. No entanto, o aumento acentuado de sua incidência, precocidade e severidade não foram ainda totalmente elucidados. Dentre os inúmeros fatores de risco, diversos achados sugerem, também, que estímulos estressores (p.ex. diabete, alterações nutricionais) na vida intrauterina podem promover alterações genéticas e epigenéticas, predispondo ao desenvolvimento tardio de doenças e disfunções metabólicas, como a obesidade. Assim, o presente estudo foi delineado com o objetivo de avaliar a possível relação entre o Diabetes melittus gestacional (DMG) e a predisposição do recém-nascido para o desenvolvimento de obesidade na vida adulta. Para tanto, foram incluídos no estudo gestantes saudáveis e gestantes diagnosticadas com DMG e seus respectivos recém-nascidos. Adicionalmente, adultos obesos e eutróficos foram incluídos como população de referência (controle). Considerando a relação entre o diabete e a obesidade com a disfunção mitocondrial, foi avaliado o perfil de expressão de gênica e proteica de SOD2 (superóxido desmutase 2), PPARα (receptor ativador da proliferação de peroxissomos alfa) e PPARGC-1β (receptor ativador da proliferação de peroxissomos gamma coativador 1 beta), relacionados ao metabolismo mitocondrial, em sangue do cordão umbilical e sangue periférico (população de referência), e o perfil de expressão gênica em células de placenta (faces materna e fetal). Primeiramente, nossos resultados demonstraram que indivíduos obesos apresentavam aumento da expressão gênica e proteica de SOD2, PPARα e PPARGC-1β no tecido sanguíneo quando comparados aos eutróficos (p < 0,05). No entanto, o mesmo não foi observado no tecido placentário (expressão gênica) e no sangue do cordão umbilical (expressão gênica e protéica) dos recém-nascidos das gestantes com DMG e... / Obesity is a multifactorial disease involving complexes interactions between genetic and environmental agents. However, the increased incidence, early onset and severity of this disease, are still not well understood. Several findings have demonstrated that in utero stressors (diabetes, cigarettes, and/or alcohol consumption, etc) can promote genetic and epigenetic changes predisposing to late development of diseases and metabolic disorders, such as obesity. The present study was designed to evaluate the possible relationship between gestational Diabetes mellitus (GDM) and newborn predisposition to obesity his later life. Healthy and GDM pregnant women and their respective newborns were included. Additionally, obese and eutrophic adults were recruted as reference population. Considering the relationship between diabetes and obesity with mitochondrial dysfunction, gene and protein related to mitochondrial metabolism (SOD2 (superoxide dismutase 2), PPARα (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha) and PPARGC-1β(peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma coactivador beta) were evaluated in cells from cord and peripheral blood (reference population), and in placenta cells (gene expression profile in maternal and fetal sides). Our results showed an increased gene and protein expression (SOD2, PPARα and PPARGC-1β) in peripheral blood from obese compared to euthrophic subjects (p <0.05). However, the same result was not observed in the placental tissue (gene expression) and in umbilical cord blood cells (gene and protein expression) from GDM women and their respective newborn compared to the non diabetic group, i.e., GDM was not an effective agent to promote transcriptional changes in SOD2, PPARα PPARGC-1β in maternal and fetal sides of placenta, and transcriptional and translational changes in umbilical cord blood cells. In conclusion, SOD2, PPARα and PPARGC-1β gene and protein expression were confirmed as potential ...

To verify the oral motor sensorial stimulation effects on the non-nutritive sucking, by comparing the aspects and development of the non-nutritive sucking function in preterm infants in a group which has received oral motor sensorial stimulation towards another which has nor received any kind of stimulation. Method: A 20 preterm infants sample randomized into control and experimental groups. The following were considered: sucking strength; sucking rhythm; presence of the three adaptative aspects; and sucking blocks (total sucking number and time of, total sucking pause and frequency). Result: Both control and experimental groups were homogeneous concerning their general characteristics and results at the first evaluation. The differences could be observed from the second to the third evaluations, where the experimental group has presented better results related to strength, rhythm and sucking frequency. For most results there was no statistically significant result. Conclusion: The preterm infants who received the stimulation program presented an improvement in the sucking aspects and in the non-nutritive sucking function performance. / Verificar o efeito da estimulação sensório motora oral sobre a sucção nãonutritiva, comparando os aspectos e desempenho da função da sucção não-nutritiva de recém-nascidos pré-termo de um grupo que recebeu estimulação sensório motora oral com outro que não recebeu qualquer tipo de estimulação. Método: Amostra de 20 recém-nascidos pré-termos divididos em grupo controle e estimulado. Foram pesquisados: força de sucção; ritmo das sucções; presença dos três reflexos adaptativos; blocos de sucções (número e tempo totais das sucções, total de pausa e freqüência de sucção). Resultado: Grupo controle e estimulado estavam homogêneos quanto suas características gerais e quanto aos resultados na primeira avaliação. As diferenças foram observadas da segunda para a terceira avaliação, onde o grupo estimulado apresentou melhores resultados quanto a força, ritmo e freqüência de sucção. Para a maioria dos resultados não houve resultado estatisticamente significativo. Conclusão: Os recém-nascidos pré-termos que receberam o programa de estimulação apresentaram melhora nos aspectos de sucção e no desempenho da função de sucção não-nutritiva.