Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Basel, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 587-642).

Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Genève. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 441-480).

Orientador: Luiz Gonzaga Marchezan / Banca: Arnaldo Cortina / Banca: Rauer Ribeiro / Banca: Juliana Santini / Resumo: O presente estudo parte da narrativa arquetípica de Cervantes, Dom Quixote de la Mancha e por meio dela estabelece pontos de contato com dois romances brasileiros: O coronel e o lobisomem e Fogo morto. Tem em Dom Quixote o modelo do herói problemático, conforme definido por Lukács em Teoria do romance: um indivíduo em conflito com a sociedade. Dessa maneira, na visada cervantina, o herói deixa de representar o coletivo, como na epopeia, para revelar, no romance, sua solidão em um mundo decadente. Percorrendo algumas invariantes que definem o quixotesco no interior do perfil do herói problemático, estabelece, então, pontos de contato com os heróis da literatura brasileira. O tema do poder, universal, perpassa os dois romances do regionalismo brasileiro, particularizando-os e figurativizando-os nos espaços e nas performances dos protagonistas Ponciano e Vitorino. Os dois, como Dom Quixote, são tocados pela "loucura da vã presunção" - conforme tipologia de Foucault - que corresponde à relação imaginária que cada personagem estabelece consigo mesmo por meio de um delírio de autovalorização, atribuindo-se características irreais ou, pelo menos, que não estão em consonância com a realidade que os cerca. Tomados pela ideia fixa, criam uma espécie de redoma que os impede de traçar os limites da realidade e, a despeito de suas ações infundadas, continuam lutando para a concretização de seus respectivos projetos. Como consequência dessa dissonância entre ser e sociedade, instaura-se um conflito, uma ruptura insuperável. A loucura é a única forma encontrada para esses heróis sobreviverem na sociedade degradada que os cerca e, de alguma forma, cada herói, ao seu modo, afronta à ordem estabelecida. As ações desenvolvidas por eles são dissonantes com a realidade e, por meio de gestos e entoações exageradas, hiperbólicas, culminam em situações tragicômicas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study starts with the archetypal Cervantes narrative Dom Quixote de la Mancha and by means of it establishes point of contact with two Brazilian novels O coronel e o lobisomen and Fogo morto. It exists in Dom Quixote the model of the problematic hero as it was defined by Lukács the Novel Theory: an individual in conflict with the society. In this way in the aimed of cervantina the hero stops representing the collective, like in epopee, to develop in the novel, his loneliness in a decadent world. Passing through some invariants that defined the quixotic inside the profile of the problematic hero, establishes, then points of contact with the heroes of the Brazilian literature. The theme of power, universal, goes through the two novels of the Brazilian regionalism, specifying them and making them figurative in the place and in the performing of the protagonists Ponciano and Vitorino. Both as Dom Quixote, are touched by-the "madness of vain conceit" - as Focault typology - that corresponds to the imaginary relationship that each character establishes with himself even, by means of a delusion of grandeur, attributing himself unreal characteristics or, at least, that are not in accordance with the reality that is around them. Taken by the fixed idea, they create a kind of bell-glass that prevents them from drawing the limits of the reality and, despite their unfounded actions, they keep on fighting for the specification of their respective projects. As a consequence of that dissonance between being and the society, it establishes a conflict, an insuperable break. The madness is the only way found by those heroes to survive in a degraded society that surrounds them and someway, each hero in his way, affronts the established order. The developed actions that they created are dissonant with the reality and by means of gestures and exaggerated intonation, hyperbolic, culminating... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo analisar o imaginário social sobre a loucura a partir das produções literárias de autores brasileiros do final do século XIX e início do século XX. O período escolhido para realização desta pesquisa deve-se ao fato de ter sido cenário do advento do alienismo no Brasil, com a criação do primeiro hospício brasileiro e da primeira lei de assistência aos alienados, o que revela um processo de transição da visão mística e religiosa em relação à loucura para uma visão científica. É neste contexto que se destacam as obras de Machado de Assis, Olavo Bilac e Lima Barreto que foram selecionadas para análise desta pesquisa e que têm em comum o tema da loucura e questões afins. Sob o aspecto metodológico a pesquisa teve como base fundamental o referencial teórico da sociologia compreensiva, proposta por Michel Maffesoli, particularmente na noção de imaginário social, a partir de uma crítica ao modelo dominante da produção de conhecimento. Foram elaboradas seis grandes noções, concebidas a partir das obras literárias, são elas: ciência, alienação, institucionalização, periculosidade, produção de identidade e medicalização. Além das discussões, vários fragmentos exemplificam e possibilitam uma melhor discussão de cada uma destas noções. Concluiu-se, em consonância com Antonio Candido, ser evidente a importância da literatura, assim como de outras formas de arte e cultura, para compreender o imaginário social de uma época sobre os temas em questão, da mesma forma em que a própria literatura contribui para produzi-los / This study aims to analyze the social imaginary about insanity as from literary productions of Brazilian authors of late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The period chosen for this research is due to the fact that it was the scenario of the advent of alienism in Brazil, with the creation of the first Brazilian asylum and the first law for the assistance to the alienated, revealing a transition process from the mystical and religious vision regarding insanity to a scientific one. In this context the works of Machado de Assis, Olavo Bilac and Lima Barreto are highlighted as they were selected for analysis in this research since they have in common the theme of insanity and related issues. Under the methodological aspect, the research has as fundamental basis the theoretical framework of comprehensive sociology proposed by Michel Maffesoli, particularly in the notion of social imaginary, departing from a criticism of the dominant model in the production of knowledge. Six major notions were developed generated from the literary works which are: science, alienation, institutionalization, danger, identity production and medical treatment. In addition to the discussions, several fragments exemplify and enable a better vision of each one of these notions. It was concluded, in accordance with Antonio Candido, that the importance of literature is evident as well as other forms of art and culture in order to understand the social imaginary of a period about the themes discussed, in the same way as literature itself contributes to produce them

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo analisar o imaginário social sobre a loucura a partir das produções literárias de autores brasileiros do final do século XIX e início do século XX. O período escolhido para realização desta pesquisa deve-se ao fato de ter sido cenário do advento do alienismo no Brasil, com a criação do primeiro hospício brasileiro e da primeira lei de assistência aos alienados, o que revela um processo de transição da visão mística e religiosa em relação à loucura para uma visão científica. É neste contexto que se destacam as obras de Machado de Assis, Olavo Bilac e Lima Barreto que foram selecionadas para análise desta pesquisa e que têm em comum o tema da loucura e questões afins. Sob o aspecto metodológico a pesquisa teve como base fundamental o referencial teórico da sociologia compreensiva, proposta por Michel Maffesoli, particularmente na noção de imaginário social, a partir de uma crítica ao modelo dominante da produção de conhecimento. Foram elaboradas seis grandes noções, concebidas a partir das obras literárias, são elas: ciência, alienação, institucionalização, periculosidade, produção de identidade e medicalização. Além das discussões, vários fragmentos exemplificam e possibilitam uma melhor discussão de cada uma destas noções. Concluiu-se, em consonância com Antonio Candido, ser evidente a importância da literatura, assim como de outras formas de arte e cultura, para compreender o imaginário social de uma época sobre os temas em questão, da mesma forma em que a própria literatura contribui para produzi-los / This study aims to analyze the social imaginary about insanity as from literary productions of Brazilian authors of late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The period chosen for this research is due to the fact that it was the scenario of the advent of alienism in Brazil, with the creation of the first Brazilian asylum and the first law for the assistance to the alienated, revealing a transition process from the mystical and religious vision regarding insanity to a scientific one. In this context the works of Machado de Assis, Olavo Bilac and Lima Barreto are highlighted as they were selected for analysis in this research since they have in common the theme of insanity and related issues. Under the methodological aspect, the research has as fundamental basis the theoretical framework of comprehensive sociology proposed by Michel Maffesoli, particularly in the notion of social imaginary, departing from a criticism of the dominant model in the production of knowledge. Six major notions were developed generated from the literary works which are: science, alienation, institutionalization, danger, identity production and medical treatment. In addition to the discussions, several fragments exemplify and enable a better vision of each one of these notions. It was concluded, in accordance with Antonio Candido, that the importance of literature is evident as well as other forms of art and culture in order to understand the social imaginary of a period about the themes discussed, in the same way as literature itself contributes to produce them

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O ponto de partida desta investigaÃÃo à a experiÃncia manicomial do escritor Lima Barreto, internado como paciente psiquiÃtrico, em 1914 e 1919, no HospÃcio Nacional de Alienados do Rio de Janeiro. A partir da anÃlise do escritor acerca do âespetÃculo do hospÃcioâ, descrito como âlugar que condena os sujeitos à morte em vidaâ, presente nas obras DiÃrio do HospÃcio e O CemitÃrio dos Vivos, dedicamo-nos à observÃncia e à anÃlise do surgimento da ciÃncia psiquiÃtrica e de seus pressupostos, advindos, sobretudo, da Europa, e executados no Brasil, pensando a loucura como uma problemÃtica indissociavelmente mÃdica e social. Analisaremos, portanto, a partir da âescrita de siâ de Lima Barreto, dos documentos produzidos pela instituiÃÃo responsÃvel pela sua internaÃÃo (prontuÃrios mÃdicos) e dos trabalhos voltados a pensar a psiquiatria e a loucura como doenÃa mental, a experiÃncia manicomial a partir do prÃprio louco, a histÃria das teorias psiquiÃtricas definidoras e legitimadoras daquilo que era normal e patolÃgico, a classificaÃÃo e a criaÃÃo do espaÃo institucional medicalizado, o cotidiano no espaÃo asilar e a especializaÃÃo mÃdica voltada a curar a loucura. A partir desses materiais, pensamos sobre a imposiÃÃo de uma relaÃÃo de poder entre o mÃdico e o doente, as prÃticas em torno dos âinsanosâ, o confisco da âloucuraâ pelo olhar especialista do mÃdico e os sujeitos que compunham o arsenal teÃrico da psiquiatria, expostos Ãs suas terapias e prÃticas, que, na maioria das vezes, eram pobres, negros e trabalhadores braÃais, perspectiva que compreende uma questÃo iminentemente social, muito embora elaborada como doenÃa. / The starting point of this investigation is the asylum experience of writer Lima Barreto, admitted as a psychiatric patient in 1914 and 1919, to the HospÃcio Nacional de Alienados do Rio de Janeiro. From the writerâs analysis of the âasylum spectacleâ, described as âa place that sentences to social deathâ, that appears on DiÃrio do HospÃcio and O CemitÃrio dos Vivos, this paper reviews the beginning of psychic science and its assumptions originated mostly from Europe and performed in Brazil, presuming madness as an inseparable medical and social problematic. An analysis will be made based on the âself-writingâ of Lima Barreto, from the documents produced by the institution responsible for this admission (medical charts) and the works toward thinking psychiatry and madness as a mental disease. The asylum experience from the insane himself, the history of psychiatry theories that defined and legitimated what were normal and pathological, the classification and creation of the medical institutional space, the routine of the asylum and the medical specialization towards healing insanity. From those resources, was considered the imposition of a power relation between the doctor and the sick individual, the practices around the âinsaneâ, the confiscation of âmadnessâ through the physicianâs specialist point of view, and the subjects that were part of the psychiatry theory research, exposed to their therapy and practices, that, in most part, were poor, black and handymen, from a perspective that comprehends an eminently social topic, although elaborated as a disease.

Cette recherche se propose d'étudier les interactions entre l'espace scénique et la folie dans le théâtre contemporain. À partir de l'étude de scénographies et des lieux dans lesquels elles se déploient, nous souhaitons interroger le recours à la déraison, non pas comme thématique ou comme caractéristique de personnages, mais comme outil de questionnement et de renouvellement de l'espace théâtral. La folie, notion polémique dont l'existence même est régulièrement questionnée, constitue pour certains metteurs en scène et/ou scénographes la possibilité d'une remise en cause radicale du réalisme illusionniste et une passerelle vers la mise en place d'une "réalité théâtrale" au sens où Antonin Artaud l'entendait. Ces interactions peuvent se manifester par les lieux dans lesquels sont joués les spectacles, mais aussi par l'usage de la symptomatologie de la folie (hallucination, délire, rêves) comme élément perturbateur de l'espace scénique. La folie est alors employée pour bouleverser les repères du spectateur, qui n'est plus en prise avec une représentation de sa réalité quotidienne, ni une représentation de l'ambiance du drame ou de l'état mental d'un personnage, mais avec des espaces qui proposent une perception en dehors des normes de la raison. La folie n'apparaît donc plus dans la constitution d'une fable, mais dans la structure même des spectacles. Dans la lignée des recherches de certains groupes futuristes ou surréalistes, certaines mises en scène et scénographies contemporaines cherchent alors à se défaire d'une raison dominante et voit dans la déraison le moyen de remettre en cause l'ordre politique et social autant que l'ordre théâtral. / This research proposes to study existing interactions between scenic space and madness in contemporary theater. By studying scenography and locations where they occur, we wish to question the use of insanity, not as a theme or dimension of a character, but as a tool to question and renew theatrical space. Madness, a subject of debate whose very existence is regularly questioned, appears for certain directors and/or set designers as a way to radically question illusionist realism and as a pathway to a "theatrical reality" as perceived by Antonin Artaud. These interactions may be exploited by the site chosen for staging but also through the use of madness (hallucination, delirium, dreams) as a disruptive element of scenic space. Madness is then used to disorient the spectator : he is no longer exposed to a representation of his daily life, or a representation of the drama’s setting, or the mental state of a character, but with spaces that offer a perception outside the norms of reason. Madness no longer occurs in the creation of a fable, but in the very structure of theater. Along the lines of certain futurist or surrealist groups’ research, some contemporary staging and scenography therefore tries to do away with dominant reasoning, and view insanity as a means to question political and social order as much as theatrical order.

On retrace ici le parcours du docteur Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), médecin lyonnais, trajectoire personnelle et scientifique d’un savant de la fin du XIXe siècle, fondateur de l’anthropologie criminelle et d’une école de criminologie passée à la postérité sous le nom d’ « école lyonnaise ». Formé à l’école de santé militaire, il est de cette génération d’hommes et de républicains forgés au feu de la guerre franco-prussienne, de la chute de l’Empire et des débuts de l’aventure coloniale et républicaine. La reconstitution de ses réseaux professionnels, l’étude de ses prises de positions intellectuelles, permet de montrer qu’il est un savant emblématique de son temps. Sa bibliothèque révèle ses états d’âme. L’analyse des ouvrages fait émerger une angoisse récurrente, celle de l’altérité : des criminels bien sûr, mais aussi des femmes, des fous, des invertis, des « primitifs », dont les inquiétantes figures contrastent avec l’image de légèreté et de foi inconditionnelle dans le Progrès qui est habituellement celle de la Belle Époque. L’anthropologie et l’anthropométrie se mettent au service d’une frénésie taxinomique qui trahit l’inquiétude générée par toute indétermination, désormais intolérable. Un double processus d’essentialisation et de hiérarchisation se trouve aux fondements des discours justifiant l’exclusion persistante de certaines catégories de populations, rejetées en deçà de l’Universel. Lacassagne nous sert d’œilleton pour examiner les enjeux biopolitiques de cette exclusion. C’est l’avers, cette face de la médaille qui porte une effigie – et qui serait frappée à celle de l’Autre en cette fin de siècle – et le portrait d’un homme et de son temps par l’inventaire de ses aversions, qu’on a voulu reconstituer. / The following pages will retrace the personal and professional path of the Lyonnais doctor Alexandre Lacassagne (1843-1924), an intellectual from the end of the 19th century who founded anthropological criminology and the school of criminology that would go down in history known as the “école lyonnaise”. Having done his studies at a military school he belonged to that generation of men and Republicans who had been forged by the fires of the Franco-Prussian war, the fall of the Empire and the beginnings of colonial and Republican adventures. The reconstitution of his professional networks and the study of his intellectual positions show that he was an emblematic scholar of his time. His library reveals his true feelings : the analysis of the works shows an ongoing anguish, that of alterity. Of course of criminals, but also of women, of the insane, homosexuals and the “primitive” whose troubling figures contrast with the image of the carefree and unconditional faith in Progress that was quintessential of the “Belle Epoque”. Anthropology and anthropometry are at the service of a taxonomic frenzy that betrays the concern generated by all disinclination that had become intolerable. A process at the same time of essentialism and hierarchism are the foundations of a discourse justifying the ongoing exclusion of certain categories of populations rejected below the “Universel”. Lacassagne serves as a peephole to examine the “biopolitical” stakes of this exclusion. It is the obverse, the side of the coin showing the effigy- and that will be struck with the Other at the end of the century- and the portrait of a man and his time by the inventory of his aversions, which we wished to reconstruct.

In response to public opposition to the insanity defense, the Guilty But Mentally Ill(GBMI) verdict was enacted with the intention of limiting the number of insanity acquittals and alleviating the public’s concerns. Prior research suggests, however, that many jurors are making verdict decisions with limited knowledge of the dispositional consequences of the GBMI and NGRI verdicts. Further, jurors may erroneously assume that the GBMI verdict is a compromise between a NGRI and guilty verdict, which mitigates punishment. In reality, the dispositional consequences of a GBMI verdict are equivalent to or more restrictive than a guilty verdict. The current study examined the impact of informing jurors of the dispositional consequences of the GBMI and NGRI verdicts. In addition, it explores whether mock jurors’ attitudes toward the insanity defense, individuals with mental illness, and perceptions of the defendant’s dangerousness strengthens or attenuates the impact of informing mock jurors of dispositional consequences. Participants (N = 488) read a case summary of an apparently mentally ill male defendant charged with first-degree murder. Half of the participants were informed of the dispositional consequences of GBMI and NGRI verdicts, while the other half of participants received no such information. Then, they were asked to choose individual verdicts and complete a questionnaire that assessed attitudes toward the insanity defense, attitudes toward individuals with mental illness, and perceptions of the defendant’s dangerousness. Results indicate that informing participants of dispositional consequences of the GBMI and NGRI verdicts increases the likelihood that the NGRI verdict is selected over the GBMI verdict. In addition, participants who had more favorable attitudes toward the insanity defense and perceived the defendant as less dangerous selected the NGRI verdict over the GBMI verdict at an even higher rate when they were informed of dispositional consequences. The implications for educating jurors in trials that include the GBMI verdict option are discussed.

In many jurisdictions, including England and Wales, psychopaths are unable to succeed with an insanity defence. This has been influenced by a legal view of psychopathy as a condition characterised by a reduced ability to comply with the law, which is otherwise fully understood. Evidence from cognitive neuroscience, however, may potentially challenge this traditional legal conception of psychopathy. In this regard it has already been suggested, based partly on scientific evidence, that it may be appropriate for at least some psychopaths to succeed with an insanity defence where they can be shown to lack moral competence. In this thesis, I critically examine this possibility. I first examine the insanity defence in English law, showing how psychopaths have effectively been excluded from the defence by judicial interpretation of the insanity defence criteria. Consequently, if psychopaths lacking moral competence were to be identified, reform (or reinterpretation) of the defence would be required. I then present philosophical arguments in favour of the case that some psychopaths should gain access to an insanity defence, before clarifying which psychopaths ought potentially to succeed, and which criminal offences ought potentially to be relevant, for the purposes of a reformed or reinterpreted defence. In order to clarify which psychopaths are relevant psychopaths (RPs), it is necessary to go beyond existing scientific evidence. It is argued, based on emerging neuroscientific findings and current research techniques, that while it is not currently possible to identify RPs, it may be possible in the future. Even if it this becomes possible, however, the philosophical case for access to an insanity defence remains deeply problematic. Although RPs may lack moral competence, for example, they may nevertheless possess other capacities relevant to criminal responsibility. After closer examination, it is argued that the case for access to an insanity defence may be best viewed as a case for mitigation rather than exculpation. I conclude by considering some of the implications of this analysis in an English legal context, should it become possible to identify RPs. Of particular relevance is the possibility that RPs may be at high risk of causing serious harm to others. This illuminates important possible relationships between responsibility and risk, and diagnostic advancements and risk assessment, in this area. There are also broader implications for the management of psychopaths in the future, given that greater scientific understanding may lead to enhanced predictive abilities that could tempt policymakers towards more radical strategies. This thesis contributes to an ongoing debate about the role that cognitive neuroscience may play in decisions about the criminal responsibility of psychopaths. My main contribution is to clarify how psychopaths lacking moral competence may be identified in the future, and relate this neuroscientific discourse to arguments for providing these persons with access to an insanity defence. It is argued, however, by reference to legal, policy, scientific and philosophical considerations, that the risk such persons would pose, rather than their capacity for criminal responsibility per se, may have significant legal and policy implications in England and Wales in the future.