Foodborne diseases form a large group of infectious diseases. These substantial diseases are occurring more in developing countries but they do not avoid developed countries. The originators of the disease are bacteria and their toxins, viruses, parasites and prions, whose source is an infected person or animal. The disease is passed on by contaminated soil, contaminated water and food, sometimes contaminated items. Greatest importance in the prevention of foodborne disease are nonspecific measures, protection of drinking water, safe food production, waste disposal, functional sewer system, rodenticides and insecticides measures and of course the principles of personal hygiene, certain standards of hygiene and health education of the population. Intestinal infections are preventable. The consumer can effectively protect by following the fundamental principles established by the World Health Organization. The aim of this study was to explore knowledge of foodborne disease prevention measures and compliance with these principles by adolescents in the Milevsko region. The theoretical part of the study summarizes the basic information about intestinal diseases and describes their effect on health from a variety of perspectives. The preventive measures which everyone should be aware of and apply them in everyday life to protect health are described in great detail. The paper summarizes the information about the process of spreading foodborne diseases and epidemiological measures focused on supply, routes of transmission and susceptible individuals. The theoretical part includes basic information about specific intestinal infections which are most significant for the population in the Czech Republic. Briefly described are treatment of these diseases and the most important legislative measures. In the research part quantitative research was applied by questionnaire. The research groups were students of higher secondary vocational schools and vocational schools in the region Milevsko. Three hypotheses were formulated. Statistical hypothesis testing was performed using the t test. The values of the achieved significance level are compared with a predetermined level of significance. The first hypothesis assumed that knowledge about prevention of intestinal diseases is higher among girls than boys. This statement has not been confirmed. Knowledge of the principles of prevention does not differ according to the criteria of gender. Two further hypotheses assumed that the observance of hygienic measures in the prevention of foodborne disease is higher among girls than among boys and higher for high-school graduates than apprentices. These hypotheses are valid. Precautionary principles are indeed respected more by girls than boys and high-school graduates than apprentices. The carried out research shows that adolescents in the region Milevsko have a good knowledge of foodborne infections and do known also essential preventive measures. However, knowledge of these rules does not mean they are applied in practice. The results showed that some rules, such as washing fruits and vegetables before eating, adequate boiling or roasting of food, especially hand hygiene before eating food or after contact with an animal are observed by a smaller percentage of respondents than that reported knowledge of these principles. A positive finding is that respondents comply with certain rules, without being aware of them, such as the principle of proper preservation of precooked food. Foodborne diseases are diseases which can be prevented in compliance with precautionary principles. Especially in the Czech Republic, where nonspecific principles are at a high level. It is up to each user/consumer how consistent these principles will be. Respecting preventive measures is a prerequisite for reducing the incidence of foodborne disease in the population.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-03-09T15:00:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA16MA202.pdf: 1986577 bytes, checksum: dd2bd0933fff94d8de3e9844c90ba625 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-09T15:00:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA16MA202.pdf: 1986577 bytes, checksum: dd2bd0933fff94d8de3e9844c90ba625 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / Capes / Crotalaria lanceolata E. Mey. and Crotalaria pallida Aiton. are leguminous found in most of brazilian territory. It were initially used as green manure and due its easy spread now are considered crops invasive. Soybean and corn contamination can occur through the mechanical harvesting of these grains with the seed of Crotalaria spp. species and enter the production animals feed formulation. This genus has pyrrolizidine alkaloids of toxic action. Most species of plants of the genus can cause acute or chronic liver injury. Broiler chickens of one day and with 28 days of age were housed in the experimental aviary located at the Poultry Department of CAV/UDESC. The broilers were divided into Group I (C. pallida seeds), Group II (C. lanceolata seeds) and control group. The Groups I and II were divided into five subgroups, each one with eight chickens, which received, from the seventh day of age, seeds at continual doses of 0,4%, 0,8% and 2,5%, and single doses of 15% and 25% in feed. Four broiler were sacrificed at 28 days old in each group, completing 21 days of seeds consumption, and the four remaining at 42 days old, completing 35 days of seeds consumption. Experiments were also conducted with seeds of both plants in 28 days old broiler, which were divided into five groups with four animals each group, to receive for twenty days the doses of 1% and 2% C. pallida and C. lanceolata seeds in feed, respectively. Broiler were sacrificed when they were 80 days old. C. lanceolata seeds showed higher toxicity for broilers than C. pallida seeds both supplied from the seventh day of bird life. Clinical signs were inappetence, ruffled feathers and brown diarrhea. Macroscopically observed subcutaneous oedema, ascites, hydropericardium, yellowish liver with hypertrophy, or atrophy, pattern lobular evidenciation distended gallbladder. Histological lesions were present in most birds and is characterized by swelling and vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes. The broiler which showed clinical and macroscopic lesions, had megalocytosis, karyomegaly, biliary epithelial hyperplasia, slight, eosinophilic spheroids and nuclear invagination with loss of hepatocyte cords architecture / Crotalaria lanceolata e Crotalaria pallida são leguminosas presentes na maioria do território brasileiro. Inicialmente foram utilizadas como adubação verde e devido sua fácil disseminação são consideradas invasoras de culturas. Através da colheita mecanizada das lavouras de soja e milho pode ocorrer contaminação destes grãos com as sementes dessas espécies e entrar na formulação de ração para animais de produção. O gênero Crotalaria spp. possui alcaloides pirrolizidínicos de ação tóxica. A maioria das espécies desse gênero causam lesões hepáticas, com evolução aguda ou crônica. Frangos de corte de um dia e 28 dias de vida foram alojados no aviário experimental localizado no Setor de Avicultura do CAV/UDESC. Os frangos de corte foram divididos em grupo I (sementes de C. pallida), grupo II (sementes de C. lanceolata) e grupo controle. Os grupos I e II foram divididos em cinco subgrupos, com oito frangos cada, que a partir do sétimo dia de vida, receberam doses contínuas de 0,4%, 0,8%, 2,5% e doses únicas de 15% e 25%. Quatro frangos de cada grupo foram sacrificados aos 28 dias, completando 21 dias de consumo das sementes, e os quatro restantes aos 42 dias de vida, completando 35 dias de consumo das sementes. Também foram conduzidos experimentos com as sementes dessas duas plantas com aves de 28 dias, as quais foram divididas em cinco grupos com quatro aves por grupo, para receberem durante vinte dias as doses de 1% e 2% de sementes de C. pallida e C. lanceolata na ração, respectivamente. Estas aves foram sacrificadas ao completarem 80 dias de vida. Sementes de Crotalaria lanceolata demonstraram maior toxicidade para frangos de corte do que sementes de Crotalaria pallida fornecidas a partir do sétimo dia de vida das aves. Os sinais clínicos foram inapetência, penas arrepiadas e diarreia acastanhada. Na macroscopia observou-se edema subcutâneo, ascite, hidropericárdio, fígado de coloração amarelada com hipertrofia e, ou, atrofia, evidenciação do padrão lobular e vesícula biliar distendida. As lesões histológicas estavam presentes na maioria das aves e caracterizaram-se por tumefação e degeneração vacuolar de hepatócitos. Nas aves que manifestaram alterações clínicas e lesões macroscópicas, havia megalocitose, cariomegalia, hiperplasia do epitélio biliar, leve, esferoides eosinofílicos e invaginação nuclear com perda da arquitetura dos cordões de hepatócitos

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Consumption of food contaminated with strains of Staphylococcus aureus can cause diseases, whose signs and symptoms include gastroenteritis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain within one to six hours post-consumption of contaminated food. In this way, rapid methods of detection and identification of S. aureus are essential for food quality control and food safety. At this study, objectived to select peptide that binds to S.aureus, through the technique of Phage Display (PD), for development of fast diagnostic tools, of easy handling and low cost. At this study was used bioppaning for selection of peptides that express on the surface filamentous phage peptides that binds to S. aureus. The phage DNA selected was sequenced and subjected to in silico analysis (BioEdit v7.0.9). The sequences obtained were aligned and clones underwent pre-screening (ELISA) for the evaluation of binding specificity to S. aureus. The titles of input and output in biopanning were constant. Nine valid sequences were obtained after sequencing 40 clones selected after 3 rounds of biopanning. The analysis demonstrated that four clones presented reactivity in bacteria, although tests have demonstrated that the peptides exhibited no specific binding capacity in Staphylococcus aureus. Nevertheless, the peptide H06 showed binding specificity in gram-positive bacteria used in the test of reactivity. Furthermore, the in silico analysis showed that the recombinant peptides share chemical characteristics essential the proteins of the bacterial cells. Although the S. aureus specificity had not been observed, the peptide can be used as a method of detecting contamination of food in gram-positive bacteria. In food contamination, fast screening and identification of bacterial groups, allows establish decisions about the marketing and distribution of foods and may prevent outbreaks of food intoxication and ensure food security. / O consumo de alimentos contaminados com cepas de Staphylococcus aureus pode causar doenças, cujos sinais incluem gastroenterites, náuseas, vômitos, diarreia, dor abdominal intensa dentro de uma a seis horas após o consumo do alimento contaminado. Por esta razão, métodos rápidos de detecção de S.aureus são essenciais para o controle da qualidade e da garantia da segurança alimentar. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo selecionar peptídeos ligantes à S.aureus, por meio da técnica de Phage Display (PD), para desenvolvimento de ferramentas diagnósticas rápidas, de fácil manipulação e baixo custo. Neste estudo, foi realizado bioppaning para seleção de peptídeos expressos na superfície de fagos filamentosos que apresentassem peptídeos ligantes a S.aureus. O DNA dos fagos selecionados foi sequenciado e submetido a analise in silico(BioEdit v7.0.9). As sequências obtidas foram alinhadas e os clones foram submetidos à pre-screening (ELISA) para avaliação de especificidade de ligação à S. aureus. Os títulos de entrada e saída obtidos no biopanning foram constantes. Nove sequências válidas foram obtidas após o sequenciamento dos 40 clones selecionados após 3 ciclos de biopanning. A análise de reatividade demonstrou que quatro clones apresentaram reatividade à bactéria, embora os testes de especificidade demonstraram que os peptídeos não exibiram capacidade de ligação específica a S. aureus. Apesar disto, o peptídeo E06 mostrou especificidade de ligação a bactérias do gênero Staphylococcus usadas no teste de reatividade. Além disso, as análises in sílico revelaram que os peptídeos recombinantes compartilham características químicas essenciais a proteínas das bactérias. Embora a especificidade a S.aureus não tenha sido observada, neste estudo o peptídeo pode ser utilizado como um método de detecção a contaminação de alimentos por estafilococos. Nas contaminações de alimentos, a triagem rápida e métodos de identificação de grupos bacterianos permitem estabelecer decisões sobre a comercialização e distribuição e podem prevenir um surto de intoxicação, garantindo a segurança alimentar. / Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural Aplicadas

O Estado do Paraná destaca-se por ser responsável por mais de 20% da produção nacional de grãos. Prevalecem em sua estrutura agrária, pequenas e médias propriedades onde predomina a mão-de-obra familiar. Buscando manter e aumentar as produtividades atuais, a agricultura paranaense utiliza intensivamente os insumos disponíveis no comércio, como é o caso nos agrotóxicos, onde o Paraná é tido como segundo maior consumidor nacional. A venda maciça deste insumo, o baixo grau de escolaridade dos usuários, aliado a falta de cuidados quando da sua utilização resultam no surgimento de intoxicações. Baseado nesta realidade, o presente estudo objetivou identificar e caracterizar o perfil das populações intoxicadas por agrotóxicos no Estado do Paraná, durante o período de 1993 a 2000 e propor medidas que visem diminuir os prejuízos às populações expostas. Para tanto, foram analisadas as intoxicações agudas notificadas durante o período de 1993 a 2000, referentes ao banco de dados fornecido pela Secretaria Estadual da Saúde. As intoxicações foram analisadas segundo as seguintes variáveis: sexo, idade, local de ocorrência, via de contaminação, ocupação, evolução final (cura ou óbito), classe e grupo químico dos agrotóxicos. Após a tabulação dos dados, as variáveis foram relacionadas aos Núcleos Regionais que compõe a Secretaria de Estado da Agricultura do Paraná e as intoxicações foram correlacionadas às áreas de seis grupos de cultivos (frutas, culturas de inverno e verão, olerícolas, olerícolas grandes e outros cultivos). Os resultados do estudo apontaram que a maior parte das intoxicações ocorreu em atividades relacionadas à causa profissional (53,1%), tendo sido os inseticidas os agentes causadores da maioria das intoxicações (37,9%) e óbitos (42%). A maioria dos intoxicados foram indivíduos do sexo masculino (79,8%), sendo a faixa de idade compreendida entre os 18 e 23 anos, onde ocorreram o maior número de intoxicações (21,2%) e óbitos (15,8%). O maior percentual de óbitos ocorreu mediante a tentativa de suicídio (86%), principalmente na faixa de idade entre 18 e 23 anos (16,1%). Foi na zona rural onde se deu o maior número de ocorrências (65%), em indivíduos ligados a ocupação agrícola (63%). As principais vias de contaminação, para a causa profissional foram a via respiratória com 58,3% dos casos e suas combinações com as demais vias (82,2%). Para a causa suicídio a via prioritária foi a digestiva, tendo atingido 95,7% dos casos notificados. A região norte (composta pelos núcleos regionais de Apucarana, Cornélio Procópio, Ivaiporã, Jacarezinho, Londrina e Maringá) deteve o maior número de ocorrências de intoxicações (43,1%) e óbitos (37%), sendo os organofosforados os maiores responsáveis por ambas. A análise de Correlação concluiu ser positiva a relação existente entre as intoxicações notificadas e as áreas de cultivos de culturas de inverno e verão, frutíferas e olerícolas. O acesso fácil, associado ao armazenamento inadequado dos agrotóxicos, assim como a participação prematura em atividades agrícolas resultou na ocorrência de intoxicações e óbitos em indivíduos menores de idade. O uso do Receituário agronômico e Guia de aplicação para agrotóxicos de venda aplicada não impediram a ocorrência de intoxicações e óbitos causados por herbicidas bipiridílios. / The state of Paraná is responsible for more than 20% of the national grain production. Its agricultural structure is organized in small and mediumsized properties where the labor force comes mainly from families. In order to mantain and also increase productivity, the agriculture system in Paraná makes intensive use of the available products in the market, such as pesticides, where Paraná is considered to be the second largest consumer in Brazil. The massive sale of these products, the user’s low schooling level and the careless use of the products result in intoxications. Based on all that, the present study aimed at identifying and characterizing the profile of populations informedly intoxicated by pesticides in the state of Paraná during the period from 1993 to 2000, as well as proposing preventive measures in order to help such exposed populations. Therefore, the acute intoxications informed during the period from 1993 a 2000 refering to the State of Paraná Health Department databank were analyzed. The intoxications were analyzed according to the following variables: sex, age, location of occurrence, contamination method, occupation, final evolution (cure or death), and pesticides class and chemical group. After the data tabulation, the variables were related to the Regional Centers which compose the State of Paraná Agriculture Department and the intoxications were correlated to the áreas of six different crops (fruits, winter and summer crops, vegetable crops, large vegetable crops and other crops). The results show that most of the intoxications took place during professional activities (53.1%), and insecticides were the agents causing most of the intoxications (37.9%) and deaths (42%). Most of the intoxicated people were males (79.8%) between 18 and 23 years old, with the largest number of intoxications (21.2%) and deaths (15.8%). The largest death rate occurred due to suicide attempts (86%), mainly between the ages of 18 and 23 (16.1%). The rural area accounted for most of the occurrences (65%), in individuals somehow connected to agricultural jobs (63%). The main contamination methods for a professional reason were the respiratory tract with 58.3% of the cases and its combinations with the other tracts (82.2%). For the cause of suicide the digestive tract was the most relevant, with 95.7% of the informed cases. The north region (composed by the regional centers of Apucarana, Cornélio Procópio, Ivaiporã, Jacarezinho, Londrina and Maringá) had the highest number of intoxications (43.1%) and deaths (37%), mainly caused by organophosphates. The Correlation analysis showed the relationship between informed notifications and the winter and summer crop areas, as well as fruit and vegetable crops, was positive. Easy access, together with inadequate storage of pesticides and premature participation in agricultural activities resulted in the occurrence of intoxications and deaths in underaged individuals. The dipyridylium herbicides, even being sold strictly under agronomic prescription associated to the aplication guide, did not imped the occurrence of intoxications and deaths of pesticides’s users.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-28T13:32:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Paiva Botelho Lapenda Moura.pdf: 326144 bytes, checksum: 620eeb1d70babd2fa43af8e1560d7095 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-28T13:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Paiva Botelho Lapenda Moura.pdf: 326144 bytes, checksum: 620eeb1d70babd2fa43af8e1560d7095 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-20 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Evaluation of microbiological quality of chilled and in natural goat meat sold in public/private markets and supermarkets of Recife concerning Staphylococcus aureus counting, total and thermotolerant coliforms,identification and typing of Salmonella spp, was the objective of this study. Antimicrobial sensibility profile in vitro of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp samples and the correlation between the simultaneous presence of faecal coliforms and Salmonella spp. were also performed. The study was carried out at six public/private markets and nine supermarkets of Recife, which were selected according to the administrative division of Local Authority Healthy General Office in six sanitary districts. A total of 24 samples of goat meat, 14 proceeded from public/private markets in natura and 10 chilled ones from supermarkets. Samples were processed using methodologies recommended by the Agriculture, Pecuary and Provision Ministry. Results demonstrated that 11 samples (45,83%) presented positive coagulasis staphylococcus (SCP) varying from 6.7 x 103 to 1.4 x 106 UFC/g, corresponding to 27 isolated from a total of 89. In total coliforms analyses, five samples (20.83%) presented satisfactory sanitary conditions and 19 (79.16%) had countings varying from 4.3 x 103 to 3.7 x 107, thermotolerants coliforms were detected in 15 (62.5%), which countings varied from 2 x 104 to 2.5 x 107 UFC/g and nine samples (37.5%) presented satisfactory sanitary conditions. Presence of Salmonella spp., was confirmed at seven samples (29.17%) in which eight sorovares were typed: four (50%) Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae (O:53), two (25%) S. Anatum, one (12.50%) S.Rubislaw and one (12, 50%) S. Derby. No correlation was observed among coliforms and Salmonella presure. Antimicrobial profile sensibility showed that S. aureus were sensitive to norfloxacin and vancomicin (100%), tetraciclin and sulpha + trimetoprim (96.30%) and oxacilin (87.50%) and 100 % of Salmonella spp. samples were sensitive norfloxacin, 75% sulpha + trimetoprim and 62.5% tetraciclin. It is concluded that goat meat sold at markets and supermarkets of Recife presented undesirable microbiological patterns emphasizing the importance of a strong supervision at the productive goat meat chain as well as a revision of the Resolution of Collective Management from the National Agency of Sanitary Vigilance, (RDC, n°12/2001) which does not establish microbiological patterns for the coliforms and Staphylococcus spp countings in chilled and in natura goat meat. / Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica da carne caprina in natura e resfriada, comercializada em mercados públicos/privados e supermercados na Cidade do Recife, quanto a contagem de Staphylococcus aureus, coliformes totais e termotolerantes, e identificação e tipificação de Salmonella spp. Realizou-se, também, o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana in vitro de amostras de Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella spp e a correlação entre a presença simultânea de coliformes fecais e Salmonella spp. O estudo foi realizado em seis mercados públicos/privados e nove supermercados da Cidade do Recife, selecionados seguindo a divisão administrativa da Secretaria de Saúde do Município em seis Distritos Sanitários. Foram analisadas 24 amostras de carne caprina, sendo 14 in natura procedentes de mercados públicos/privados e 10 resfriadas de supermercados. As amostras foram processadas utilizando metodologias preconizadas pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Os resultados demonstraram que 11 (45,83%) amostras apresentaram contagens de estafilococos coagulase positiva (SCP) variando de 6,7 x 103 a 1,4 x 106 UFC/g, correspondendo a 27 isolados de um total de 89. Para coliformes totais, cinco (20,83%) amostras encontravam-se em condições sanitárias satisfatórias e 19 (79,16%) apresentaram contagens variando de 4,3 x 103 a 3,7 x 107; e para termotolerantes 15 (62,5%) apresentaram contagens variando de 1,2 x 104 a 2,5 x 107 UFC/g e nove (37,5%) encontravam-se em condições sanitárias satisfatórias. Foram confirmadas em sete (29,17%) amostras a presença de Salmonella spp., nas quais foram tipificadas oito sorovares: quatro (50,00%) Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae (O:53), duas (25,00%) S. Anatum, uma (12,50%) S.Rubislaw, uma (12,50%) S. Derby. Não se observou correlação entre as bactérias estudadas. O perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana demonstrou que os antibióticos mais indicados para o tratamento de S. aureus foram norfloxacina e vancomicina (100%), tetraciclina e sulfa + trimetoprim (96,30%) e oxacilina (87,50%) e para Salmonella spp. 100% das amostras foram sensíveis à norfloxacina, 75,00% à sulfa + trimetoprim e 62,5% para tetraciclina. Conclui-se que a carne caprina comercializada nos mercados e supermercados da Cidade do Recife apresentou padrões microbiológicos indesejáveis ressaltando a importância da necessidade de uma maior fiscalização na cadeia produtiva da carne caprina bem como rever a Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (RDC, n°12/2001) que não estabelece padrões microbiológicas para a contagem de coliformes termotolerantes e Staphylococcus spp. em carne caprina in natura e resfriada.

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The intense use of pesticides in Brazil has caused numerous social, environmental and health impacts, being now a public health problem. Since 2009, our country is the largest consumer of pesticides in the world, staying at the top of the ranking since then. Estimatives show that each Brazilian consumes, in average, 5,2 L of pesticides each year, furthermore, laboratory tests conducted by the Program of Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Food (PARA) reveal high levels of intoxication by this product in basic food provided to society. That way, numerous problems are originated by the use of agricultural pesticides in Brazil, and Sergipe is also harmed by this process. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the social-environmental impacts brought to the life of salaried rural workers and family-based producers in the state of Sergipe, particularly in the city of Carira, caused by the use of pesticides. The city of Carira was chosen because of the fact it is the largest corn producer in the state, hence, a lot of pesticides are used in its tillages. Thus, to understand the socio-environmental impacts originated by the use of pesticides in Sergipe, many interviews were conducted in the city. We interviewed several people directly and indirectly related to the issue of pesticides, such as: family-based producers, rural workers and health, agriculture and environment professionals, besides analysis of legal documents that regulates the use of these products in Brazil and in the state of Sergipe. The qualitative research was of the explanatory type, because it was sought to understand and explain the dynamics of the impacts arising from the use of pesticides in the state. That way, it was found how much the problems originated by the use of pesticides are neglected by the public power in Sergipe, state in which the systematization of the intoxication cases by these products is pratically absent, in other words, we do not have any idea of the real impacts caused by the undiscriminated use of pesticides in Sergipe. Along this research, it was also perceived the strong articulation between Capital, State and Agribusiness in the city of Carira, which is territorialised by the Capital, a fact expressed in the production and enlargement of corn crops, which culminates not only on the strong use of pesticides, but also on genetically modified corn. Thus, numerous difficulties were evidenced along this dissertative research, especially the lack of reliable and official data about the intoxications suffered by family-based producers from Carira by the use of agricultural poison. / O intenso uso de agrotóxicos no Brasil tem gerado inúmeros impactos de natureza social, ambiental e de saúde humana, tendo tomado a proporção de um problema de saúde pública. Desde o ano 2009, nosso País é o maior consumidor de pesticidas do mundo, mantendo-se no topo do ranking desde então. Estima-se que cada brasileiro consuma, em média, 5,2 L de agrotóxicos por ano, ademais, exames laboratoriais realizados pelo Programa de Análise de Resíduos de Agrotóxicos em Alimentos (PARA) revelam altos níveis de intoxicação por esse produto em alimentos básicos fornecidos à sociedade. Desse modo, inúmeros são os problemas originários do uso de veneno agrícola no Brasil, e Sergipe não passa incólume a esse processo. Portanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar os impactos socioambientais acarretados na vida de trabalhadores rurais assalariados e agricultores de base familiar do estado de Sergipe, particularmente do município de Carira, ocasionados pelo uso intenso de agrotóxicos. Escolheu-se o município de Carira pelo fato deste ser o maior produtor de milho do Estado, consequentemente, muitos praguicidas são utilizados em suas lavouras. Assim, para compreender os impactos socioambientais originários do uso de agrotóxicos em Sergipe, foram realizadas diversas entrevistas no município. Entrevistaram-se vários sujeitos relacionados direta e indiretamente a questão dos agrotóxicos, tais como: agricultores de base familiar, trabalhadores rurais, profissionais da saúde, da agricultura e meio ambiente, além da análise de documentos legais que regulamentam o uso desses produtos no Brasil e no Estado sergipano. A pesquisa qualitativa foi do tipo explicativa, pois buscou-se compreender e explicar a dinâmica dos impactos advindos do uso de agrotóxicos no Estado. Desse modo, constatou-se o quão os problemas originários do uso de pesticidas são negligenciados pelo poder público em Sergipe, estado no qual a sistematização dos casos de intoxicação por esses produtos é praticamente inexiste, ou seja, não temos ideia dos reais impactos ocasionados pelo uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos em Sergipe. Ao longo da pesquisa, percebeu-se também a forte articulação entre Capital, Estado e Agronegócio no município carirense, o qual se encontra territorializado pelo Capital, fato expresso na produção e ampliação do cultivo do milho, o que culmina não apenas no forte uso de agrotóxicos, mas também de transgênicos do milho. Portanto, inúmeras dificuldades foram evidenciadas ao longo desta pesquisa dissertativa, sobretudo, a falta de dados fidedignos e oficiais acerca das intoxicações sofridas por agricultores carirenses pelo uso de veneno agrícola.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-08-23T14:31:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Priscila_Da Caz2018.pdf: 1291509 bytes, checksum: cd5371d2f052216f3b75263dee5ff4cf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T14:31:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Priscila_Da Caz2018.pdf: 1291509 bytes, checksum: cd5371d2f052216f3b75263dee5ff4cf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal seen as an important pollutant for man. It is widely distributed in nature and also presents in cigarette and in production line of various industrial sectors. It has carcinogenic and toxic effects on organs such as brain, lung, kidney and liver due its excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a mucolytic agent that exhibits properties as antioxidant and chelating agent due its ability to reduce reactive oxygen species and provide chelating sites for metals. Therefore, NAC is effective in detoxification process. This study has validated a method for cadmium quantification in plasma of rats by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization in graphite furnace (GFAAS). It presented satisfactory and approved results. The protective action of NAC on lipid peroxidation in renal tissue of rats submitted to cadmium intoxication was also investigated. The results showed that NAC presents protective effect to reverse lipid peroxidation suggesting that it preserves renal tissue damage caused by cadmium. / O cádmio (Cd) é um metal pesado, visto como um poluente importante para o homem, amplamente distribuído na natureza e também presente no cigarro e na linha de produção de diversos setores industriais. Apresenta efeitos carcinogênicos e tóxicos em órgãos como cérebro, pulmões, rins e fígado devido à produção excessiva de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs). A N-acetilcisteína (NAC) é um agente mucolítico que apresenta propriedades como agente quelante e antioxidante devido a sua habilidade de reduzir espécies reativas de oxigênio e de fornecer sítios quelantes para os metais sendo, portanto, eficaz no processo de desintoxicação. Este estudo validou um método para quantificação de cádmio em plasma de ratos pela técnica de espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização eletrotérmica em forno de grafite (GFAAS) e apresentou resultados satisfatórios e aprovados. Foi também investigada a ação protetora da NAC sobre a peroxidação lipídica no tecido renal de ratos submetidos à intoxicação pelo cádmio. Os resultados demonstraram que a NAC apresenta efeito protetor ao reverter a peroxidação lipídica, sugerindo que ela preserva o tecido renal dos danos causados pelo cádmio.

Type II Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs), commonly known as A/B toxins are heterodimers comprising of a catalytically active A chain, an RNA N-glycosidase which inhibits protein synthesis and a lectin-like B chain required for the binding of the toxin to the cell surface and internalization of the same. Abrin is a type II RIP obtained from the mature seeds of Abrus precatorius plant that is extremely toxic and has been shown to be 75 times more potent than its well studied sister toxin, ricin. The LD50 dose for abrin is only 2.8 µg/kg body weight of mice and its potential use in bio-warfare is a cause of major concern. Abrin has been classified as a select agent by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.A., because it is stable, effective at very low concentrations and easy to purify and disseminate in large amounts. In spite of abrin being a potential bio-warfare agent, there is no antidote or vaccine available against this toxin till date. The first and only neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) against abrin, namely D6F10, was reported from our laboratory and has been shown to rescue toxicity of abrin in cells as well as in mice. The study reported in the thesis focuses on understanding the mechanism of neutralization of abrin by the mAb D6F10 and development of a potential vaccine candidate against the toxin. In order to map the epitope corresponding to the antibody, first, overlapping gene deletion constructs spanning the entire length, 251 amino acids, of ABA were generated and checked for binding to the mAb. Fragments shorter than 1-175 did not show immuoreactivity. Analysis of the crystal structure of abrin A chain revealed that a helix spanning the amino acids 148-167 was present at the core of the protein structure and truncation in this region of the protein possibly results in loss of conformation leading to abrogation of antibody binding. Therefore, a novel strategy of epitope mapping was adopted. Abrus precatorius agglutinin (APA) is a homologue of abrin obtained from the same plant source. The A chains of abrin and APA share 67% sequence identity and their crystal structures superimpose very well but unlike abrin the APA A chain does not bind the mAb D6F10. Chimeric constructs were generated within the region 1-175 of A chains of both ABA and APA and deletions and mutations of the ABA was then made on the APA as scaffold. It could be concluded that the amino acids of the region 75¬123 are involved in the formation of the epitope. Further, based on sequence alignment of ABA and APA A chain 13 residues in the chimera ABA1-123APA124-175 were mutated and it was found that the mutation of the residues Thr 112, Gly 114 and Arg 118 resulted in loss of binding to the antibody. Furthermore, the mAb D6F10 rescues inhibition of protein synthesis by abrin in HeLa cells by internalizing in cells along with abrin and possibly occluding the active site cleft of ABA. The antibody prevents cell attachment of abrin at higher concentrations. The observations provide novel insights into mechanisms of many known neutralizing antibodies against A/B toxins. The study also highlights that chimeric protein constructs could possibly be developed as potential vaccine candidates for neutralization of abrin intoxication.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:55:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soraia.pdf: 476391 bytes, checksum: 291042d1569afa2b16dd7b6c72516724 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-18 / Chromium (Cr) is a relatively common element and occupies the 21st position in the index most commonly occurring elements in the earth´s crust, occurring in nature in various combinations with other substances, may be in the form of ions with valence 0 + 2, +3 or +6. The Cr +3 (III) is considered an essential element for human and animal metabolism in small quantities, inert and stable in the environment, while the +6 Cr (VI) is very unstable, toxic and carcinogenic to a wide variety of occupational and contaminant organisms and water and food. It is estimated that tens of thousands of people are exposed to chromium VI worldwide, leading to toxic effects by inducing free radicals by the reduction of chromium in the presence of cellular reductants and interaction between free radicals and membrane proteins and intracellular modifying the processes of absorption and secretion of various substances. Some live microorganisms, called probiotics, showed antioxidant activity and scavenging of free radicals, which can minimize or prevent the toxic effect of contaminants, for their beneficial effect on human and animal health. The term probiotic is of Greek origin and means "for life" being defined as "live microorganisms administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits to the host", besides acting in the prevention of cancer in the modulation of allergic reactions in improving health and blood lipid levels. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate different doses of potassium dichromate, with or without probiotic on the parameters: nutritional performance and glycemic, lipid, renal and hepatic profiles in Wistar rats. / O crômio (Cr) é um elemento relativamente comum e ocupa a 21a posição no índice de elementos que ocorrem mais comumente na crosta terrestre, ocorrendo na natureza em várias combinações com outras substâncias, podendo apresentar-se na forma de íons com valência 0, +2, +3 ou +6. O Cr +3 (III) é considerado um elemento essencial para o metabolismo humano e animal em pequenas quantidades, inerte e não instável no ambiente, enquanto que o Cr +6 (VI) é muito instável, tóxico e carcinogênico para uma grande variedade de organismos e ocupacionalm e contaminante da água e alimentos. Estima-se que dezenas de milhares de pessoas estão expostas ao crômio VI em todo o mundo, provocando efeitos tóxicos através da indução de radicais livres pela redução do crômio, na presença de redutores celulares e a interação dos radicais livres com as proteínas da membrana e intracelulares, modificando os processos de reabsorção e secreção de diferentes substâncias. Alguns microorganismos vivos, denominados de probióticos, mostraram atividade antioxidante e captadora de radicais livres, o que pode minimizar ou impedir o efeito tóxico de contaminantes, pelo seu efeito benéfico sobre a saúde humana. O termo probiótico é de origem grega e significa "para a vida" sendo definidos como "microrganismos vivos, administrados em quantidades adequadas, que conferem benefícios a saúde do hospedeiro", além de atuar na prevenção de câncer, na modulação de reações alérgicas, na melhoria da saúde e nos níveis sanguíneos de lipídeos. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de avaliar diferentes doses de dicromato de potássio, com ou sem probiótico, sobre os parâmetros: desempenho nutricional e perfis glicêmico, lipídico, renal e hepático em ratos Wistar.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:55:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reinaldo Camacho Bezerra.pdf: 607647 bytes, checksum: 1745657e41ebeb1e290325ce90721b08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-21 / This work aims to evaluate the alterations, depending on the dose of potassium dichromate (0, 12, 24 and 36 mg.km-¹), in liver tissue after supplementation with probiotic at dosages 0 or 0.2% in 90 male rats. Oral ingestion done for 90 days of increasing amounts of potassium dichromate produced clinical signs of toxicity compared to histopathological analysis (p&#706;0.05), and seric enzymatic activities (p&#706;0.05), markers of hepatic function. The inclusion of probiotics to the diet reduced the effects on the studied parameters, indicating that it can be used to detoxify and/or prevent the action of the mineral, however other studies should be conducted to determine the most appropriate microorganisms and their dosages to minimize and/or to prevent the action of these xenobiotics in humans and animals. / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de avaliar as alterações dependentes da dose de dicromato de potássio (0, 12, 24 e 36 mg.kg-1) no tecido hepático, após suplementação com probiótico em dosagens 0 ou 0,2%, em 90 ratos machos. A ingestão oral por 90 dias de doses crescentes de dicromato de potássio produziu sinais clínicos de toxicidade frente a análise histopatológica (p<0,05) e atividades séricas enzimáticas (p<0,05), dos marcadores de função hepática. A inclusão do probiótico na dieta reduziu os efeitos nos parâmetros estudados, indicando que ele pode ser utilizado para desintoxicar e/ou impedir a ação desse mineral, porém outros estudos deverão ser realizados para determinar os microorganismos mais apropriados e suas dosagens, para minimizar e/ou impedir a ação desses xenobióticos nos homens e animais.