Many of the patterns of genetic variation we observe today have arisen via the complex dynamics of interactions and isolation of historic human populations. In this thesis, we focus on two important features of the genetics of populations that can be used to learn about human history: population structure and admixture. The Iberian peninsula has a complex demographic history, as well as rich linguistic and cultural diversity. However, previous studies using small genomic regions (such as Y-chromosome and mtDNA) as well as genome-wide data have so far detected limited genetic structure in Iberia. Larger datasets and powerful new statistical methods that exploit information in the correlation structure of nearby genetic markers have made it possible to detect and characterise genetic differentiation at fine geographic scales. We performed the largest and most comprehensive study of Spanish population structure to date by analysing genotyping array data for ~1,400 Spanish individuals genotyped at ~700,000 polymorphic loci. We show that at broad scales, the major axis of genetic differentiation in Spain runs from west to east, while there is remarkable genetic similarity in the north-south direction. Our analysis also reveals striking patterns of geographically-localised and subtle population structure within Spain at scales down to tens of kilometres. We developed and applied new approaches to show how this structure has arisen from a complex and regionally-varying mix of genetic isolation and recent gene-flow within and from outside of Iberia. To further explore the genetic impact of historical migrations and invasions of Iberia, we assembled a data set of 2,920 individuals (~300,000 markers) from Iberia and the surrounding regions of north Africa, Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa. Our admixture analysis implies that north African-like DNA in Iberia was mainly introduced in the earlier half (860 - 1120 CE) of the period of Muslim rule in Iberia, and we estimate that the closest modern-day equivalents to the initial migrants are located in Western Sahara. We also find that north African-like DNA in Iberia shows striking regional variation, with near-zero contributions in the Basque regions, low amounts (~3%) in the north east of Iberia, and as high as (~11%) in Galicia and Portugal. The UK Biobank project is a large prospective cohort study of ~500,000 individuals from across the United Kingdom, aged between 40-69 at recruitment. A rich variety of phenotypic and health-related information is available on each participant, making the resource unprecedented in its size and scope. Understanding the role that genetics plays in phenotypic variation, and its potential interactions with other factors, provides a critical route to a better understanding of human biology and population health. As such, a key component of the UK Biobank resource has been the collection of genome-wide genetic data (~805,000 markers) on every participant using purpose-designed genotyping arrays. These data are the focus of the second part of this thesis. In particular, we designed and implemented a quality control (QC) pipeline on behalf of the current and future use of this multi-purpose resource. Genotype data on this scale offers novel opportunities for assessing quality issues, although the wide range of ancestral backgrounds in the cohort also creates particular challenges. We also conducted a set of analyses that reveal properties of the genetic data, including population structure and familial relatedness, that can be important for downstream analyses. We find that cryptic relatedness is common among UK Biobank participants (~30% have at least one first cousin relative or closer), and a full range of human population structure is present in this cohort: from world-wide ancestral diversity to subtle population structure at sub-national geographic scales. Finally, we performed a genome-wide association scan on a well-studied and highly polygenic phenotype: standing height. This provided a further test of the effectiveness of our QC, as well as highlighting the potential of the resource to uncover novel regions of association.

The Virgin of Mercy is a Marian devotional image type recognizable by its portrayal of Mary protecting the faithful with her cloak. This thesis situates the iconography of painted panels within their historical and cultural context in Spain from the late medieval period to the Age of Exploration. I explain the image's origins and introduce its various versions, focusing on three major frequently commissioned subtypes: the Sponsorship of the Virgin, plague commissions, and the Mercedarian's Virgin of Mercy. I present a case study of one famous version of the type, the Virgin of the Navigators, and focus on the Spaniards and Amerindians beneath the cloak, situating them in relation to the historic debate that called into question the very humanity of the peoples of the Americas. The thesis explores the painting's possible statement the patrons may have been making through the artistic treatment of both groups.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:54:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_sfg_me_fran.pdf: 656194 bytes, checksum: a5f537f2c0a25be8cd4d56f537139994 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O propósito deste trabalho é analisar a retomada da figura do Herói clássico, procedente das obras de Homero, nas crônicas ibéricas da baixa Idade Média. Especificamente, restringir-nos-emos aos séculos XIII e XIV, visto que as crônicas ibéricas produzidas nesse período se conduziram pelo desígnio comum de construir uma boa imagem de seus reis, além de se preocuparem em legitimar a reconquista da Península aos mouros. Tal construção historiográfica foi um dos recursos utilizados na tentativa de consolidação de um sentimento de nacionalidade ibérica, que não se confunde ainda nessa altura com consciência nacional, mas permite já notar o fortalecimento dos sentimentos regionalistas e dinásticos. Buscamos perceber a forma de retomada da imagem do herói grego, levando em conta o conceito de virtude cristianizado e alimentado pela moral cavaleiresca, então em voga. Nossa principal fonte de estudo é a Crônica Troiana, pois trata-se do escrito medieval que retoma e redefine de forma mais completa as histórias da mitologia e da épica antiga. Propomo-nos pensar sobre o que pode ter estimulado o interesse dos compiladores da corte de Afonso XI pela história troiana, as alterações valorativas no que diz respeito ao modo como a lenda passou a ser contada na Idade Média e como a figura heroica passou a ser identificada com os santos e os reis. A partir, pois, do exame da configuração dessa Crônica Troiana e das fontes de que fez uso, procuramos notar certa persistência de valores antigos na forma de afirmação do poder real nos referidos séculos medievais. Além desse relato originário da corte de Afonso XI de Castela, procuraremos interrogar a figura do herói na General Estoria de Afonso X e na Crônica Geral de Espanha de 1344, do conde Pedro de Barcelos, que apresentam histórias sobre as aventuras de seus antepassados, indicandoos como modelos a serem seguidos. / The purpose of this research is to analyze the resumption of the classic hero image, present in Homer’s texts, into the Iberian chronicles of low Middle Ages. Specifically, we will get focus into the XIIIth and XIVth centuries, in as much as the Iberian chronicles that have been made in this period had as identity the assign of building a good image of their kings. This movement delineates an attempt for the consolidation of Iberian nationality feelings – but, is important to highlight, it cannot be confused with the national knowingness of Absolutists States – it allows us to notice the reinforcement of the regionalist and dynastic feelings. We seek to perceive the meaning alteration from the Greek hero for the medieval hero, taking in account the concept of virtue considered in Middle Ages for the “men’s ideal type” in the chronicles, from the chivalrous moral in craze. For that, we will employ the Crónica Troiana, since this is the medieval write which better represents the histories of mythology and ancient epic. Our first interest consists of thinking about how the Crónica Troiana was made and from witch papers it could born. Beyond this one, produced in Alfonso’s XI court (in Castile) we intend to argue about the hero picture in General Estoria of Alfonso X and in La Crónica Geral de Espanha de 1334, written by Dom Pedro, Count of Barcelos. Those papers present us histories about their ancestors and bounces that they are models to be followed. We also propound to think about the reasons that encouraged the compilers from Alfonso’s XI court to write about Trojan history, the different moral values present in the way the legend was narrated in times and, in the end, the incidence in Middle Ages of other models that can correspond to a heroic figure, as the saints and the kings.

Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo a análise de textos e imagens extraídos dos meios de comunicação e produção escrita de alunos aprendizes de espanhol, e as diferentes representações que aparecem nesses documentos acerca da América Latina e da Espanha. / This paper has texts and images analysis taken from communication media and texts written by Spanish learners, and different representation about Latin America and Spain that appears on them as study object.

A Igreja Ibérica na região da Península Ibérica, durante a Alta Idade Média, tornara-se uma referência para o poder temporal, como já o era para o povo. Embora fosse apoiada pela monarquia visigótica, ainda enfrentava problemas internos de dogma e de situações decorrentes dos conflitos humanos. O expansionismo árabe trouxe para a região ibérica um confronto além de civil, religioso que ameaçava e fragilizava o papel homogêneo que a Igreja desempenhava no território. A convivência entre muçulmanos e cristãos, que estavam subjugados, fez com que a Igreja buscasse respostas para a situação vivida naquele momento, após a invasão muçulmana no território ibérico. Este trabalho de mestrado buscou compreender o discurso elaborado pela Igreja, através do escrito de um de seus membros, que interpretaria a situação de acordo com a perspectiva eclesiástica. Concomitantemente, verificaremos os problemas estruturais concernentes a formação da monarquia visigoda, para analisar o contexto histórico no qual foi produzido o documento utilizado neste trabalho. / The Church in the region of the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages, become a reference to the laic power, as it was for the people. Although it was backed by the Visigothic monarchy, still faced internal problems of dogma and situations resulting from human conflicts. The Arab expansionism brought to the Iberian region a confrontation, as well as civil, religious that threatened and weakened the homogeneous role that Church played in the territory. The coexistence between Muslims and Christians, who were enslaved, made the Church sought answers to the situation experienced at that moment, after the Muslims invasion in the Iberian territory. This dissertation sought to understand the speech prepared for the Church, written by one of its members, who would interpret the situation according to the ecclesiastical perspective. Concurrently, we find structural problems concerning the formation of the Visigothic monarchy, to consider the historical context in which it was produced the document used in this work.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-11-13T15:19:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariliza Rech_.pdf: 1257701 bytes, checksum: 546cd419f5bb00fe6c735ae0ec2cc4c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-13T15:19:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariliza Rech_.pdf: 1257701 bytes, checksum: 546cd419f5bb00fe6c735ae0ec2cc4c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Nenhuma / A energia elétrica, um produto não-armazenável e cuja geração pode variar em curtos períodos de tempo, é essencial para o funcionamento da sociedade e tem o preço como fator decisivo para a competitividade. Por outro lado, a gestão correta dos custos permite obter uma lucratividade superior. Uma das formas de avaliar a magnitude dos custos é medir a eficiência das operações. Portanto, melhores resultados alcançados estão diretamente relacionados à melhor eficiência econômica atingida pelas empresas do setor de energia e, assim, as características que tornam uma empresa mais eficiente representam elementos importantes a serem identificados. Considerando-se a contribuição que a eficiência relativa de empresas sob padrões internacionais podem acrescentar para o desenvolvimento do setor esta pesquisa cross-country analisa os determinantes da eficiência econômica relativa das empresas de capital aberto do setor elétrico brasileiro e da península Ibérica. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com dados do período de 2010 a 2014. Por meio da aplicação de métodos econométricos procurou-se determinar a eficiência econômica relativa de uma população de 38 empresas, que geraram 190 observações. Como resultado do estudo, identificou-se que pertencer à península Ibérica representa um impacto positivo sobre o Ebitda, gerando resultados mais elevados em relação à amostra brasileira. Dentre as empresas que apresentaram escores mais elevados de eficiência, a empresa espanhola Endesa figurou como benchmarking para as demais. A empresa Cemig – GT destacou-se dentre as empresas brasileiras. Quanto às variáveis analisadas, o consumo per capita (GWh), o ativo imobilizado e o número de funcionários foram identificados como fatores explicativos para a obtenção da eficiência. Concluiu-se que as empresas que apresentam uma maior eficiência econômica, obtiveram-na por meio da utilização mais eficiente dos seus recursos de imobilizado e de funcionários, bem como apresentaram reduções de consumo per capita e aumentos do Ebitda. / Electricity, as a non-storable product which varies in short periods of time, is essential for the functioning of society and has its price as a decisive factor for competitiveness. On the other hand, the correct management of costs allows obtaining a superior profitability. An alternative to determine the magnitude of costs is to measure the efficiency of operations. Therefore, the best results achieved are directly related to the better economic efficiency achieved by energy companies, and thus the characteristics that make a company more efficient represent important elements to be identified. Considering the contribution that the relative efficiency of companies under international standards may add to the development of the sector, this cross-country research analyzes the determinants of the relative economic efficiency of public companies in the Brazilian electric sector and the Iberian Peninsula.. It is a descriptive study, with a quantitative approach, carried out with data from the period of 2010 to 2014. Using econometric methods, the relative economic efficiency of 38 companies of the population was determined, which resulted in 190 observations. As a result of the study, it was identified that the fact of belonging to the Iberian Peninsula represents a positive impact on the Ebitda, generating higher results in relation to the Brazilian sample. The company Cemig - GT stood out among the Brazilian companies. Regarding the analyzed variables, per capita consumption (GWh), fixed assets and number of employees were identified as explanatory factors to obtain efficiency. It was concluded that the companies with the highest economic efficiency obtained through the more efficient use of their fixed assets and employees resources, as well as reductions in per capita consumption and Ebitda increases.

El estudio de la comunidad entomosarcosaprófaga reviste interés tanto por el conocimiento zoológico en sí mismo, como por su aplicación en la práctica medicolegal. En la península Ibérica los estudios sobre esta comunidad son muy escasos, siendo necesario el uso de datos procedentes de áreas biogeográficas diferentes, cuestión no deseable que resta fiabilidad a las conclusiones obtenidas. Por tanto, para prevenir el uso de datos foráneos, se hace necesario el conocimiento de las faunas locales y sus diferentes hábitats Para el estudio de la fauna sarcosaprófaga de la región de Murcia se utilizó una Trampa de Schoenly modificada cebada con carcasas de pollo parcialmente descarnadas con las vísceras en su interior. La trampa se situó en Campo de Experiencias Agrícolas y Forestales de la Universidad de Murcia, como lugar representativo de hábitat árido semiurbano. Se realizaron 4 muestreos correspondientes con las cuatro estaciones anuales. En el presente estudio se exponen los datos de la fauna entomosarcosaprófaga. Se capturaron 208 taxones diferentes, pertenecientes a 18 órdenes de Chaelicerata, Crustacea, Myriapoda e Insecta. Se muestran además los datos de cada uno de los taxones capturados en relación con la fase de la descomposición y la estación de muestreo, caracterizando las especies mejores indicadores y estudiando su importancia en la práctica medicolegal. / The study of entomosarcosaprophagous community has interest in two aspects: the zoological knowledge itself and its utility in medico-legal practice. The knowledge of local fauna and its different habitats could provide a useful data base for forensic investigation. It will be very interesting to prevent the use of data from different biogeographical area with a different faunistic composition and environmental characteristics. To study the sacrcosaprophagous community a modified version of the trap designed by Schoenly was used. The trap was site in the Agricultural and Forestal Experimental field station of the University of Murcia. This site is representative of seminatural place and arid environment. The four series of carried out corresponded to the four season of the year. The trap was baited with chicken carcasses with the flesh partially removed and the viscera inside. We present the entomological fauna captured in relation to sarcosaprophagous fauna in this semiarid environment. We capture 208 different taxa. They are included in 18 orders of Chaelicerata, Crustacea, Myriapoda and Insecta. We present the data of every taxa captured concerning the season and decomposition stage, in addition we present the most indicative species and its importance in medicolegal practice.

A Igreja Ibérica na região da Península Ibérica, durante a Alta Idade Média, tornara-se uma referência para o poder temporal, como já o era para o povo. Embora fosse apoiada pela monarquia visigótica, ainda enfrentava problemas internos de dogma e de situações decorrentes dos conflitos humanos. O expansionismo árabe trouxe para a região ibérica um confronto além de civil, religioso que ameaçava e fragilizava o papel homogêneo que a Igreja desempenhava no território. A convivência entre muçulmanos e cristãos, que estavam subjugados, fez com que a Igreja buscasse respostas para a situação vivida naquele momento, após a invasão muçulmana no território ibérico. Este trabalho de mestrado buscou compreender o discurso elaborado pela Igreja, através do escrito de um de seus membros, que interpretaria a situação de acordo com a perspectiva eclesiástica. Concomitantemente, verificaremos os problemas estruturais concernentes a formação da monarquia visigoda, para analisar o contexto histórico no qual foi produzido o documento utilizado neste trabalho. / The Church in the region of the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages, become a reference to the laic power, as it was for the people. Although it was backed by the Visigothic monarchy, still faced internal problems of dogma and situations resulting from human conflicts. The Arab expansionism brought to the Iberian region a confrontation, as well as civil, religious that threatened and weakened the homogeneous role that Church played in the territory. The coexistence between Muslims and Christians, who were enslaved, made the Church sought answers to the situation experienced at that moment, after the Muslims invasion in the Iberian territory. This dissertation sought to understand the speech prepared for the Church, written by one of its members, who would interpret the situation according to the ecclesiastical perspective. Concurrently, we find structural problems concerning the formation of the Visigothic monarchy, to consider the historical context in which it was produced the document used in this work.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-06-18T14:17:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 thaianagomesvieira.pdf: 2856828 bytes, checksum: e00adab9785887bdee3baf36c4561665 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-06-27T11:54:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 thaianagomesvieira.pdf: 2856828 bytes, checksum: e00adab9785887bdee3baf36c4561665 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-27T11:54:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 thaianagomesvieira.pdf: 2856828 bytes, checksum: e00adab9785887bdee3baf36c4561665 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-08 / O tema que pesquiso refere-se às formas de controle da vestimenta na Baixa Idade Média. Utilizo como documento “leis suntuárias” elaboradas na Península Ibérica, especificamente na região de Valladolid, nos séculos XIII e XIV. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho não é realizar uma simples descrição linear sobre a história da moda, mas pensá-la como objeto representativo da história, pois se articula a diversos fenômenos políticos, econômicos e sociais. No caso, buscamos verificar como as leis controlam as vestimentas, sejam das camadas ascendentes, dos grupos sociais marginalizados (como por exemplo, judeus, mouros ou prostitutas), as restrições dos adornos, cores e tecidos, e analisar porque eram estabelecidas. O período da Baixa Idade Média é bastante intenso e fecundo em normatividades, e ainda, momento de surgimento do que consideramos moda. As vestimentas são, nesse momento, representações sócio-políticas e as leis suntuárias reconhecem e registram as diferentes condições dos habitantes da comunidade. Desse modo, tratar do controle exercido pelas autoridades na sociedade da Baixa Idade Média na Península Ibérica por meio das vestimentas é pertinente e tema pouco explorado. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal verificar quais eram as motivações da instituição monárquica de Valladolid ao legislar sobre as roupas nos séculos finais da Idade Média. Além de analisar qual a relevância da aparência nesta mesma região; explorar a historiografia referente à indumentária e o controle social na Baixa Idade Média e identificar as leis referentes ao controle da indumentária outorgadas na Península Ibérica. / My research subject refers to dress control forms in the Late Middle Ages. I use as document the "sumptuary laws" elaborated in the Iberian Peninsula, specifically in the region of Valladolid, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Thus, the purpose is not to perform a simple linear description about the fashion history, but to think of it as an representative object of history, because it's related to many political, economic and social aspects. In this case, we verify how laws control clothing, whether from higher social levels, marginalized social groups (eg jews, moors or prostitutes), restrictions on adornments, colors and fabrics, and we also analyze why this laws were established. The period of the Late Middle Ages is quite intense and fecund in normativities, and is also the moment of emergence of what we consider fashion. The garments are, at that moment, socio-political representations and the sumptuary laws recognize and record the different conditions of the community inhabitants. Thus, talk about the control exercised by the authorities in the society of the Late Middle Ages in the Iberian Peninsula through the clothing is pertinent and a subject rarely explored. The present work has as main objective to verify what were the motivations of the monarchical institution of Valladolid when legislating on the clothes in the final centuries of Middle Age. In addition to analyzing the relevance of appearance in this same region; to explore the historiography referring to the dress and social control in the Late Middle Ages and to identify the laws regarding the clothing control granted in the Iberian Peninsula.

A la fin du Ve et au début du IVe millénaire, les communautés du nord-est de la péninsule Ibérique ont inhumé leurs morts dans des tombes élaborées, connues sous l'expression «Sepulcres de fossa ». Le complexe de la Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus rassemble un tiers des sépultures attribuées à cet horizon. L'échelonnement des découvertes de 1921 à 2004 a abouti à un corpus inégal à la fois au niveau des squelettes et de la documentation. Les 169 tombes et les 197 individus répertoriés dans ce travail sont répartis en trois secteurs principaux d'effectif et de densité variables. Les analyses intra-sites montrent des différences au niveau de l'implantation des sépultures, de l'identité biologique des défunts et des modalités de dépôt du corps et du mobilier. Néanmoins, les trois secteurs ne peuvent être considérés indépendamment. Les datations Carbone 14 attestant de leur contemporanéité, il est probable que le fait d'avoir été inhumé dans l'un ou l'autre des secteurs soit lié à des différences sociales, au moins l'âge et peut-être les activités quotidiennes, voire la hiérarchie. Si le complexe de la Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus est exceptionnel par la concentration de tombes, les mêmes gestes se retrouvent à l'échelle du littoral catalan. Inversement, les pratiques funéraires identifiées dans les cistes pyrénéennes sont distinctes. Parfois confondues avec les Sepulcres de fossa, les sépultures en fosse de l'horizon antérieur (Postcardial) appartiennent à un système funéraire différent. Plus largement, les Sepulcres de fossa détonnent dans le paysage funéraire néolithique ouest-européen et la Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus en représente paradoxalement le site emblématique et un cas unique. / In the late 5th and early 4th millennium BC, the communities of the northeastern lberian Peninsula interred their dead within elaborate burial structures known as "Sepulcres de fossa". The Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus burial site alone yielded a third of all graves assigned to this horizon. The site's long history of research, reaching from 1921 to 2004 resulted in an uneven corpus of both osteological material and documentation. This work comprises a total of 169 graves, including 197 individuals, which can be attributed to three main clusters of variable size and density. Intra-site analyses have shown differences in terms of burial distribution, biological identity of the deceased, body treatment and grave good depositional practices. However, the three clusters cannot be considered independently. As radiocarbon data attests for the contemporaneity of burial events, social criteria (age, perhaps daily activities or even hierarchy) likely directed the attribution of individuals to one cluster or the other. If the burial site of Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus stands out by its remarkable number of graves, analogous features are also found alongside the Catalan coast. By contrast, the funerary practices identified in the Pyrenean cists are distinct. Also, incidentally thought to have functioned similar ly to the Sepulcres de fossa, the pit graves of the prior (Postcardial) horizon can now be considered as part of a different funerary system. The Sepulcres de fossa, of which the burial site of Bobila Madurell-Can Gambus is paradoxically both representative and exceptional, finally represent an unusual phenomenon within the general Neolithic burial landscape of Western Europe.