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Background: Ice hockey is a team sport combined with martial arts. A certain level of violence is accepted within the game. The physical play results in injured players. Incidence of concussions have increased during several years in Swedish ice hockey and the Swedish Ice hockey association have initiated a preventive project to reduce concussions; Projekt Nollvision. This study is a part of the project.  Purpose: The aim of the study was to survey factors that predispose or reduce the prevalence of violent or dangerous play within Swedish ice hockey.  Method: Unstructured interviews were conducted with ice hockey players with an aggressive or a hazardous style of play. Data was analyzed with content analysis.  Result: The study shows multiple factors that influence players to use an aggressive style of play such as risk-taking in the aim to win games, highspeed in the game and annoyance from opponents. The main reductive factor was experience. Differences between male and female players was mainly greater differences concerning physical capacity among female players. Conclusion: Several factors that influence a violent style of play was identified. Male and female players share beliefs concerning violent play and that is probably an influence from the culture within ice hockey rather than gendered.  Searchwords: Concussion, ice hockey, prevention / Bakgrund: Ishockey är en lagidrott kombinerat med kampsport. I idrotten tillåts en viss nivå av våld. Det fysiska spelet får till följd att spelare riskerar att skadas. Förekomsten av hjärnskakningar har under flera år ökat inom svensk ishockey och ishockeyförbundet har initierat en satsning för att förebygga denna typ av skada; Projekt Nollvision. Denna studie är en del av projektet.  Syfte: Studiens syfte var att kartlägga faktorer som predisponerar eller minskar förekomsten av aggressiv och/eller risktagande spelstil inom svensk ishockey.  Metod: Insamlingen av data skedde i form av ostrukturerade intervjuer av spelare med en våldsam spelstil. Data analyserades genom innehållsanalys.  Resultat: Studien påvisade flera faktorer som påverkade spelare att spela mer aggressiv ishockey så som risktagande i jakt på vinst, hög fart i spelet samt irritation på motspelare. Den faktor som begränsar förekomst av våldsamt spel visade sig vara erfarenhet hos spelare. Skillnaden mellan dam- och herrspelare var främst att det finns större skillnader bland spelarnas fysiska förutsättningar inom damishockey.  Konklusion: Flera påverkansfaktorer för en aggressiv spelstil identifierades. Dam- och herrspelare var samstämmiga och uppfattningar om våldsamt spel verkar vara kulturellt betingat inom idrotten snarare än könsbunden.  Sökord: Hjärnskakning, ishockey, prevention / Projekt Nollvision

Concussions occur frequently as a result of tackles in ice hockey. Analysis of video material may provide an understanding of the relationship between the kinematics of collisions and the risk for injury. In this thesis, two video analysis methods were used to estimate the impact velocities of 22 ice hockey tackles that resulted in concussions. The Point tracking method uses tracking of user-defined object points on the players and ice to estimate the velocities. It was used in an earlier thesis. A deep learning-based method was implemented in this thesis. It uses a pre-trained deep learning model to detect the players in each frame of the video. Both methods were validated in this thesis using soccer videos containing accelerometer data from the players. The mean error was 25.6 % for the Point tracking method and 43.1 % for the Deep learning method. The difference was not significant. Both methods calculate the player velocity as a mean from a given number of video frames before impact. The choice of the number of frames did not significantly affect the difference in estimated velocities between the Point tracking method and the Deep learning method. The Point tracking method succeeded in estimating velocities in 17 cases. The mean velocities for the attacking and injured players were 10.5 m/s and 9.3 m/s, respectively. The Deep learning method succeeded in 9 cases, and the mean velocities were 9.7 m/s and 9.5 m/s. The velocities are higher than what has been found in earlier research, suggesting that both methods may be biased towards estimating too high velocities. More investigation needs to be done to evaluate the methods’ performance, possibly by comparing with accelerometer data from ice hockey.

There are plenty of reasons behind a tourist’s decision to travel. However, when it comes down to which destination a tourist chooses to visit, a sporting event of high quality and great interest could contribute to make a destination more attractive to tourists. The size of sporting events is ranging from regular season games with your local team to mega-events such as the Olympics or the FIFA World Cup. Therefore, the catchment area for each sporting event also varies greatly. The aim of this study was to investigate and chart how the catchment area of the Swedish ice hockey team IF Björklöven looked like. In order to chart Björklöven’s catchment area the geographical distribution of tickets, merchandise and memberships have been analyzed through registry data directly from IF Björklöven. In addition, the study also investigated how Björklöven’s attendance numbers have developed by analyzing statistics from the Swedish Ice Hockey Association. The effects on the attendance numbers and the geographical distribution of sold products caused by the sporting results, restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic and the economic situation in Sweden were also analyzed. The study showed that Björklöven’s catchment area is mainly concentrated in the area around Umeå. There were no significant changes in the geographical distribution and the catchment area between the different ice hockey seasons. The study also highlighted the huge impact that the COVID-19 pandemic had on Björklöven’s business. For example, according to the estimate made in this study, Björklöven would realistically have sold almost 180,000 more tickets during the pandemic if their operations were not affected by restrictions on the allowed number of spectators at public gatherings. The study also showed that there is no causality between the economic situation in Sweden and the attendance numbers.

One of the most talked about subjects in today's society is gender equality. Sport is a huge part of the Swedish society and gender equality issues are therefore also very evident in sports. The Swedish Sports Confederation have developed gender equality goals, but reports show that there seems to be a gap between theory and practice when it comes to these goals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine how leaders in ice hockey relate to gender equality work in their sport. To fulfill the purpose of this study I have also examined the leaders' understanding of gender equality. An online survey with a quantitative approach was sent out to ice hockey leaders all over Sweden. The study found that the majority of the leaders have a positive and united understanding of gender equality. In addition, they also have a more positive look on the ice hockey clubs gender equality work than the Swedish Ice Hockey Associations’ gender equality work. The leaders have split opinions when it comes to how much the ice hockey club and the Swedish Ice Hockey Association should prioritize working with gender equality. The study concludes that the leaders have a relatively positive approach to gender equality work, and they all also have a similar understanding of gender equality.

Forskare har i många år undersökt sociala faktorers påverkan på individers motivation. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka sambandet mellan tränares förmåga att främja spelares grundläggande psykologiska behov och upplevd press hos elitishockeyspelare. Manliga elitishockeyspelare (n=100, medelålder 23.15 ± 4.58), tillhörande lag i SHL och Hockeyallsvenskan rekryterades. Deltagarna fyllde i två frågeformulär, Interpersonal Supportiveness Scale - Coach (ISS-C) samt ett frågeformulär rörande upplevd press. Resultaten visade på signifikanta korrelationer mellan upplevelsen av ledarens förmåga att uppfylla de grundläggande psykologiska behoven enligt Self Determination Theory (SDT) och spelarnas grad av upplevd inre oro, yttre oro och press. Variansanalyser med upplevd press och motivation som beroende variabler påvisade signifikanta skillnader mellan individer av högre ålder kontra lägre ålder, där spelare i lägre ålder känner mindre press än spelare i högre ålder. Konklusioner utifrån resultaten är att en kontrollerande miljö verkar ha negativ påverkan på upplevd press, medan upplevd autonomi verkar vara en viktig faktor för minskad inre oro samt ökat välmående. Bland spelarna i den äldre ålderskategorin var ledarens engagemang den främsta faktorn som påverkade press, medan spelarna i den yngre ålderskategorin värdesatte struktur högt. Resultaten i den aktuella studien kan eventuellt användas som en del i arbetet att få förståelse för hur man som ledare kan skapa ett positivt motivationsklimat bland ishockeyspelare på elitnivå. / Researchers have spent many years studying the relationship between social factors and motivation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between coaches’ ability to support basic psychological needs and perceived pressure amongst elite ice hockey players. Male ice hockey players (n=100, mean age 23.15 ± 4.58) from teams playing in the SHL or Hockeyallsvenskan were recruited. Participants filled out two different questionnaires, Interpersonal Supportiveness Scale-Coach (ISS-C) and a questionnaire regarding perceived pressure. Results showed significant correlations between the players’ perception of their coaches’ ability to support the basic psychological needs according to Self Determination Theory (SDT) and perceived intrinsic anxiety, extrinsic anxiety and pressure. Analyzes of variance with perceived pressure and motivation as dependent variables showed significant differences between older players and younger players, where younger players perceived less pressure than older players. Conclusions based on the results are that a controlling environment seems to have a negative impact on perceived pressure while perceived autonomy was an important factor to decrease intrinsic anxiety and well-being. The coach’s engagement was the most important factor for perceived pressure when looking at the older age group, while structure was important for players in the younger age group. The result of the present study might be used as a part of the work of creating a positive motivational climate amongst elite level ice hockey players.

Title: HC Slavia Praha ice hockey benefits Objectives: The aim of this paper is to identify and describe individual benefits of product ice hockey match HC Slavia Praha. There is also the aim to find out viewers satisfaction with partial benefits that come out from observing the home match of HC Slavia Praha. The accumulated data is used to create recommendation which might help to increase satisfaction and viewers audience as well. Methods: Marketing research that was used to find out viewers satisfaction with partial benefits of HC Slavia product was realized via quantitative method. Data was collected by observing as well as questioning. Techniques of personal, written, and electronical questioning of a great deal of respondents were used to reach satisfying amount of data that showed viewers satisfaction with partial benefits of matches. Results: It was found out from collected data that HC Slavia Praha home match viewers are mostly satisfied. For viewers, the most important part of a match is sport performance as well as atmosphere on the stadium. Accompanying program is also the important part. Based on the data from the research, there were specific suggestions and recommendations for increasing viewers satisfaction made. The recommendations were mostly about food, viewers' comfort, and...

The thesis focuses on the research event, the World Para Ice Hockey Championships, which took place in 2019 in Ostrava, and on its media representation in online news media (Aktuálně.cz, iDnes.cz, Deník.cz and iSport.cz), in live broadcasts of ČT sport and in the TV reportage Machři from the 168 hodin TV programme. The basic theoretical concept of the thesis is the media representation of reality and the semiotic perception of the construction of reality on the general level and on the level of sport discourse and the discourse of sport of athlethes with disabilities. The thesis also briefly discusses the context of sport of athlethes with disabilities and para ice hockey in the Czech Republic. The qualitative research method is a semiotic analysis based primarily on the semiotics of Roland Barthes. The main research question asks what was the media image of the Czech para ice hockey team during the aforementioned event, and is answered through subsidiary research questions that focus on the media image of spectator attendance, on narrativisation and narratives, that the media told in relation to the championship, on modern myths, on the semiotic construction of stereotypes, their reinforcement, breaking down or creation, and on the difference in these media constructions between written and...

Subsidies to professional sports teams remain a controversial issue, and in most European countries these subsidies have decreased over the past decades. However, in Sweden they are a common occurrence, municipalities are giving generous amounts of money to their local team. To justify these subsidies, proponents of sports team claim their great economic impact on the local area. Nevertheless, in the sport economic literature, most of the researchers cannot find any positive impact and some of them even find negative impact from a hosting a professional sports team. This study will give an explanation and extension to the earlier articles about sport economics written in Sweden by Emelie Värja (2014) and Lars Behrenz (2009). In this essay we will present two models. The idea behind our first model is to investigate if professional sport events should be considered as a substitute to other leisure activities. This model indicates that there is a substitution effect between ice hockey games and cinema admissions in Sweden. The outcome from our other model which studies the condominium market strongly contradicts the generous sport subsidies given by Swedish municipalities. The results indicate that the presence of a professional ice hockey team lowers the condominiums prices.

This study was a continuation of previous research by Stambulova et al., (manuscript submitted; Lundell-Olsson & Pehrson, 2014), with the purpose to validate and update the empirical model ”Phases in the Junior-to-Senior Transition in Swedish Ice Hockey Players”. The objectives of the study were to (1) to collect opinions and reflections of expert senior players and coaches about the empirical model as a whole and about content of each JST phase and (2) to update the empirical model based on the participants’ feedback. Fifteen Swedish professional ice hockey players and coaches were recruited for focus groups and interviews and data were collected regarding their opinions of the empirical model. The results supported (a) the sequence of phases, (b) the titles and duration of the model, and (c) the psychological content in terms of perceived demands, resources, barriers, coping strategies, and outcomes, was updated. Five themes’ names were changed and sixteen new themes were added. Based on the empirical models confirmation and suggested updates, the validated model ”Phases in the Junior-to-Senior Transition in Swedish Ice Hockey Players” was created. The results of the study are discussed in relation to theoretical frameworks, previous research, methodology, future research, and applications. / Denna studie var en fortsättning på tidigare studie av Stambulova et al., (manuskript inskickat; Lundell-Olsson & Pehrson, 2014) med syfte att validera och uppdatera den empiriska modellen ”Faser i övergången från junior till senior hos Svenska ishockeyspelare”. Målet med studien var (1) att samla in åsikter och reflektioner från erfarna seniorspelare och tränare kring den empiriska modellen som helhet och varje fast i övergången från junior till senior, samt att (2) uppdatera den empiriska modellen grundat på deltagarnas feedback. För att uppnå detta så rekryterades femton professionella svenska ishockeyspelare och tränare som deltog i fokusgrupper och intervjuer och data samlades in kring deras åsikter om den empiriska modellen. Resultaten stödde (a) sekvensen av faser, (b) dess titlar och varaktighet och (c) det psykologiska innehållet i form av krav, barriärer, resurser, copingstrategier och utfall. Fem temans namn ändrades och sexton ny tillkom. Baserat på resultaten ansågs den empiriska modellen validerad och uppdaterade i en validerad modell ”Faser i övergången från junior till senior hos Svenska ishockeyspelare”. Resultaten diskuteras vidare i relation till teoretiska ramverk, tidigare forskning, metodologi, framtida forskning, och tillämpbarhet.