This thesis highlights the practice of writing as a way to engage with the amorphous thing-space-State-city-nation-citizens that is

<p>Denna studie i socialantropologi är baserad på kvalitativa intervjuer med tre skolkuratorer. Den handlar om deras uppfattningar om och erfarenheter av hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Hedersproblematiken har sina rötter i kollektivets dominans över individen, patriarkala mönster och kulturkrock. Skolan har ett stort ansvar att se de utsatta eleverna, men det råder skilda meningar om vilka som utsätts. Vanligtvis ses flickor som offer för fäders och bröders våld i familjerna, men skolkuratorernas erfarenheter visar att alla individer i familjer där hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck existerar tycks i varierande grad vara delaktiga i våldet, och att även pojkarna kan vara offer.</p> / <p>This thesis in Social Anthropology is based on interviews with three school-councelors. It´s about their experiences and perceptions of honour-related violence and oppression. Honour-problemacy has it´s roots in the dominance of the collective over the individual, patriarchal patterns and collision between cultures. The school has a large responsibility to see the exposed students, but there are different opinions on who are the exposed. Normally, girls are seen as the victims of the violence of the father and brothers in their families, but the experiences of school-councelors show that all individuals in families where honour-related violence and oppression exists, seems to be perticipants in the violence, and that the boys also can be the victims.</p>

<p>Aim: Preferential treatment and allocation of quotes according to sex are two current concepts due to the increasing demand for equality. One organization that may use preferential treatment is the fire department. This is why we chose it as a starting point for our study. The aim with this essay is to investigate how Gästrike Räddningstjänst can create a more equal organization.</p><p>Method: We have interviewed eight employees and prepared questions for each one. This represents a qualitative method. We have studied literature on the subject to get a theoretical background before the interviews. After the study we analysed the interviews with help from the theory. And finally we drew conclusions from this analysis. This resulted in suggestions that could help Gästrike Räddningstjänst create a more equal organization.</p><p>Result & Conclusions: Equality between the sexes is important but at the same time it is important that the employed women have the right qualities. Measures should be taken to draw women to the profession in order to create a wider selection. One measure that could give a wider selection is positive special treatment. It is important to think about the employees while making a change so that negative attitudes do not affect the process to make the profession more equal. Based on theory we can see that it is important to communicate the aim of the change to reduce resistance from the employees. Change has to be allowed to take time since the organizational culture is strong and has existed for a long time. Due to the strong culture it is necessary to focus on measures that will create a strong but adaptable culture. Management should continually evaluate the process of change to discover possible problems and to highlight progress. Employees can also take part in the evaluation.</p><p>Suggestions for future research: It would be interesting to compare different fire departments in Sweden considering their work with equality between sexes. It would also be interesting to observe the process of recruitment more closely.</p><p>Contribution of the thesis: Our hope is that this essay helps to increase awareness in the important issue of equality.</p> / <p>Syfte: Positiv särbehandling och kvotering är två aktuella begrepp i och med ökade krav på jämställdhet. Räddningstjänsten är en organisation som berörs av framförallt positiv särbehandling. Därför valde vi brandmannayrket som utgångspunkt för vår studie. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur ledningen inom Gästrike Räddningstjänst kan gå tillväga för att skapa en mer jämställd organisation.</p><p>Metod: Vi har intervjuat åtta personer och förberett anpassade frågor till var och en, vilket representerar en kvalitativ metod. Innan intervjuerna genomförde vi en litteraturstudie för att få en teoretisk grund. Efter vår empiriska studie analyserade vi intervjuerna med stöd av teorin. Därefter drog vi slutsatser utifrån analysen, vilket resulterade i förslag på hur Gästrike Räddningstjänst kan skapa en mer jämställd organisation.</p><p>Resultat & slutsats: Jämställdhet är viktigt men samtidigt måste de kvinnor som anställs vara tillräckligt kompetenta. Åtgärder bör vidtas för att locka fler kvinnor till yrket för att skapa ett bredare urval vid rekrytering. En åtgärd som kan ge ett bredare urval är positiv särbehandling. Vid förändringsarbetet är det viktigt att ta hänsyn till anställda så att inte negativa attityder försvårar processen att göra yrket mer jämställt. Utifrån teorin kan vi se att det är viktigt att tydligt kommunicera syftet med förändringen för att minska ett eventuellt motstånd. Förändringsarbetet måste få ta tid eftersom det är en stark organisationskultur som funnits länge. På grund av den starka organisationskulturen är det nödvändigt att fokusera på faktorer som gör kulturen stark men anpassningsbar. För att upptäcka eventuella problem och för att belysa framsteg bör ledning kontinuerligt följa upp förändringsarbetet. Detta kan med fördel genomföras tillsammans med de anställda.</p><p>Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Det skulle vara intressant att jämföra olika brandstationer i Sverige för att se om det ser likadant ut i hela landet, eller om vissa stationer kommit längre i sitt jämställdhetsarbete. Det skulle även vara intressant att mer närgående observera anställningsprocessen.</p>

<p>It is visible in the innovation literature the tendency to evolve the innovation process into a moreopen and flexible model where innovators of all types can interact freely. This fairly recentparadigm known as Open Innovation is a phenomenon with still a considerable amount of opengaps and challenges. Therefore the question of how integration is achieved between differenttypes of outside innovators remains unanswered. Many organizations, some in more extent thanothers, are already applying Open Innovation within networks; however there is still not a clearunderstanding or a formal theory that describes the mechanisms that can help integrate theinnovation activities with other actors. To address this challenge, we conducted an exploratorystudy in 7 different organizations representing two types of innovators (private firms andacademic institutions) and a nexus agency that acts as an integrator between them. The first partof the results consist of an extensive list of 27 integration mechanisms applicable in openinnovation projects later categorized in 5 new main categories for their practical study anddiscussion. More abstractly, as relationships between these integration mechanisms and interorganizationalnetworks have not been analyzed yet, we want to propose a framework that canprovide an initial notion of their role and interaction in Open Innovation Projects. Thisframework is valuable to consider the applicability of the proposed integration mechanismscategories in different OI settings and supports the understanding of how the harmonization ofOI efforts occurs with different types of innovators. Having a framework of this typeconsiderably extends the understanding of integration in the Open Innovation field and providesas well a guide for organizations to identify how to integrate open innovation efforts.</p>

Around the time of his famous conversion in 386, Augustine planned to dedicate a treatise to each of the artes liberales. However, he finished only a work on grammar and the first part of the De musica (books I-VI), which deals with rhythmus\the second part, which was to treat melos, was never written, since Augustine became occupied with his ecclesiastical career. The present work is the first critical edition of the sixth book of the De musica; the Latin text is accompanied by an English translation. The introduction includes a full analysis of the manuscript tradition from the 8th to the 14th century and a selective analysis of the later manuscript tradition. Among the conclusions reached are that all extant manuscripts descend from a single archetype which is not identical with the original text, that most manuscripts can be divided into four families, and that the text can be established on the basis of six of the oldest manuscripts. The introduction also contains a discussion of the much-debated question concerning Augustine's own revision of the sixth book, a section where solutions are proposed to several textual problems that were confronted during the establishment of the text, and a selective commentary on the contents of the sixth book of the De musica.

<p>The question as to which language should be used as a medium of instruction in schools in multilingual societies is a controversial one. In South Africa, the question is often posed in binary terms: Should the medium of instruction be a familiar local language such as Xhosa or a language of wider communication like English? This study is an attempt to answer the above question. The study profiled the writing abilities of Grade 4 and Grade 7 pupils at Themba Primary, a school located in Khayelitsha in the Western Cape, in both their mother tongue, Xhosa, and in English, their official medium of instruction at school since Grade 4. Three written tasks, which consisted of a narrative piece of writing, a reading comprehension exercise, and an expository piece of writing, were administered to the pupils in English and Xhosa. The purpose of the exercise was to examine some of the implications for educational language policy of the differences in performance in the two languages. All the tasks were authentic, in that they were based on aspects of the pupils&rsquo / curriculum and written in the formal academic language pupils were expected to be exposed to in their respective grades. All the tasks were graded systematically under controlled conditions.</p>

Aim: Preferential treatment and allocation of quotes according to sex are two current concepts due to the increasing demand for equality. One organization that may use preferential treatment is the fire department. This is why we chose it as a starting point for our study. The aim with this essay is to investigate how Gästrike Räddningstjänst can create a more equal organization. Method: We have interviewed eight employees and prepared questions for each one. This represents a qualitative method. We have studied literature on the subject to get a theoretical background before the interviews. After the study we analysed the interviews with help from the theory. And finally we drew conclusions from this analysis. This resulted in suggestions that could help Gästrike Räddningstjänst create a more equal organization. Result &amp; Conclusions: Equality between the sexes is important but at the same time it is important that the employed women have the right qualities. Measures should be taken to draw women to the profession in order to create a wider selection. One measure that could give a wider selection is positive special treatment. It is important to think about the employees while making a change so that negative attitudes do not affect the process to make the profession more equal. Based on theory we can see that it is important to communicate the aim of the change to reduce resistance from the employees. Change has to be allowed to take time since the organizational culture is strong and has existed for a long time. Due to the strong culture it is necessary to focus on measures that will create a strong but adaptable culture. Management should continually evaluate the process of change to discover possible problems and to highlight progress. Employees can also take part in the evaluation. Suggestions for future research: It would be interesting to compare different fire departments in Sweden considering their work with equality between sexes. It would also be interesting to observe the process of recruitment more closely. Contribution of the thesis: Our hope is that this essay helps to increase awareness in the important issue of equality. / Syfte: Positiv särbehandling och kvotering är två aktuella begrepp i och med ökade krav på jämställdhet. Räddningstjänsten är en organisation som berörs av framförallt positiv särbehandling. Därför valde vi brandmannayrket som utgångspunkt för vår studie. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur ledningen inom Gästrike Räddningstjänst kan gå tillväga för att skapa en mer jämställd organisation. Metod: Vi har intervjuat åtta personer och förberett anpassade frågor till var och en, vilket representerar en kvalitativ metod. Innan intervjuerna genomförde vi en litteraturstudie för att få en teoretisk grund. Efter vår empiriska studie analyserade vi intervjuerna med stöd av teorin. Därefter drog vi slutsatser utifrån analysen, vilket resulterade i förslag på hur Gästrike Räddningstjänst kan skapa en mer jämställd organisation. Resultat &amp; slutsats: Jämställdhet är viktigt men samtidigt måste de kvinnor som anställs vara tillräckligt kompetenta. Åtgärder bör vidtas för att locka fler kvinnor till yrket för att skapa ett bredare urval vid rekrytering. En åtgärd som kan ge ett bredare urval är positiv särbehandling. Vid förändringsarbetet är det viktigt att ta hänsyn till anställda så att inte negativa attityder försvårar processen att göra yrket mer jämställt. Utifrån teorin kan vi se att det är viktigt att tydligt kommunicera syftet med förändringen för att minska ett eventuellt motstånd. Förändringsarbetet måste få ta tid eftersom det är en stark organisationskultur som funnits länge. På grund av den starka organisationskulturen är det nödvändigt att fokusera på faktorer som gör kulturen stark men anpassningsbar. För att upptäcka eventuella problem och för att belysa framsteg bör ledning kontinuerligt följa upp förändringsarbetet. Detta kan med fördel genomföras tillsammans med de anställda. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Det skulle vara intressant att jämföra olika brandstationer i Sverige för att se om det ser likadant ut i hela landet, eller om vissa stationer kommit längre i sitt jämställdhetsarbete. Det skulle även vara intressant att mer närgående observera anställningsprocessen.

Heteroscedasticity (or time-dependent volatility) in economic and financial time series has been recognized for decades. Still, heteroscedasticity is surprisingly often neglected by practitioners and researchers. This may lead to inefficient procedures. Much of the work in this thesis is about finding more effective ways to deal with heteroscedasticity in economic and financial data. Paper I suggest a filter that, unlike the Box-Cox transformation, does not assume that the heteroscedasticity is a power of the expected level of the series. This is achieved by dividing the time series by a moving average of its standard deviations smoothed by a Hodrick-Prescott filter. It is shown that the filter does not colour white noise. An appropriate removal of heteroscedasticity allows more effective analyses of heteroscedastic time series. A few examples are presented in Paper II, III and IV of this thesis. Removing the heteroscedasticity using the proposed filter enables efficient estimation of the underlying probability distribution of economic growth. It is shown that the mixed Normal - Asymmetric Laplace (NAL) distributional fit is superior to the alternatives. This distribution represents a Schumpeterian model of growth, the driving mechanism of which is Poisson (Aghion and Howitt, 1992) distributed innovations. This distribution is flexible and has not been used before in this context. Another way of circumventing strong heteroscedasticity in the Dow Jones stock index is to divide the data into volatility groups using the procedure described in Paper III. For each such group, the most accurate probability distribution is searched for and is used in density forecasting. Interestingly, the NAL distribution fits best also here. This could hint at a new analogy between the financial sphere and the real economy, further investigated in Paper IV. These series are typically heteroscedastic, making standard detrending procedures, such as Hodrick-Prescott or Baxter-King, inadequate. Prior to this comovement study, the univariate and bivariate frequency domain results from these filters are compared to the filter proposed in Paper I. The effect of often neglected heteroscedasticity may thus be studied.

This paper attempts to assess the impact of price fluctuations in oil resulting from worldwide oil supply shocks on the real returns of the U.S. stock market, specifically the S&P 500, during the period of 1986 to 2011. While much past research has found an inverse relationship to exist between simply oil price increases and stock market returns, not many studies have been conducted that focus on the effects of shifts in oil supply. The model utilized, a variation of that used by Hamilton (2008), determines that changes in oil prices arising from oil supply shocks one quarter prior (t-1) and one year prior (t-4) have an effect on real stock returns. However, an F-test assessing the joint impact of the explanatory variables is unable to reject the null hypothesis that the joint effects of changes in oil prices arising from supply shocks have zero effect on the returns of the stock market.

En aquest moment de transformació i de noves demandes, les antigues metodologies resulten insuficients donat que actuen aïlladament restant eficàcia i produint certa frustració en els professionals que volen treballar bé i comproven que les tasques realitzades no assoleixen l’èxit i reconeixement esperats. D’aquí la necessitat d’una nova cultura educativa que impliqui importants canvis cap a un treball educatiu practicat des de la perspectiva de la xarxa. És per això, que la recerca que presentem es basa en conèixer i analitzar la visió dels diferents professionals implicats en el treball en xarxa a fi d’avaluar com s’està duent a terme així com la visió dels mestres i professors dels centres educatius en relació al treball col•laboratiu entre serveis. La tesi segueix una metodologia qualitativa a través de l’estudi de cas que ens permet comprendre la realitat de la col•laboració entre serveis i el treball en xarxa a la comarca de l’Urgell. Les conclusions presentades ens aporten moltes dades que confirmen al marc teòric establert i ajuden a establir criteris per desenvolupar una proposta d’actuació pel treball en xarxa al territori. / En este momento de transformación y de nuevas demandas, las antiguas metodologías resultan insuficientes dado que actúan aisladamente restando eficacia y produciendo cierta frustración en los profesionales que quieren trabajar bien y comprueban que las tareas realizadas no alcanzan el éxito y reconocimiento esperados. De ahí la necesidad de una nueva cultura educativa que implique importantes cambios hacia un trabajo educativo practicado desde la perspectiva de la red. Es por ello, que la investigación que presentamos se basa en conocer y analizar la visión de los diferentes profesionales implicados en el trabajo en red a fin de evaluar cómo se está llevando a cabo así como la visión de los maestros y profesores de los centros educativos en relación al trabajo colaborativo entre servicios. La tesis sigue una metodología cualitativa a través del estudio de caso que nos permite comprender la realidad de la colaboración entre servicios y el trabajo en red en la comarca del Urgell. Las conclusiones presentadas nos aportan muchos datos que confirman el marco teórico establecido y ayudan a establecer criterios para desarrollar una propuesta de actuación para el trabajo en red en el territorio. / At this time of change and new demands, old methodologies prove to be inadequate since they operate alone reducing effectiveness and generating some frustration among the professionals who want to work well and verify that the tasks carried out do not achieve the expected success and recognition. Hence the need for a new educational culture that involves significant changes towards an educational task performed from the network perspective. Therefore, the research presented here is based on the analysis and understanding of the different professionals’ view involved in the network in order to evaluate how it is being performed and also to grasp schoolteachers’ view on collaborative work among services. The thesis follows a qualitative approach through the case study which allows us to understand the reality of the collaboration among services and the networking services in the Urgell County. The conclusions shown bring forward a lot of information that endorse the theoretical framework established criteria and help to develop criteria to carry out a proposal for action by networking in the region.