Grâce aux développements techniques et technologiques des dernières décennies, le commerce international du coton passe graduellement d’un classement manuel et visuel à un classement à base de résultats de mesures instrumentales. Or adopter une technique requiert d’en étudier ses modalités et ses conditions d’utilisation. Aux USA, des études périodiques de variabilité permettent d’assortir ces résultats d’analyse de tolérances commerciales afin de limiter la fréquence des litiges. Adopter en Afrique les règles et les méthodes de mesure des USA exposerait à un risque de litige accru si les conditions de production déterminent un coton de qualité plus variable. Pour la première fois en Afrique, nous avons mené une étude de la variabilité des caractéristiques technologiques des fibres dans huit pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre : Bénin, Burkina-Faso, Cameroun, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Sénégal, Tchad et Togo. Pendant deux saisons de production, nous avons réalisé une expérimentation à trois types de prélèvements de fibres : 1) huit échantillons par balle au sein de 215 balles produites dans 27 usines d’égrenage, 2) un échantillon par balle de 4286 balles constituées en séries de 200 balles consécutives en saison 1 et de 100 balles consécutives en saison 2 dans les mêmes usines, 3) deux échantillons par balle (un en haut et un en bas) sur 817 balles constituées en séries de vingt balles consécutives hebdomadairement dans cinq usines au cours de la saison 2. Ensuite, les échantillons des 5318 balles échantillonnées furent analysés sur une Chaîne de Mesures Instrumentales (CMI) dans un laboratoire respectant les recommandations internationales et les conditions d’ambiance contrôlées. L’analyse statistique des données recueillies a permis d’évaluer le niveau de variabilité de chacune des caractéristiques technologiques étudiées, au sein des balles et entre celles-ci. Une méthode d’échantillonnage et de réalisation des analyses sur CMI est proposée pour réaliser le classement des balles de coton d’Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre à partir de résultats précis et répétables respectant les règles commerciales établies au niveau mondial. / Thanks to the technical and technological developments of the last decades, the international cotton trade is moving from a manual and visual classification to one based on instrument results. Now, adopting a technique requires studying its modalities and its conditions of use. In the USA, periodical studies of the variability make it possible to provide trading tolerances together with instrumental test results in order to limit the litigation event frequency. Apply USA rules and measurement methods in Africa would lead to increased litigation risk if production conditions induce more variable cotton quality. For the first time in Africa, we have conducted a study of the variability of the technological characteristics of the fibers in eight countries of Western and Central Africa: Benin, Burkina-Faso, Cameroon, Chad, the Ivory-Coast, Mali, Senegal and Togo. During two seasons of production, we conducted an experiment with three types of fiber sampling: 1) eight samples per bale within 215 bales produced in 27 ginning mills, 2) one sample per bale from 4286 bales organized in lots of 200 consecutive bales during season 1 and of 100 consecutive bales in season 2 in the same ginning mills, 3) two samples per bale (one from the top, one from the bottom) from 817 bales organized in lots of twenty consecutive bales each week in five ginning mills during season 2. Then, samples from the 5318 sampled bales were analysed with Standardized Instruments for Testing Cotton (SITC) in a laboratory which respects international recommendations and required ambient air conditions. The statistical data analysis allowed us to evaluate the level of variability of each of the studied technological characteristics, within the bales and between the bales. A sampling and testing methodology using SITC is being proposed to achieve the classification of the different sorts of cotton produced in Western and Central Africa from precise and repeatable results abidden by the worldwide established trading rules.

La frontière orientale de la Grèce connaît depuis le début des années 2000 une augmentation des arrivées de migrants qui la franchissent sans autorisation. Le pays, nouvellement dans lʼespace Schengen, est jusque là muni dʼun cadre législatif prévu pour une immigration albanaise dont les autorités contrôlent les arrivées et envers laquelle elles pratiquent lʼexpulsion. Au fil des années 2000, lʼaugmentation des arrivées de migrants à la frontière gréco-turque et une combinaison de prises de décisions politiques autant locales, nationales, quʼeuropéennes, voire mondiales, a entraîné lʼémergence de lieux dʼenfermement. Cʼest lʼensemble de ces évolutions, leurs enjeux et leurs conséquences que ce travail décrypte. Théoriquement et méthodologiquement inscrit dans une approche sociale et politique en géographie, la frontière est envisagée comme un assemblage. Cela permet de comprendre comment le contrôle migratoire sʼétend à de nouveaux espaces et à de nouveaux acteurs, prolongeant ainsi la frontière au-delà de la ligne de séparation. Les modalités de cette extension frontalière sont autant le fait des cadres législatifs et des pratiques policières à différentes échelles que de lʼenvironnement socioculturel des espaces frontaliers. La manière dont ces éléments sʼimbriquent pour former une frontière réticulaire et performative permet dʼancrer la réflexion au cœur dʼun débat géographique sur les nouvelles formes de frontières contemporaines et leurs localisations. Du franchissement frontalier jusquʼau cœur du territoire grec, cette thèse expose les modalités de production et de reproduction des situations de frontières pour les migrants dans le pays. / Since the start of the millenium Greeceʼs eastern border has witnessed an increase in the flow of irregular migrants from Africa, the Middle East and Asia. Although the country entered Schengen a few years back, its immigration laws catered mainly for arrivals from Albania, an immigration that the autorities wanted to keep under control and where expulsions were possible. Throughout the noughties, new places of confinment were built in response to increasing numbers of migrants at the border between Greece and Turkey, and based on a combination of political decisions taken locally, nationally, at European level and even globally. This essay deciphers these trends, what is at stake and the consequences that they carry. From a theoretical and methodological point of view, encompassing a social and political approach in geography, borders are considered as an assemblage. This makes it easier to understand how migratory control expands beyond the geographical line of separation between Greece and Turkey and into new spaces involving new players. This expansion of the borders is the result of the legal framework, the policing practices at all levels and the sociocultural environment of these areas. The way in which these various elements come together to form a border that is both reticular and performative, enables us to position our thoughts within the geographical debate on new forms of contemporary borders and their localisation. From crossing the border to life inside the greek territory, this thesis presents the ways in which border situations are created and reproduced for the migrants in that country.

School personnel are concerned that reading gaps of grade 3 and grade 4 students have persisted in 4 rural elementary schools in the southern United States despite the use of ability grouping to improve student reading proficiency scores. Between the 2014-2016 school years, less than 50% of students in grades 3 and grade 4 scored at the proficient level in reading at the 4 target rural schools. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine the teachers' and administrators' perceptions regarding the influence of grouping on the reading performance of students in grades 3 and 4. Using Vygotsky's framework, the research investigated teachers' and administrators' perceptions of grouping and nongrouping in relation to students' reading progress, socioeconomic status, and achievement gaps between minority and non-minority students. Using purposeful sampling, interview data were collected from 4 administrators who met the criteria of working in a target site that used ability and nonability grouping. Teacher data came from focus groups, and surveys from 15 teacher participants who met the criteria of being certified in English Language Arts, and assigned to Grades 3 and/or 4 in ability or nonability grouping environments. Using emergent coding, themes supported the findings that assessment strategies are positively and negatively perceived, nonability grouping is preferred, reading achievement is perceived as higher in nonability grouping, and gaps in learning are influenced by socioeconomic status. Based on this research the use of nonability grouping may promote greater positive social change that will enhance student success in reading.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women has been linked to long-term, negative health consequences such as depression, PTSD, and suicidal ideation. There is a growing perception that African American women are the most affected by IPV, but the current literature does not confirm this perception. The purpose of this nonexperimental, correlational study was to examine the predictive relationships between the independent variables (spiritual coping, religious coping, and levels of IPV) and the dependent variable (level of depression). The ecological systems theory provided the framework for the study. The research question addressed how well variables such as religious coping, spiritual coping, and level of IPV predicted levels of depression in African American women. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 63 participants. Data were collected using a survey methodology. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the data. Results indicated a statistically significant negative correlation between spiritual coping and depression, as well as a statistically significant positive correlation between IPV scores and level of depression. No statistically relationship was found between religious coping and depression. Human services and other professionals could use the results to advocate for the development of educational and counseling programs that inform African American women of the benefits of culturally based coping strategies such as spiritual coping. Findings from the study could contribute to social change by adding information to the literature on coping strategies that can potentially improve negative outcomes such as levels of depression for female survivors of IPV, particularly African American Women.

Ce travail se propose d’étudier la représentation du masque et l’influence de ce concept dans l’œuvre d’Amélie Nothomb, notamment pour lever le voile sur la monstruosité supposée de son écriture. Après avoir décrit le champ littéraire belge francophone et les différents courants littéraires dans lesquels semble évoluer la romancière, il s’intéresse tout d’abord aux masques utilisés par ses personnages pour tromper leur entourage et se tromper eux-mêmes, ainsi qu’à la vision du monde conjointement proposée au lecteur. Dans un second temps, il présente le masque comme une constance de la voix nothombienne, qu’elle se manifeste au travers de l’écriture thématique et stylistique de la romancière ou des émissaires constitués par ses personnages littéraires ou son personnage public. Enfin, il examine l’esthétique proprement caricaturale et grotesque des masques nothombiens, apte à faire basculer l’intrigue dans un cycle de type carnavalesque. / This thesis proposes to examine the representation of the mask and the influence of this concept in Amélie Nothomb’s work, in particular to throw light on the unproven monstrousness of her writing. Before the description of the Belgian French languaged literature and the different literary currents in which the novelist seems to belong to, it takes an interest in masks used by her characters to deceive their surroundings or deceive themselves, and in the world vision that is proposed to the reader. Secondly it describes mask as a permanent feature of the Amélie Nothomb’s voice, in the novelist’s thematic and stylistic writing or in her public or literary characters. Then, it examines the caricatural and grotesque aesthetic of the Amélie Nothomb’s masks, which can make the story beginning a carnival cycle.

My essay is about the transition between home and preschool and takes its starting point in two stories. The first describes an induction conversation and how I as an educator react and act on the basis of the reactions of the two caregivers. The second story also depicts two different reactions from caregivers just before they go home after the first day of preschool training.         My purpose with the essay is to find out whether these reactions from caregivers are based on the same problem, institutionalization of childhood. From society's demands on society's members, preschool politics and society's views, it has developed a institutionalization. Through a historical perspective, I want to try to shed light on how it can affect the reactions and actions of legal representatives in the transition between home and preschool.         Shared responsibility, how does it look between home and preschool when society has created an institutionalization of childhood? In my essay I would like to shed light on how the pre-school's policy documents over time influenced and changed the perception of responsibility. From being nurtured in the home and educated in preschool as an institution to give the preschool the responsibility to develop a collaboration between home and preschool in a close and trusting way.         As a ready preschool teacher June 2019 I start working in the business of preschool with a mission that is guided by a new curriculum, “Lpfö 18”. I wondered then, how these changes affect my job as a preschool teacher? In my essay, I want to try to give my views on the changes and how I now think that I can approach the concept of teaching that is part of education.         I will use a scientific essay as a method, where I reflect on my dilemmas and with the help of a historical perspective on preschool politics. By trying to shed light on positions and assignment formulations that have been given may have gained importance in the perception of the shared assignment between home and preschool. Also highlight and reflect on what the new curriculum, “Lpfö 18”, and its reformulations can be of importance in terms of the view of a preschool teacher's mission in the future.

本研究以實際從事研發／製造的公司為對象，採取個案研究的方式，從全面品質管理的觀點來探討研發／製造間互動對技術成功之影響。分別從研發人製造間互動，所須注意的工作重點為何？技術成功的績效衡量指標為何？上述之互動所須注意的工作重點與技術成功績效衡量指標的關係等三方面加以探討。並經個案公司綜合分析後，得到下列發現： 　　一、研發人製造間互動，所須注意的工作重點： 　　1. 領導統御：高階主管參與程度、專案經理經驗程度及人際關係 　　2. 資訊收集分析：資訊的管理、資訊約有效性、資訊的分析與運用 　　3. 策略品質規劃：方針展開、策略品質規劃、品質改善全員參與 　　4. 人力資源管理：人力資源的規劃與管理、員工參與、教育訓練、績效獎賞、員工的福利與滿足 　　5. 程序品質管理：設計導入、開發程序管理、支援系統的貢獻度 　　二、技術成功的績效衡量指標： 　　1. 在數量方面：如技術文件數；專利數目；設計變更數目等 　　2. 在時效性方面：如進度控制；設備停機時間；技術移轉時間 　　3. 在成本方面：例如成本降低；預算控制 　　4. 在品質方面：例如品質的確認；可製造性；與競爭者比較 　　三、互動所須注意的工作重點與技術成功績效衡量指標的關係： 　　1. 欲得到較佳的數量績效，可由下列工作著手：易裂性設計的導入、試製前做好各項準備工作、高階主管的參與程度、績效評估與獎賞系統。 　　2. 想得到較好的時效性績效，可由下列工作著手：高階主管的參與程度、專案經理的經驗程度與人際關係、資訊的管理、分析與運用、人力資源的規劃與管理、員工參與、績效評估與獎賞系統、易裂性設計與同步工程、程序管制、支援系統的貢獻度。 　　3. 想得到較好的成本績效，可由下列工作著手：資訊的管理、分析與運用、易裂性設計與同步工程、模組化設計、程序管制、績效評估與獎賞系統。 　　4. 想得到較好的品質績效，可由下列工作著手：品質方針展開能力、策略品質規劃程序管理、品質改善全員參與、資訊管理、分析與運用、教育訓練、易裂性設計及試製前準備工作、程序管制、績效評估與獎賞系統。

一九八七年十一月二日政府開放一般民眾赴大陸探親, 阻絕將近四十 的 台海兩岸人民打破以往的限制, 開始展開正式的交往, 兩岸關係邁入民間 交流的階段。但是, 由於台海兩岸處於長期的分裂狀態, 加上彼此的歷史 恩怨和意識型態上的差異, 雙方在政治、經濟、社會制度也朝不同的方向 發展, 在這種情況下, 民間交流是消弭雙方認知差距、形成共識的首要工 作, 更是岸邁向未來統一的必經階段; 易言之, 在目前兩岸官方仍處於敵 對的狀態, 民間所展開的經貿、文教各項交流如果能產生良好的互動情 形, 將形未來兩岸政治統合的助力, 亦就是西方學者所說的「擴散」( spill-over效果。本論文即是在探討近五年來民間所展開之各項交流是否 已產生上述之「擴散」功用, 亦就是說, 民間交流對兩岸關係的發展產生 何種程度的響。並且加以檢討民間交流之各項問題與限制, 藉以了解兩岸 民間在交流中所扮演之角色、地位, 及其所能發揮之空間。因此, 本論文 將透過近五年來兩岸民間之經貿、社會文教各項交流之際概況及官方所制 定之相關政策與措施之歸納整理, 以便對於上述問題有所了解。本論文共 分為五章十六節及結論, 共十餘萬字。第一章為緒論, 主要是就研究動機 、目的、研究方法、研究範疇及研究資料做一描述。第二章: 分別從國際 外環境、台海兩岸政治態度與立場的轉變、民間方面的衝擊等三方面去探 討促成兩岸民間交流之背景因素。第三章: 主要是歸納整理近五年來兩岸 經貿交流之相關政策、措施及實際交流情形, 並探討其相關問題及限制。 第四章: 主要是歸納整理近五年來兩岸社會文教交流之相關政策、措施及 實際交流情形, 並探討其相關問題。第五章: 將近五年來之民間交流正負 面問題做一省思, 並探討其和兩岸關係發展之互動情形。結論: 將本論文 之研究所得做一歸納整理, 並對兩岸關係未來發展提出建議與展望。

本研究旨在探討宜蘭縣城鄉國中學生學習態度、家長參與及學習成就比較之研究。研究對象是以宜蘭縣各類型國中為分析單位，搜集國中學生三年前、後的學習成就比較，並透過問卷調查方式搜集所需的資料，再運用各種統計方法對有效樣本加以分析檢視，歸納結論如下： 壹、宜蘭縣國中學生在不同背景變項的學習成就之情形 一、宜蘭縣國中不同學校類型其學習成就，都會型學校高於鄉村型學校，有顯著差異；但對高分群的學生，鄉村型學校的學生其學習成就是高於都會型學校的學生。 二、宜蘭縣不同規模的國中學校其學習成就有顯著差異，大型學校高於中型學校，中型學校高於小型學校；但對高分群的學生，中型和小型學校的學生其學習成就是高於大型學校的學生。 三、宜蘭縣國中越區就讀和未越區就讀學生其學習成就有顯著差異，越區就讀高於鄉村未越區就讀學生；但對高分群的學生，鄉村型未越區的學生其學習成就是高於越區就讀的學生。 四、宜蘭縣國中不同性別學生其學習成就在國文、英文和前後測總分中有顯著差異，女生的學業成就表現比男生好。 貳、宜蘭縣國中學生學習態度、家長參與度與學生學業成就之情形 一、不同背景變項之宜蘭縣國中學生學習態度情形： 1. 學生性別：宜蘭縣國中女學生在學習態度顯著高於男學生。 2. 越區就讀：「都會型｣學校之國中學生主動學習構面明顯高於「鄉村型｣學校生，但「都會越區｣的國中學生習態度和「鄉村型」學校並未有顯著性差異。 3. 入學成績：「高分組｣的學生其學習態度高於「低分組｣學生。 4. 升學期望：期望進入「高中｣之國中學生學習態度明顯高於期望其他各組期望之國中學生；期望進入「高職｣、「五專｣之國中學生學習態度明顯高於期望「就業｣之國中學生。 5. 家長社經：「父母高社經地位｣之國中學生學習態度明顯高於「父母低社經地位｣。 6. 學校規模：「大型學校｣之國中學生計畫執行構面明顯高於「中型學校｣之國中學生，「中型學校｣之國中學生計畫執行構面明顯高於「小型學校｣之國中學生。 二、不同背景變項之宜蘭縣國中家長參與度情形： 1. 學生性別：女學生之家長親師輔導顯著高於男學生之家長。 2. 越區就讀：「都會型｣學校之學生家長參與度各層面及整體明顯高於「鄉村型｣學校之學生；且「都會越區｣之學生在家長參與度及學業參與構面高於「鄉村未越區｣之學生。 3. 入學成績：「高分組｣之學生在家長參與度各構面之得分高於入學成績為「低分組｣之學生。 4. 升學期望：期望進入「高中｣學生之家長參與度各構面皆高於其他各組期望之學生。 5. 學校規模：「大型學校｣之學生在家長參與度與學業參與明顯高於「小型學校｣之學生。 三、不同背景變項的宜蘭縣國中學生，在學習成就和學業成績進步之情形： 1. 學生性別：不同性別之學生在學習成就中，國文、英文、總分等均達顯著水準，女生高於男生；但在學業成績進步的情形則未達顯著。 2. 越區就讀：「都會越區｣之學生在學習成就各科之得分都顯著高於「鄉村未越區｣之學生。且以學業成績進步情形，在都會地區學校未越區之學生其學業成績進步情形高於從鄉村越區到都會就讀之學生；在鄉村型學校，越區到都會型學校就讀的學生其學業成績進步情形，高於鄉村未越區就讀之學生。 3. 入學成績：「高分組｣之學生學習成就明顯高於入學成績「低分組｣之學生。但「低分組｣之學生學業成績進步情形高於入學成績「高分組｣之學生。 4. 升學期望：（1）期望進入「高中｣之學生學習成就明顯高於期望其他各類期望；期望進入「高職｣、「五專｣之學生學習成就明顯高於期望「就業｣之學生。（2）期望能讀到「研究所｣之學生學習成就明顯高於期望其他各類期望；期望能讀到「大學｣之學生學習成就明顯高於期望就讀「專校｣、「高中職｣、「專校｣之學生。（3）期望進入「高中｣之學生學業成績的進步上明顯高於期望進入「高職｣與「五專｣之學生。 5. 家長社經：「父母高社經地位｣之學生學習成就明顯高於「父母低社經地位｣之學生，且在學業成績的進步上也是如此。 6. 學校規模：「大型學校｣學校之學生學習成就明顯高於「中型學校｣、「小型學校｣學校之學生；「中型學校｣學校之學生學習成就明顯高於「小型學校｣學校之學生。但對學生學業進步分數數並未造成顯著影響。 最後，根據研究結果與結論，提出具體建議，以供教育行政機關、學校、家長與未來研究之參考。

在全球化衝擊下，高等教育已進入一個高度競爭的時代，教育的專業化、自由化與國際化已成為無可避免的趨勢。因此兩岸教育與合作，除了在兩岸互動與和平發展上有劃時代的意涵外，更具有「符合世界潮流，與國際接軌」的深遠意義。 2008年總統大選結束，國內的政治情勢產生了前所未有的劇烈轉變，隨著政治立場的更迭，政府大幅調整了大陸政策，以往被忽視的陸生來臺就學政策也重新浮上檯面。 本研究旨在探討開放陸生來臺政策之研究，主要採用文獻探討及政策分析等進行研究，以多重角度地探討開放陸生來臺對臺灣國家安全、教育、社會文化及經濟等方面可能造成的衝擊與問題。 根據本研究歸納整理，主要結論如下： 一、全球化下高等教育學生流動成為趨勢，兩岸學生交流亦是時勢所趨。 二、開放陸生來臺就學政策，應兼顧臺灣學生權益。 三、招收陸生來臺應規劃妥善的相關配套措施，以減少衝擊與疑慮。 四、大學校院應積極發展各自的特色，並提升教育的品質。 五、推動兩岸大學校院的策略聯盟及整合產官學的合作，提升兩岸大學整體競爭力。 / Under the impact of globalization, higher education has entered a highly competitive era. Specialization, liberalization and internationalization of education have also become an unavoidable trend. Therefore, the education and cooperation between Taiwan and China not only show the interaction and development between the two sides of Taiwan Strait, but also equip the meaning of world trend and globalization in this new era. After the presidential election in 2008, the domestic political situation has suffered from a severe transformation in Taiwan. With the change of the political standpoint, the government greatly adjusted the policies toward Mainland China and the policy for Mainland China students studying in Taiwan has emerged again. The main point of this study is to discuss the policy of Mainland China students studying in Taiwan. The study mainly adopted the methods of literature review and policy analysis to explore the potential impacts and problems related to national security, education, culture and economy from several different facets. According to the study, some conclusions has been drawn, i. Due to globalization, the interflow of higher education students has become a tendency. The communication between the students from Taiwan and China, Of course, is also driven by this trend. ii. The government should consider the rights of Taiwanese students at the same time when implementing the policy for Mainland China students studying in Taiwan. iii. To decrease the impact and scruples due to the new policy, the government is obligated to establish a set of proper plans when admitting Mainland China students. iv. Each university in Taiwan is responsible for developing the specific characteristic and promoting the education quality. v. Promote the strategic alliance between the two sides of Taiwan Strait and integrate the cooperation between industry, government and science to strengthen the overall competitiveness of the universities in Taiwan and China.